Abstract There is international agreement that photovoltaic energy (PE) is a pillar of the energy transition required to mitigate the effects of global warming. The general objective of this article is to make a first geospatial approximation to estimate the proportion of territory and the amount of electricity feasible to be generated by the photovoltaic process in the state of Sonora. In order to achieve this objective, it is first necessary to determine the most appropriate method for identifying these sites. In the literature, it has been found that the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) is one of the most used methods for the selection of sites for the production of different types of solar energy, mainly photovoltaic (Suprova et al., 2020; Malemnganbi and Shimray, 2020; Al Garni and Awasthi, 2017; Solangi et al., 2019). Where the mixture of GIS and AHP is one of the most appropriate submethods to identify these sites and apply specific conditions to them (Chandio et al., 2012), in this particular case through the application of equations using map algebra to estimate the theoretical electricity production for the entire federal entity with the photovoltaic process. Since Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-AHP allow the spatialization of specific objectives. Therefore, the first task is to spatialize the deterministic variables of the photovoltaic process, as well as the locations where it is not possible to produce this energy. In this case, the meteorological variables were obtained thanks to the data of the CESAVE-SIAFESON weather stations (2020). Due to data availability and consistency issues, a total of 97 stations were used. The stations consist of a number of different climatological gauges. Since these data are geographically punctual, it was necessary to use spatial interpolation techniques to make them continuous. The rest of the selection criteria are obtained from various sources of information. In the case of terrain elevations from the Mexican Continuum of Elevations of INEGI (n.d.), the slope and orientation of the terrain were estimated with the elevation data using the geodetic technique of its respective method in the Arcmap software. The roads were taken from the national road network obtained from INEGI (2020), the corresponding urban and rural areas from INEGI (2016), and the power lines from CENACE (2016). The proximity method used for these three variables was the path-distance method of the Arcmap software. Exclusion criteria were power transmission lines (CENACE, 2016), World Heritage Sites (CONANP, 2021a), protected natural areas (CONANP, 2021), native vegetation and habitats (INEGI, 2017), water bodies (INEGI, 2009), urban and rural spots (INEGI, 2016), social property found in the Sonora cadastral map (INEGI, 2016a), road network (INEGI, 2020c), places with slopes greater than 10 degrees (INEGI, n. f.), and tourist, religious, airport, and other sites (INEGI, 2020c). Thus, we had both the deterministic variables and the locations unsuitable for the installation of solar plants. To identify the relative importance of the deterministic variables, similar studies were used, such as Sanchez-Lozano et al. (2013), Chen et al. (2014), Noorollahi et al. (2016), Zoghi et al. (2017), Doljak and Stanojević (2017), Al Garni and Awasthi (2017) and Doorga et al. (2018). In light of this, the AHP method was applied to the spatial data in order to generate the ranking of sites to achieve the goal of producing electricity through the photovoltaic process. A specific equation using map algebra (Obukhov et al., 2017; Ropp et al., 1997; Faiman, 2008; Huld and Gracia Amillo, 2015) was applied to both the results and the whole of Sonora to estimate the electricity that could be generated using solar panels. It was found that 35.85% of the territory could be used to generate this energy, and that only 0.58% of this territory, corresponding to 1,081 km2, could supply all of Mexico’s electricity consumption in 2020 (Expansión, n.d.). Thus, photovoltaic energy in the country is a fundamental resource with high feasibility to achieve the energy transition.

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Resumen La frontera que comparten México y Guatemala es una región compleja de analizar por la diversidad de dinámicas entre ambos países. Una amenaza de la región es el cambio de uso de suelo, donde existen una serie de impulsores de cambio y condicionantes ambientales que hacen prioritario su análisis. La presente investigación revisa los cambios de uso de suelo que ocurrieron entre 1990 y 2010, mismos que se usan como base para construir un escenario tendencial al año 2030 a través de utilizar la red neuronal perceptrón multicapa. El escenario resultante muestra el crecimiento de la agricultura y de las zonas urbanas, así como la pérdida de bosques, otras vegetaciones y cuerpos de agua. Esta información evidencia la necesidad de analizar las implicaciones socioambientales que ello podría traer consigo.

Abstract The shared border between Mexico and Guatemala is a complex region to analyze due to the diverse dynamics between both countries. One threat to the area is the land-use change, where many drivers of change and environmental conditions make it a priority to analyze. This research studies the land-use changes that occurred between 1990 and 2010; these are used as a basis for constructing a trend scenario to the year 2030 through the use of the multilayer perceptron neural network. The resulting scenario shows the growth of agriculture and urban areas, as well as the loss of forests, other vegetation, and water bodies. This information highlights the need to analyze the socio-environmental implications that this could bring about.

Abstract In Mexico, it is necessary to exploit water resources to cover different needs and to control them to prevent damage caused by extreme events. The objective of this study was to model and calibrate hydrographs calculated with rainfall data measured with GPM-IMERG satellite images in the Huaynamota River watershed and compare the results with a hydrological model fed rainfall data from automated meteorological stations. The research was conducted in a tributary of the Huaynamota River, which is part of the Lerma-Chapala-Santiago hydrological region. The watershed is located in the states of Zacatecas, Durango, Jalisco and Nayarit. For analysis of the hydrographs at the basin outlet, maximum rainfall events occurring in the periods July 21 to 26, 2016, August 14 to 24, 2017, and September 1 to 16, 2017, were evaluated. The model was developed in HEC-HMS, using methods such as the runoff curve number and the Clark unit hydrograph. Comparison of the measured and simulated hydrographs showed good fit of the simulation with reality. In most of the modeled events, the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient was above 0.5, which is considered acceptable. We concluded that hydrological modeling using satellite meteorological images is a good option that can be implemented in regions where hourly rainfall data gauged with land instruments are not available.

Resumen En México es necesaria la explotación y el control de los recursos hídricos, ya sea para cubrir las diversas carestías o para protegerse del daño causado por eventos extremos. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo modelar y calibrar los hidrogramas de una cuenca, calculados con datos de lluvia y medidos con imágenes de satélite GPM-IMERG en la cuenca del río Huaynamota, México, así como comparar los resultados con un modelo hidrológico alimentado con datos de lluvia de estaciones meteorológicas automáticas. Esta investigación se realizó en un tributario de la cuenca del río Huaynamota, el cual es parte de la región hidrológica Lerma-Chapala-Santiago. La cuenca se ubica en los estados de Zacatecas, Durango, Jalisco y Nayarit. Para el análisis de los hidrogramas a la salida de la cuenca se evaluaron eventos de lluvia máximos ocurridos en los periodos del 21 al 26 de julio de 2016, del 14 al 24 de agosto de 2017, y del 1° al 16 de septiembre de 2017. El modelo se desarrolló en HEC-HMS, con base en métodos como el número de curva de escurrimiento y el hidrograma unitario de Clark. La comparación de los hidrogramas medidos y aparentados mostró un buen ajuste de lo simulado con la realidad. En la mayoría de los eventos modelados, el coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe fue mayor a 0.5, que se considera aceptable. Se concluyó que la modelación hidrológica a partir de imágenes de satélites meteorológicos es una buena opción para su implementación en regiones donde se carece de datos de lluvia horaria medida con instrumentos en tierra.

Abstract Degradation of soil quality due to fertility loss and erosion can hamper food security and self-sufficiency, which would mostly impact small subsistence farmers and exacerbate food poverty. Degradation affects nearly half of Mexican soils, but its effects on food self-sufficiency have been poorly investigated. This study conducted an initial cartographic and statistical analysis of the relationship between erosion in rain-fed agricultural soils, whose production destination is self-consumption, and food deficiency in Mexico. Country-wide, cartographic and statistical data from official sources were used, including series V of the INEGI Land-Use and Vegetation chart (scale 1: 250,000), the map of human-induced soil degradation (scale 1: 250,000), results from the VIII Agricultural, Livestock and Forestry census (2007), and Poverty reports (2010, 2012 and 2014). By overlaying such maps, we identified the polygons classified as rain-fed agriculture, affected by water erosion, and whose production was entirely or partially intended for self-consumption. This information was correlated with food deficiency data per municipality. To examine the relationship between the surface area dedicated to rain-fed annual crops, affected by water erosion, and the population with limited access to food, a linear correlation analysis was carried out using Pearson’s coefficient. Our early results show that 16% of rain-fed agricultural land is affected by erosion to some extent. These areas are distributed across 27 states. Agricultural Production Units dedicated to rain-fed agriculture, affected by erosion and whose production is intended for self-consumption (UPAE), occur in 41% of the municipalities of Mexico; 56% of these are entirely dedicated to self-consumption. In terms of yield and diversity, agricultural production is the main source of income for small, self-consumption producers. Land is the primary asset from which they are able to obtain products of high nutritional quality. Food poverty is unevenly distributed across the country. The worst levels are concentrated in four states: State of Mexico, Veracruz, Puebla, and Jalisco. We found a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.65) between erosion in rain-fed agricultural soils dedicated to self-consumption and lack of food access. Although these results do not imply a causal relationship, they clearly show the linkage between erosion in rain-fed agricultural soils and food deficiency among the population at an aggregate level in Mexico. The states that most contribute to this correlation are Guerrero, Michoacán, Guanajuato, and State of Mexico. Soil degradation affects the food security of producers as well as the sovereignty of the country. These concerns, which are stated as three sustainable development goals (SDGs), demand comprehensive attention in order to implement policies to improve soil quality and develop sustainable agricultural practices, accompanied by rural development.

Resumen El deterioro de la calidad de los suelos, debido a la pérdida de fertilidad y su erosión, pueden limitar la autosuficiencia y la seguridad alimentaria, lo cual afectaría principalmente a pequeños agricultores que dependen de sus rendimientos para su subsistencia, pudiendo incrementar su pobreza alimentaria. Cerca de la mitad de los suelos mexicanos se encuentran degradados y su efecto en la autosuficiencia alimentaria ha sido poco estudiada. A través del cruce de información de fuentes oficiales (INEGI, CONEVAL, SEMARNAT) a nivel nacional sobre la relación entre la erosión de los suelos agrícolas de temporal, con destino de autoconsumo y la carencia alimentaria en México se pudo observar una relación positiva moderada entre ambas variables (r=0.65). Aunque los resultados no implican una relación causal, si muestran claramente la conexión que existe entre la erosión de suelos agrícolas de temporal y la carencia alimentaria de la población a nivel agregado en el país. Los estados que presentan un mayor aporte al coeficiente de correlación son Guerrero, Michoacán, Guanajuato y Estado de México.

Carbon content of aboveground biomass of six types of vegetation cover in the Magdalena River basin, located in the conservation land in the Mexico City, was estimated. Hence, a map of cover vegetation and land use to the study area was made; a hierarchical stratified sampling design with distribution systematic with a mesh of sampling sites equidistant of 550 meters was used for field work. The method used for field data collection was based on a nested design, with an intensity of sample of 0,64%. There were generated 52 sites of 3000 m². The vegetation cover that showed the highest amount of carbon stored corresponds to the forest of the the Abies religiosa closed with 163 Mg C ha¹ in average; followed by the Abies religiosa - Pinus hartwegii closed with 107 Mg C ha¹, and Abies religiosa opened with 95 Mg C ha¹; about the covers of Pinus sp., Pinus hartwegii closed with 47 Mg C ha¹; Pinus hartwegii - Abies religiosa closed with 39 Mg C ha¹ and Pinus hartwegii opened with 21 Mg C ha-1.

En el presente estudio se estimó el contenido de carbono de la biomasa aérea de seis tipos de cobertura vegetal en la cuenca del río Magdalena, ubicada en el suelo de conservación del Distrito Federal. Para ello, se elaboró un mapa de las clases de cobertura vegetal y uso de suelo del área de estudio, mediante la fotointerpretación de fotografías aéreas. Se utilizó un diseño de muestreo jerárquico estratificado con distribución sistemática, los sitios resultantes se desplegaron en un enmallado con una equidistancia de 550 metros. La colecta de los datos en campo se basó en un diseño anidado; con una intensidad de muestreo de 0,64%. Se establecieron 52 sitios de muestreo de 3000 m² cada uno. La cobertura vegetal que presentó mayor cantidad de carbono almacenado corresponde a la clase de Abies religiosa cerrado, con 163 Mg C ha¹ promedio; le sigue la clase de Abies religiosa - Pinus hartwegii cerrado con 107 Mg C ha¹ y la clase de Abies religiosa abierto con 95 Mg C ha¹. Las clases de Pinus sp. y Pinus hartwegii cerrado tuvieron 47 Mg C ha¹; Pinus hartwegii - Abies religiosa cerrado, 39 Mg C ha-¹ y Pinus hartwegii abierto, 21 Mg C ha¹.

Although Mexico City has one of the highest population densities worldwide, 58% of its territory has been catalogued as "conservation soil". The present study carried out a spatial dimensional analysis - of both land use and vegetation cover type - of the area known as the "Magdalena Contreras" watershed. The analysis resulted in the identification of 20 different classes with a prevailing presence (40%) of Abies religiosa upon 34% of closed forest and 6% in of open forest type. The second most extended vegetation cover (20%) is that of Pinus hartwegii distributed as well in both open (10.8%) and closed (9.68%) forests. The third most extensive forest type (13.6%) is that conformed by the so-called ecotonal forest encompassing both A. religiosa and P. hartwegii, 12.95% of which is located in a closed forest and 0.66% in an open forest. At last, the closed forest conformed by P. hartwegii and A. religiosa represents a 6.45%, the mixed forest a 4.8% and the Quercus forest a 2%. By crossing geographic information generated a environmental matrix, which allowed for an environmental analysis of the key components needed, to know the area and location of each of the vegetation cover as a function of temperature, precipitation, elevation, edafology and aspect.

El Distrito Federal alberga a una de las ciudades con mayor densidad de población en el mundo; sin embargo, 58% de su territorio es considerado como suelo de conservación. El presente estudio se desarrolló en la cañada de la Magdalena Contreras al sur de la entidad, donde se realizó un análisis de la dimensión espacial por tipo de cobertura vegetal y uso del suelo; mediante el cruce de información geográfica se generó una matriz de las variables ambientales, que permitió hacer un análisis preciso de los componentes principales, al conocer la superficie y ubicación de cada una de las coberturas vegetales en función de la temperatura, precipitación, altitud, edafología y orientación respecto al sol. Se identificaron 20 clases, con una dominancia de Abies religiosa, que cubre 40%, del cual, 34% corresponde a bosque cerrado y 6% a bosque abierto. La segunda cobertura más frecuente es la de Pinus hartwegii con 20%, que comprende 10.8% de su territorio con dosel abierto y 9.68% cerrado. La tercera categoría es el ecotono de bosque de A. religiosa-R hartwegii con 13.6%, del cual 12.95% registró densidad cerrada y 0.66% abierta. Por último, la cobertura de bosque de P. hartwegii-A. religiosa fue de 6.45%, el bosque mixto, 4.8% y el bosque de Quercus, 2%. Se diseñó el perfil altitudinal de vegetación y climas de la Cuenca del Río Magdalena.