ABSTRACT Introduction: The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of severe and moderate primary graft dysfunction (PGD) in our center, to identify, retrospectively, donors’ and recipients’ risk factors for PGD development, and to evaluate the impact of PGD within 30 days after heart transplantation. Methods: Donors’ and recipients’ medical records of 64 consecutive adult cardiac transplantations performed between January 2016 and June 2017 were reviewed. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) criteria were used to diagnose moderate and severe PGD. Associations of risk factors for combined moderate/severe PGD were assessed with appropriate statistical analyses. Results: Sixty-four patients underwent heart transplantation in this period. Twelve recipients (18.7%) developed severe or moderate PGD. Development of PGD was associated with previous donor cardiopulmonary resuscitation and a history of prior heart surgery in the recipient (P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively). The 30-day in hospital mortality was similar in both PGD and non-PGD patients. Conclusion: The use of the ISHLT criteria for PGD is important to identify potential risk factor. The development of PGD did not affect short-term survival in our study. More studies should be done to better understand the pathophysiology of PGD. Introduction (PGD center retrospectively donors 3 Methods Donors 6 201 reviewed (ISHLT moderatesevere analyses Results Sixtyfour Sixty four period 18.7% 187 18 7 (18.7% P=0.01 P001 P 0 01 (P=0.0 P002 02 P=0.02 respectively. respectively . respectively) 30day day nonPGD non Conclusion factor shortterm short term 20 18.7 1 (18.7 P=0.0 P00 (P=0. 2 18. (18. P=0. P0 (P=0 (18 P=0 (P= (1 P= (P (

Abstract Background Chagas’ disease (CD) is an important cause of heart transplantation (HT). The main obstacle is Chagas’ disease reactivation (CDR), usually associated to high doses of immunosuppressants. Previous studies have suggested an association of mycophenolate mofetil with increased CDR. However, mortality predictors are unknown. Objectives To identify mortality risk factors in heart transplant patients with CD and the impact of antiproliferative regimen on survival. Methods Retrospective study with CD patients who underwent HT between January 2004 and September 2020, under immunosuppression protocol that prioritized azathioprine and change to mycophenolate mofetil in case of rejection. We performed univariate regression to identify mortality predictors; and compared survival, rejection and evidence of CDR between who received azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and those who changed from azathioprine to mycophenolate mofetil after discharge (“Change” group). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Eighty-five patients were included, 54.1% men, median age 49 (39-57) years, and 91.8% were given priority in waiting list. Nineteen (22.4%) used azathioprine, 37 (43.5%) mycophenolate mofetil and 29 (34.1%) switched therapy; survival was not different between groups, 2.9 (1.6-5.0) x 2.9 (1.8-4.8) x 4.2 (2.0-5.0) years, respectively; p=0.4. There was no difference in rejection (42%, 73% and 59% respectively; p=0.08) or in CDR (T. cruzi positive by endomyocardial biopsy 5% x 11% x 7%; p=0.7; benznidazole use 58% x 65% x 69%; p=0.8; positive PCR for T. cruzi 20% x 68% x 42% respectively; p=0.1) rates. Conclusions This retrospective study did not show difference in survival in heart transplant patients with CD receiving different antiproliferative regimens. Mycophenolate mofetil was not associated with statistically higher rates of CDR or graft rejection in this cohort. New randomized clinical trials are necessary to address this issue. Chagas (CD HT. . (HT) CDR, , (CDR) immunosuppressants However unknown 200 2020 Change (“Change group. group group) pvalue p value 005 0 05 0.0 significant Eightyfive Eighty five included 541 54 1 54.1 men 4 3957 39 57 (39-57 years 918 91 8 91.8 list 22.4% 224 22 (22.4% 3 43.5% 435 43 5 (43.5% 2 34.1% 341 34 (34.1% therapy groups 9 2. 1.65.0 1650 1.6 5.0 6 (1.6-5.0 1.84.8 1848 1.8 4.8 (1.8-4.8 42 4. 2.05.0 2050 2.0 (2.0-5.0 respectively p04 p=0.4 42%, (42% 73 59 p=0.08 p008 08 T (T 11 7% 7 p=0.7 p07 58 65 69% 69 p=0.8 p08 20 68 p=0.1 p01 regimens cohort issue (HT (CDR 202 00 0. 54. 395 (39-5 91. 22.4 (22.4 43.5 (43.5 34.1 (34.1 1.65. 165 16 1. 50 5. (1.6-5. 84 1.84. 184 18 48 (1.8-4. 2.05. 205 (2.0-5. p0 p=0. (42 p=0.0 p00 (39- 22. (22. 43. (43. 34. (34. 1.65 (1.6-5 1.84 (1.8-4 2.05 (2.0-5 p=0 (4 (39 (22 (43 (34 (1.6- (1.8- (2.0- p= ( (3 (2 (1.6 (1.8 (2.0 (1. (2. (1

Resumo Fundamento A Doença de Chagas (DC) é uma causa importante de transplante cardíaco (TC). O principal obstáculo é a reativação da DC (RDC), normalmente associada a altas doses de imunossupressores. Estudos anteriores sugeriram uma associação do micofenolato de mofetila com aumento na RDC. No entanto, preditores de mortalidade são desconhecidos. Objetivos Identificar os fatores de risco de mortalidade em pacientes com DC após o TC e o impacto do regime antiproliferativo sobre a sobrevida. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes chagásicos submetidos ao TC entre janeiro de 2004 e setembro de 2020, em protocolo de imunossupressão que priorizava o uso de azatioprina e sua mudança para micofenolato de mofetila em caso de rejeição. Realizamos regressão univariada para identificar preditores de mortalidade e comparamos sobrevida, rejeição, e evidência RDC entre os pacientes que usavam azatioprina, micofenolato de mofetila, e aqueles que mudaram de azatioprina para micofenolato (grupo “Mudança”) após a alta. Um valor de p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Foram incluídos 85 pacientes, 54,1% homens, idade mediana 49 (39-57) anos, e 91,8% com prioridade na lista de espera. Dezenove (22,4%) usavam azatioprina, 37 (43,5%) micofenolato de mofetila, e 29 (34,1%) trocaram a terapia; a sobrevida não foi diferente entre os grupos, 2,9 (1,6-5,0) x 2,9 (1,8-4,8) x 4,2 (2,0-5,0) anos, respectivamente; p=0,4. Não houve diferença na taxa de rejeição (42%, 73% e 59% respectivamente; p=0,08) ou de RDC (T. cruzi positiva na biópsia endomiocárdica 5% x 11% x 7%; p=0,7; uso benzonidazol 58% x 65% x 69%; p=0,8; PCR positiva para T. cruzi 20% x 68% x 42% respectivamente; p=0,1). Conclusões Este estudo retrospectivo com pacientes com DC e TC não mostrou diferença na sobrevida entre os diferentes regimes antiproliferativos. O uso de micofenolato de mofetila não foi associado com taxas significativamente mais altas de RDC ou rejeição do enxerto nesta coorte. Novos ensaios randomizados são necessários para abordar essa questão. (DC TC. . (TC) RDC, , (RDC) imunossupressores entanto desconhecidos 200 2020 grupo Mudança “Mudança” alta p005 p 0 05 p<0,0 significativo 8 541 54 1 54,1 homens 4 3957 39 57 (39-57 anos 918 91 91,8 espera 22,4% 224 22 (22,4% 3 43,5% 435 43 5 (43,5% 2 34,1% 341 34 (34,1% terapia grupos 9 2, 1,65,0 1650 1,6 5,0 6 (1,6-5,0 1,84,8 1848 1,8 4,8 (1,8-4,8 42 4, 2,05,0 2050 2,0 (2,0-5,0 respectivamente p04 p=0,4 42%, (42% 73 59 p=0,08 p008 08 T (T 11 7% 7 p=0,7 p07 58 65 69% 69 p=0,8 p08 20 68 p=0,1. p01 p=0,1 p=0,1) antiproliferativos coorte questão (TC (RDC 202 “Mudança p00 p<0, 54, 395 (39-5 91, 22,4 (22,4 43,5 (43,5 34,1 (34,1 1,65, 165 16 1, 50 5, (1,6-5, 84 1,84, 184 18 48 (1,8-4, 2,05, 205 (2,0-5, p0 p=0, (42 p=0,0 p<0 (39- 22, (22, 43, (43, 34, (34, 1,65 (1,6-5 1,84 (1,8-4 2,05 (2,0-5 p=0 (4 p< (39 (22 (43 (34 (1,6- (1,8- (2,0- p= ( (3 (2 (1,6 (1,8 (2,0 (1, (2, (1

ABSTRACT Introduction: The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of severe and moderate primary graft dysfunction (PGD) in our center, to identify, retrospectively, donors’ and recipients’ risk factors for PGD development, and to evaluate the impact of PGD within 30 days after heart transplantation. Methods: Donors’ and recipients’ medical records of 64 consecutive adult cardiac transplantations performed between January 2016 and June 2017 were reviewed. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) criteria were used to diagnose moderate and severe PGD. Associations of risk factors for combined moderate/severe PGD were assessed with appropriate statistical analyses. Results: Sixty-four patients underwent heart transplantation in this period. Twelve recipients (18.7%) developed severe or moderate PGD. Development of PGD was associated with previous donor cardiopulmonary resuscitation and a history of prior heart surgery in the recipient (P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively). The 30-day in hospital mortality was similar in both PGD and non-PGD patients. Conclusion: The use of the ISHLT criteria for PGD is important to identify potential risk factor. The development of PGD did not affect short-term survival in our study. More studies should be done to better understand the pathophysiology of PGD.

RESUMO Objetivo A endarterectomia pulmonar (EAP) é o tratamento padrão ouro para hipertensão pulmonar tromboembólica crônica (HPTEC). O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a evolução de pacientes com HPTEC submetidos a EAP em 10 anos, com foco nos avanços nas técnicas anestésicas e cirúrgicas. Métodos Foram avaliados 102 pacientes submetidos à EAP entre janeiro de 2007 e maio de 2016 no Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo. Mudanças nas técnicas incluíram circulação extracorpórea, tempos de aquecimento e resfriamento mais longos e tempo médio de hipotermia profunda com parada circulatória e tempo de reperfusão reduzido. Os pacientes foram estratificados de acordo com as mudanças temporais nas técnicas anestésicas e cirúrgicas: grupo 1 (janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2012), grupo 2 (janeiro de 2013 a março de 2015) e grupo 3 (abril de 2015 a maio de 2016). Os desfechos clínicos foram qualquer ocorrência de complicações durante a hospitalização. Resultados Os grupos 1, 2 e 3 incluíram 38, 35 e 29 pacientes, respectivamente. No geral, 62,8% eram mulheres (idade média, 49,1 anos) e 65,7% estavam em classe funcional III-IV da New York Heart Association. As complicações pós-operatórias foram menos frequentes no grupo 3 do que nos grupos 1 e 2: complicações cirúrgicas (10,3% vs. 34,2% vs. 31,4%, p=0,035), sangramento (10,3% vs. 31,5% vs. 25,7%, p=0,047) e acidente vascular cerebral (0 vs. 13,2% vs. 0, p=0,01). Entre 3 e 6 meses após a alta, 85% estavam na classe I-II da NYHA. Conclusão Melhorias nos procedimentos anestésicos e cirúrgicos foram associadas a melhores resultados em pacientes com HPTEC submetidos a EAP durante o período de 10 anos.

ABSTRACT Objectives Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is the gold standard treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). This study aimed at reporting outcomes of CTEPH patients undergoing PEA within 10 years, focusing on advances in anesthetic and surgical techniques. Methods We evaluated 102 patients who underwent PEA between January 2007 and May 2016 at the Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo. Changes in techniques included longer cardiopulmonary bypass, heating, and cooling times and mean time of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and shortened reperfusion time. Patients were stratified according to temporal changes in anesthetic and surgical techniques: group 1 (January 2007–December 2012), group 2 (January 2013–March 2015), and group 3 (April 2015–May 2016). Clinical outcomes were any occurrence of complications during hospitalization. Results Groups 1, 2, and 3 included 38, 35, and 29 patients, respectively. Overall, 62.8% were women (mean age, 49.1 years), and 65.7% were in New York Heart Association functional class III–IV. Postoperative complications were less frequent in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2: surgical complications (10.3% vs. 34.2% vs. 31.4%, p=0.035), bleeding (10.3% vs. 31.5% vs. 25.7%, p=0.047), and stroke (0 vs. 13.2% vs. 0, p=0.01). Between 3 and 6 months post-discharge, 85% were in NYHA class I–II. Conclusion Improvements in anesthetic and surgical procedures were associated with better outcomes in CTEPH patients undergoing PEA during the 10-year period.

Abstract Since Barnard’s first heterotopic heart transplant in 1974, Copeland’s method has been the greatest contribution to heterotopic transplants but has the drawback of donor’s right ventricular atrophy. This new method proposes a modification in the anastomosis of the superior vena cava aiming to pre-serve donor’s right ventricular function by decompressing the pulmonary territory and reducing the pulmonary arterial pressure, as a biological ventricular assist device. Finally, a second intervention is proposed, where a “twist” is performed to place the donor’s heart in an orthotopic position after re-moval of the native heart. A pioneering research on this method received approval from the ethics committee of the Heart Institute of São Paulo. We believe that this method has the potential to im-prove quality of life in a selected group of patients.

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os níveis séricos do peptídeo natriurético tipo B e da fração N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B, além de analisar a influência de idade, obesidade, insuficiência renal, fração da ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, disfunção diastólica e anemia nos níveis séricos de ambos os marcadores. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, no qual se comparou a concordância entre esses marcadores em amostras consecutivas de 138 pacientes. Para a correlação, utilizou-se o teste de Pearson e foi considerado estatisticamente significante p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Observou-se associação linear entre peptídeo natriurético tipo B e fração N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B (r=0,907; p<0,001). Ao se avaliarem as medidas categorizadas como normais e alteradas, encontrou-se boa concordância, com 90,6% de classificações concordantes (p<0,001), sendo que valores alterados da fração N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B e normais de peptídeo natriurético tipo B representaram 8,7% do total, e o contrário representou 1% do total. A avaliação da influência dos fatores clínicos e laboratoriais nos níveis dos peptídeos natriuréticos mostrou que eles se elevam de acordo com a idade, mas que diminuem conforme aumenta a fração de ejeção. Pacientes com anemia (p<0,001) ou com insuficiência renal (p=0,007) apresentaram valores maiores de ambos os marcadores. Não houve associação entre obesidade e peptídeo natriurético tipo B. CONCLUSÃO: Houve concordância satisfatória entre peptídeo natriurético tipo B e a fração N-terminal do pró-peptídeo natriurético tipo B. Idade, níveis de creatinina e hemoglobina, assim como função ventricular, influenciam os níveis séricos de ambos os peptídeos natriuréticos.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the serum levels of B type natriuretic peptide and the N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide, as well as to analyze the influence of age, obesity, renal failure, left ventricle ejection fraction, diastolic dysfunction, and anemia on serum levels of both markers. METHODS: An observational study in which the agreement was compared between these markers in consecutive samples of 138 patients. For the correlation, Pearson's test was used, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A linear association was observed between the B type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide (r=0.907; p<0.001). When evaluating the categorized measurements as normal and altered, there was good agreement, with 90.6% of agreement classifications (p<0.001) in which altered values of the N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide and normal values of the B type natriuretic peptide represented 8.7% of the total; the opposite situation represented 1% of the total. Assessment of the influence of the clinical and laboratorial factors on the levels of natriuretic peptides showed that they rise according to age, but that they fall as the ejection fraction increases. Patients with anemia (p<0.001) or with renal failure (p=0.007) had higher values of both markers. There was no association between obesity and the B type natriuretic peptide. CONCLUSION: There was satisfactory agreement between the B type natriuretic peptide and the N-terminal fraction of the pro-B type natriuretic peptide. Age, creatinine levels, and hemoglobin, as well as ventricular function, influence the serum levels of both natriuretic peptides.

INTRODUÇÃO: O ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa lateral é um enxerto pouco avaliado e pode ser uma opção para a revascularização do miocárdio. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a perviabilidade e o remodelamento arterial do ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa lateral, em três meses de seguimento, por meio de angiotomografia de artérias coronárias. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 32 pacientes submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio com ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa lateral, artéria torácica interna esquerda e outros enxertos. A avaliação foi realizada por meio da tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução, realizada no 7º e 90º dias de pós-operatório. O diâmetro do ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa lateral foi medido 3 cm antes da anastomose distal, na porção média e 3 cm após a anastomose proximal. As mesmas medidas foram realizadas para a artéria torácica interna esquerda. Os diâmetros foram comparados pelo método t de Student pareado (significância P<0,05). RESULTADOS: O ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa lateral foi adequado para a utilização em 26 pacientes. Em seis (18%) pacientes, o ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa lateral era inviável. Em todos os casos, o ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa lateral foi empregado sob a forma de enxerto composto. Todos os pacientes receberam artéria torácica interna esquerda para o ramo descendente anterior. A perviabilidade do ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa lateral foi de 96% e 92%, em 7 e 90 dias de pós-operatório, respectivamente. Não foram detectadas oclusões da artéria torácica interna esquerda. Não foram detectados sinais de espasmo do ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa lateral. O ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa lateral apresentou aumento de diâmetro nas porções média (P=0,001) e distal (P=0,006) e a artéria torácica interna esquerda, aumento na porção média (P=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O remodelamento positivo sugere que o ramo descendente da artéria circunflexa lateral tem comportamento semelhante à artéria torácica interna esquerda e pode ser uma excelente opção para a revascularização do miocárdio com enxertos arteriais. Em virtude das variações anatômicas, estudos de pré-operatório podem auxiliar na seleção de casos.

INTRODUCTION: The descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery is an option for coronary artery bypass grafting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the early patency and adaptation of lumen diameter using multidetector computed angiotomography. METHODS: Thirty-two patients were selected to undergo coronary artery bypass grafting using the descending branch of the lateral circumflex artery, the internal thoracic artery, and other grafts. Evaluations were carried out through high resolution computed tomography performed on the 7th and 90th postoperative day. Diameters of the descending branch of the lateral circumflex artery and the left internal thoracic artery were measured 3 cm before the distal anastomosis, in the middle portion, and 3 cm after the proximal anastomosis. Diameters were compared using paired t-test (P<0.05). RESULTS: Descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery wDescending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery was used in 26 patients, as its use was not viable in six patients (18%). It was used as composite graft in all cases. The anterior descending branch was revascularized by the left internal thoracic artery in all cases. Patency rates of the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery were 96% and 92%, respectively. No occlusions were observed in the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) and no ischemic events were observed in the descending branch of the lateral circumflex. Descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery increased the lumen diameter in the middle (P=0.001) and distal portions (P=0.006); the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) increased in the middle portion (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Similar to the left internal thoracic artery, the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery showed high patency rate and positive luminal adaptation. This early evaluation confirms the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery as a potential alternative for grafting. Due to anatomical variations, preoperative femoral angiographic evaluation appears to be mandatory.

A utilização de sistemas robóticos em cirurgia cardíaca visa à diminuição do trauma operatório. A revascularização do miocárdio totalmente endoscópica, assistida por robô DaVinci (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, Califórnia) é factível e seu aprendizado deve ser realizado em etapas. O primeiro passo é o preparo da artéria torácica interna esquerda, já por via totalmente endoscópica. O caso apresentado propõe a dissecção da artéria torácica interna direita por esternotomia completa. Propõe um novo passo rumo ao procedimento completamente endoscópico, visando à diminuição de lesões decorrentes da curva de aprendizado.The use of robotic systems in cardiac surgeries aims at decreasing the surgical trauma.

The use of robotic systems in cardiac surgeries aims at decreasing the surgical trauma. The totally endoscopic myocardial revascularization, assisted by the DaVinci robot (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, California) is feasible and the learning process must be carried out in steps. The first step is the preparation of the left internal thoracic artery, through the totally endoscopic approach. The case presented here proposes the dissection of the right internal thoracic artery through complete sternotomy. It proposes a new step directed at the totally endoscopic procedure, aiming at decreasing the injuries caused by the learning curve.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a possibilidade da redução do tempo de circulação extracorpórea (CEC) e das complicações relacionadas a esta variável na revascularização do miocárdio (RM), utilizando o método híbrido como alternativa. MÉTODOS: Noventa pacientes foram analisados, retrospectivamente, entre março/2000 e agosto/2006. Todos foram revascularizados com três ou mais enxertos e divididos em doisgrupos: híbrido - 45 pacientes que foram operados pela técnica híbrida; total - 45 pacientes operados com CEC. RESULTADOS: No grupo híbrido, o tempo de CEC variou de 20 a 81 minutos e, no grupo total, de 60 a 210 minutos (p<0,001). O tempo de pinçamento aórtico variou de 7 a 70 minutos no primeiro grupo e de 34 a 100 minutos (p<0,001) no segundo grupo. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em relação à incidência de fibrilação atrial e à disfunção renal. CONCLUSÃO: Utilizando-se a técnica híbrida é possível reduzir o tempo de CEC e a incidência de algumas complicações pós-operatórias. Provavelmente, esta redução nas incidências de fibrilação atrial e disfunção renal podem ser explicadas por uma redução na resposta da inflamatória conseqüente a um tempo de CEC menor.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the decrease of CPB time and its related complications in CABG using a hybrid alternative method. METHODS: Ninety patients were retrospectively analyzed between March 2000 and August 2006. All were treated with three or more grafts and divided into two groups: Group 1 was the hybrid group - 45 patients who had been operated by the hybrid technique; Group 2 was the total group - 45 patients operated in on-pump. RESULTS: In the hybrid group, the CPB time varied from 20 min. to 81 min. In the total group, the CPB time varied from 60 min. to 210 min. (p<0.001). The aorta cross-clamping time varied in the first group from 7 min. to 70 min. In Group 2, from 34 to 100 min. (p<0.001). A statistically significant difference was found between these two groups in relation to the occurrence of postoperative atrium fibrillation and renal dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Using the hybrid technique it is possible to reduce the CPB time, as well as the occurrence of some postoperative complications. Probably, this decreasing in atrial fibrillation and renal dysfunction incidences could be explained due to a less significant inflammatory activation, which is a consequence of a shorter CPB time.