Abstract. Because of its large electrochemical window, acetonitrile (MeCN) is one of the most widely used solvents in electrochemistry. It is a suitable solvent for nonaqueous electrolytes that allows studies of cathodic and anodic processes, but electrolyte purification remains challenging. As received, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade is unsuitable for most electroanalytical applications. We present an approach to optimize the purification of HPLC-grade acetonitrile to yield a tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP)/MeCN electrolyte for experiments in nonaqueous media. We used cyclic voltammetry (CV) to show the background due to impurities and to guide the experimental design to a background current acceptable for CVs of a 1 mM typical concentration of a redox-active molecule. We use 3A molecular sieves, followed by distillation over CaH2 with a final treatment with Al2O3. The optimized procedure yields CH3CN with small background currents, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio and minimizing chemical complications over a wide potential window. Our approach includes discriminating between impurities in the solvent and electrolyte salts; for TBAP, we recrystallize from ethyl acetate and 95 % ethanol. The process and theoretical guidelines apply to other nonaqueous electrolytes dealing with electroactive impurities, including organic molecules, oxygen, and water.

Resumen. El acetonitrilo (MeCN) es uno de los disolventes más utilizados en electroquímica por su amplia ventana electroquímica. Es un disolvente adecuado para electrolitos no acuosos que permite estudiar procesos electroquímicos catódicos y anódicos. Sin embargo, para llevar a cabo estos estudios, es importante considerar la purificación del electrolito que sigue siendo un reto. Tal como se recibe, el acetonitrilo para cromatografía de alto rendimiento (HPLC, por las siglas en inglés) es inadecuado para la mayoría de las aplicaciones electroanalíticas. En este trabajo presentamos un método para optimizar la purificación del acetonitrilo grado HPLC y obtener un electrolito de perclorato de tetrabutilamonio, (TBAP)/MeCN. Utilizamos voltametría cíclica para determinar la corriente de fondo y diseñar una corriente residual aceptable para una concentración típica de 1 mM para una molécula con actividad electroquímica. Utilizamos tamices moleculares 3Å, seguidos de destilación sobre CaH2 y finalizamos con un tratamiento en Al2O3. El procedimiento optimizado produce CH3CN con pequeñas corrientes de fondo, aumentando la relación señal-ruido y minimizando las complicaciones químicas en una amplia ventana de potencial. Nuestro enfoque incluye la discriminación entre las impurezas del disolvente y en las sales del electrolito. Recristalizamos el TBAP con una mezcla de acetato de etilo y etanol al 95 %. El proceso y las directrices teóricas se pueden aplicar a otros electrolitos no acuosos con impurezas electroactivas, como moléculas orgánicas, oxígeno y agua.

Siponimod is a selective immunosuppressive medication, developed as the first oral therapy for active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. This medication acts by modulating the sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) receptor, as an antagonist of S1P1 and S1P5, thus preventing the egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes and preventing inflammatory processes in the Central Nervous System that trigger demyelination. There is extensive scientific knowledge regarding the administration of the medication to patients, which will depend on their pharmacogenetic characteristics. Therefore, the FDA strongly recommends conducting a genotyping study of the enzyme that metabolizes siponimod, CYP2C9, whose genetic variants *2 and *3 classify patients as poor, extensive, or rapid metabolizers. Siponimod is completely contraindicated for patients who are homozygous for CYP2C9*3. Additionally, before prescribing it, an electrocardiogram, assessments of antibody status, ophthalmic evaluation, varicella vaccination status, and peripheral lymphocyte count should be conducted, as the medication's effect is dose-dependent. Therefore, a titration process is carried out starting from 0.25mg up to 2 mg. The pharmacotherapeutic protocol of siponimod is a reliable reflection of the utility of pharmacogenetics in personalized medicine.

RESUMEN Siponimod es un medicamento inmunosupresor selectivo, desarrollado como la primera terapia oral para la esclerosis múltiple secundaria progresiva activa. Este medicamento actúa modulando el receptor de esfingosina 1 fosfato (S1P), como antagonista de S1P1 y S1P5, evitando así la salida de linfocitos desde los nódulos linfáticos y previniendo procesos inflamatorios en el Sistema Nervioso Central que desencadenan una desmielinización. Existe amplio conocimiento científico respecto a que la administración del medicamento a pacientes va a depender de sus características farmacogenéticas, por lo que la FDA recomienda fuertemente realizar un estudio de genotipificación de la enzima que metaboliza siponimod, CYP2C9, cuyas variantes genéticas *2 y *3 clasifican a pacientes como metabolizadores pobres, extensivos o rápidos. Para pacientes homocigotos de CYP2C9*3 siponimod está totalmente contraindicado. Adicionalmente, antes de su prescripción se debe realizar un electrocardiograma, evaluaciones del estado de anticuerpos, oftálmica, estado de vacunación contra varicela y recuento de linfocitos periféricos, ya que el efecto del medicamento es dependiente de la dosis administrada, por lo que se realiza un proceso de titulación en dosis desde los 0,25mg hasta los 2 mg. El protocolo farmacoterapéutico de siponimod es reflejo fidedigno de la utilidad de la farmacogenética en la medicina personalizada..

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate if the reductions in systemic and renal oxygen consumption are associated with the development of evidence of anaerobic metabolism. Methods: This is a subanalysis of a previously published study. In anesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep, we measured the respiratory quotient by indirect calorimetry and its systemic, renal, and intestinal surrogates (the ratios of the venous-arterial carbon dioxide pressure and content difference to the arterial-venous oxygen content difference. The Endotoxemic Shock Group (n = 12) was measured at baseline, after 60 minutes of endotoxemic shock, and after 60 and 120 minutes of fluid and norepinephrine resuscitation, and the values were compared with those of a Control Group (n = 12) without interventions. Results: Endotoxemic shock decreased systemic and renal oxygen consumption (6.3 [5.6 - 6.6] versus 7.4 [6.3 - 8.5] mL/minute/kg and 3.7 [3.3 - 4.5] versus 5.4 [4.6 - 9.4] mL/minute/100g; p < 0.05 for both). After 120 minutes of resuscitation, systemic oxygen consumption was normalized, but renal oxygen consumption remained decreased (6.3 [5.9 - 8.2] versus 7.1 [6.1 - 8.6] mL/minute/100g; p = not significance and 3.8 [1.9 - 4.8] versus 5.7 [4.5 - 7.1]; p < 0.05). The respiratory quotient and the systemic, renal and intestinal ratios of the venous-arterial carbon dioxide pressure and content difference to the arterial-venous oxygen content difference did not change throughout the experiments. Conclusion: In this experimental model of septic shock, oxygen supply dependence was not associated with increases in the respiratory quotient or its surrogates. Putative explanations for these findings are the absence of anaerobic metabolism or the poor sensitivity of these variables in detecting this condition. Objective Methods study sheep venousarterial venous arterial arterialvenous n 12 baseline 6 resuscitation interventions Results 6.3 63 3 (6. 5.6 56 5 [5. 6.6 66 74 7 4 7. [6. 8.5 85 8 mLminutekg mL minute kg 37 3. 3.3 33 [3. 4.5 45 54 5. 4.6 46 [4. 9.4 94 9 mL/minute/100g mLminute100g mLminuteg 100g g 005 0 05 0.0 both. both . both) normalized 5.9 59 8.2 82 2 71 1 6.1 61 8.6 86 38 1.9 19 [1. 4.8 48 57 7.1] 0.05. 0.05) experiments Conclusion condition 6. (6 [5 [6 8. [3 4. [4 9. mLminute 00 0. 1. [1 ( [

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se as reduções do consumo de oxigênio sistêmico e renal estão associadas ao desenvolvimento de evidências de metabolismo anaeróbico. Métodos: Esta é uma subanálise de estudo já publicado. Em ovinos anestesiados e ventilados mecanicamente, medimos o quociente respiratório por calorimetria indireta e seus substitutos sistêmicos, renais e intestinais (as razões entre a diferença de pressão venoarterial do teor de dióxido de carbono e a diferença arteriovenosa do teor de oxigênio). O Grupo Choque Endotoxêmico (n = 12) foi medido inicialmente, após 60 minutos do choque endotoxêmico e após 60 e 120 minutos da ressuscitação com fluidos e norepinefrina, e os valores foram comparados com os do Grupo Controle (n = 12) sem intervenções. Resultados: O choque endotoxêmico diminuiu o consumo de oxigênio sistêmico e renal (6,3 [5,6 - 6,6] versus 7,4 [6,3 - 8,5] mL/minuto/kg e 3,7 [3,3 - 4,5] versus 5,4 [4,6 - 9,4] mL/minuto/100g; p < 0,05 para ambos). Após 120 minutos de ressuscitação, o consumo sistêmico de oxigênio foi normalizado, mas o consumo renal de oxigênio permaneceu reduzido (6,3 [5,9 - 8,2] versus 7,1 [6,1 - 8,6] mL/minuto/100g; p = NS e 3,8 [1,9 - 4,8] versus 5,7 [4,5 - 7,1]; p < 0,05). O quociente respiratório e as razões sistêmica, renal e intestinal entre a diferença na pressão venoarterial do teor de dióxido de carbono e a diferença arteriovenosa do teor de oxigênio não se alteraram ao longo dos experimentos. Conclusão: Nesse modelo experimental de choque séptico, a dependência do suprimento de oxigênio não foi associada a aumentos no quociente respiratório ou em seus substitutos. As explicações possíveis para esses achados são a ausência de metabolismo anaeróbico ou a baixa sensibilidade dessas variáveis na detecção dessa condição. Objetivo Métodos publicado mecanicamente sistêmicos oxigênio. . oxigênio) n 12 inicialmente 6 norepinefrina intervenções Resultados 6,3 63 3 (6, 5,6 56 5 [5, 6,6 66 74 7 4 7, [6, 8,5 85 8 mLminutokg mL minuto kg 37 3, 3,3 33 [3, 4,5 45 54 5, 4,6 46 [4, 9,4 94 9 mL/minuto/100g mLminuto100g mLminutog 100g g 005 0 05 0,0 ambos. ambos ambos) normalizado 5,9 59 8,2 82 2 71 1 6,1 61 8,6 86 38 1,9 19 [1, 4,8 48 57 7,1] 0,05. 0,05) sistêmica experimentos Conclusão séptico condição 6, (6 [5 [6 8, [3 4, [4 9, mLminuto 00 0, 1, [1 ( [

Resumen Introducción: El sufrimiento fetal agudo (SFA) es una condición que amerita un diagnóstico oportuno debido a que genera hipoxia, acidosis e incluso la muerte intrauterina. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los valores de lactato y pH en cordón umbilical en recién nacidos de término con antecedente SFA. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, en recién nacidos a término, de madres que tuvieron al menos un antecedente para SFA de tipo perinatal, neonatal o gasométrico. Se consideró morbilidad neonatal cuando presentaron Apgar al minuto ≤ 6, o requirieron maniobras avanzadas de reanimación neonatal, o ingreso a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales (UCIN). El punto de corte fue > 4 mmol/L para los valores de lactato y pH < 7.2. Resultados: De un total de 66 recién nacidos, el 33.3% de las madres presentaron al menos un antecedente para desarrollar SFA; el 22.7% presentó enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo, el 13.6%, oligohidramnios, y el 63.6%, otros factores. El 28.7% requirieron maniobras avanzadas de la reanimación neonatal y el 7.5%, el ingreso a la UCIN. En la gasometría, el valor de lactato y pH para el grupo de recién nacidos con morbilidad neonatal fue de 4.726 ± 1.401 y 7.293 ± 0.056 respectivamente, versus 2.240 ± 0.318 y 7.359 ± 0.022 (p < 0.05) para el grupo sin morbilidad neonatal asociada. Conclusiones: Se observó un incremento del 25% de los valores de lactato en cordón umbilical y una disminución del 1% del pH en los recién nacidos con antecedente de SFA y morbilidad asociada.

Abstract Background: Acute fetal distress (AFD) is a condition that requires timely diagnosis because it generates hypoxia, acidosis, and even intrauterine death. This study aimed to determine lactate and pH values in the umbilical cord in full-term newborns (NBs) with a history of AFD. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in full-term NBs of mothers with at least one perinatal, neonatal, or gasometric AFD antecedent. Neonatal morbidity was considered: if 1-min Apgar ≤ 6, or advanced neonatal maneuvers, or neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions were necessary. The cutoff points were lactate > 4mmol/L and pH < 7.2. Results: Of 66 NBs, 33.3% of mothers presented at least one antecedent for developing AFD; 22.7% presented hypertensive pregnancy disease, 13.6% oligohydramnios, and 63.6% other factors. Perinatally, 28.7% required advanced neonatal resuscitation maneuvers and 7.5% admission to the NICU. In the gasometry, the lactate and pH values for the neonatal morbidity of the NBs' group were 4.726 ± 1.401 and 7.293 ± 0.056, respectively, versus 2.240 ± 0.318 and 7.359 ± 0.022 (p < 0.05) for the group without associated neonatal morbidity. Conclusions: Lactate values in the umbilical cord increased by 25%, and pH decreased by one percent in NBs with a history of AFD and associated morbidity.

Oil-in-water emulsions containing N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) were developed aiming to extend the sustained release of the active compound, by using two oppositely charged nanomaterials, namely silica nanoparticles (SiNP) and cationic cellulose nanofibrils (CCNF), as stabilizers, and a mixture of food-grade nonionic surfactants to avoid precipitation by electrostatic aggregation. The formulations were stable for more than four months at room temperature, and strongly resistant to destabilization upon centrifugal and thermal stress. The results were correlated with the effect of SiNP on strengthening the network formation of CCNF in the aqueous phase by electrostatic interactions, which increased the viscosity of the external phase and, hence, emulsion stability. There was a significant size reduction of the internal oil phase containing DEET in the presence of CCNF, which was attributed to the increased viscosity in the external aqueous phase, as well as to interfacial stabilization. The combined action of CCNF and unmodified SiNP in the stabilization of the DEET-containing oil phase significantly decreased the release rate of the active compound, compared to non-emulsified DEET. Moreover, in the emulsions containing the CCNF/SiNP mixture there was a more sustained release for the period of 6 h, demonstrating the potential of these formulations for extended protection. Oilinwater Oil water N,Ndiethyl3methylbenzamide NNdiethyl3methylbenzamide NNdiethylmethylbenzamide N,N diethyl 3 methylbenzamide N (DEET compound nanomaterials (SiNP , (CCNF) stabilizers foodgrade food grade aggregation temperature stress interactions hence stability DEETcontaining nonemulsified non emulsified Moreover CCNFSiNP h protection Ndiethyl3methylbenzamide Ndiethyl NNdiethyl NN (CCNF Ndiethylmethylbenzamide

ABSTRACT This work aims to know what correlations can be found among psychological, neuropsychological, neurobiological, and immunological measures in a group of men who have sex with men negative for anti-HIV-1/2 antibodies which have sexual risk behaviors. Statistically significant correlations were found among certain behavioral, emotional, personality, neurobiological, and immunological variables. The circuit of interactions among depression, stress, neuroticism, and conscientiousness stands out, which could indirectly explain risky sexual behavior. In summary, there is a relationship between personality characteristics, mood disorders, risk behaviors, and an activated T cell profile. psychological neuropsychological neurobiological antiHIV1/2 antiHIV12 antiHIV anti HIV 1/2 1 2 anti-HIV-1/ behaviors behavioral emotional variables depression stress neuroticism out behavior summary characteristics disorders profile antiHIV1 antiHIV1/ 12 1/ anti-HIV-1 anti-HIV- anti-HIV

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer as correlações que podem ser encontradas entre as medidas psicológicas, neuropsicológicas, neurobiológicas e imunológicas em um grupo de homens que fazem sexo com homens com HIV-1/2 anti-corpos-negativos que se envolvem em comportamentos sexuais de risco. Foram encontradas correlações estatisticamente significativas entre certas variáveis comportamentais, emocionais, de personalidade, neurobiológicas e imunológicas. Destaca-se o circuito de interações entre depressão, estresse, neuroticismo e responsabilidade, que poderia explicar indiretamente o comportamento sexual de risco. Em resumo, há uma relação entre características de personalidade, distúrbios de humor, comportamentos de risco e um perfil de célula T ativado. psicológicas neuropsicológicas HIV1/2 HIV12 HIV 1/2 1 2 HIV-1/ anticorposnegativos anti corpos negativos comportamentais emocionais personalidade Destacase Destaca depressão estresse responsabilidade resumo humor ativado HIV1 HIV1/ 12 1/ HIV-1 HIV-

Abstract The evaluation of health survey questions in Brazil is limited, in most cases, to pilot tests and interview debriefing. The purpose of this article is to contribute to filling this gap by presenting a cognitive assessment methodology for identifying potentially “problematic” questions regarding their formulation and what happens in the interviewer-interviewee interaction, when applying them in interviews using the standardized questionnaire in a regional health survey. In this study, two standardized scripts were used to identify difficulties in writing and/or understanding and evaluating the interviewer-interviewee interaction. Among the 513 questions in the individual research questionnaire, 68 questions were indicated as being potentially problematic for the interviewees to understand and communicate. The questions that presented problems in their formulation, with the highest score (>40), were those related to the quantification of time; the degree of difficulty for self-care; work situation and income estimation. Among the questions identified as problematic in the evaluation by the Question Appraisal System (SAP), self-care and hours worked are among those that also scored high in the interaction evaluation. limited cases debriefing “problematic interviewerinterviewee interviewer interviewee study andor or 51 6 communicate >40, 40 >40 , (>40) time selfcare self care estimation SAP, SAP (SAP) 5 4 >4 (>40 (SAP > (>4 (> (

Resumo A avaliação de perguntas de questionário de inquérito de saúde no Brasil limita-se, na maioria das vezes, aos testes-piloto e debriefing das entrevistas. O objetivo do presente artigo é contribuir para preencher essa lacuna ao apresentar uma metodologia de avaliação cognitiva para identificação de perguntas potencialmente “problemáticas” quanto à sua formulação e o que ocorre, na interação entrevistador-entrevistado, ao aplicá-las em entrevistas com o uso de questionário padronizado em um inquérito regional de saúde. O estudo utilizou dois roteiros padronizados para identificação de dificuldades de redação e/ou compreensão e avaliação da interação entrevistador-entrevistado. Dentre as 513 perguntas do questionário individual de pesquisa, 68 questões foram indicadas como sendo potencialmente problemáticas à compreensão e comunicação pelos entrevistados. As perguntas que apresentaram problemas na sua formulação, com maior pontuação (>40), foram aquelas relacionadas à quantificação de tempo; ao grau de dificuldade para o autocuidado; à situação no trabalho e à estimação do rendimento. Dentre as perguntas apontadas como problemáticas na avaliação pelo Sistema de Apreciação de Perguntas (SAP), o autocuidado e horas trabalhadas estão entre aquelas que também tiveram pontuação alta na avaliação da interação. limitase, limitase limita se, se limita-se vezes testespiloto testes piloto “problemáticas ocorre entrevistadorentrevistado, entrevistadorentrevistado entrevistador entrevistado, entrevistado entrevistador-entrevistado aplicálas aplicá las eou ou entrevistadorentrevistado. entrevistado. 51 pesquisa 6 entrevistados >40, 40 >40 , (>40) tempo rendimento SAP, SAP (SAP) 5 4 >4 (>40 (SAP > (>4 (> (

Resumen Crece la búsqueda de sistemas agroalimentarios más sostenibles. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo señalar las principales iniciativas de agroextractivismo en el estado de Mato Grosso do Sul - Biomas Cerrado y Pantanal - sus productos elaborados, perspectivas de mercado/consumo y el panorama del entorno institucional. Eligieron especies autóctonas y su procesamiento y comercialización son llevado a cabo por iniciativas familiares. Los aspectos relevantes de las políticas públicas y el análisis del potencial del mercado se basaron en una revisión de la literatura. El uso de 15 especies nativas presentes en 12 comunidades demuestra el potencial para viabilizar sistemas alimentarios, con el reconocimiento de los pueblos indígenas, quilombolas, comunidades tradicionales y la agricultura familiar. Los productos de sociobiodiversidad valoran su origen, función social, ambiental y económica, y pueden conquistar nuevos mercados sostenibles, incluidos los internacionales. sostenibles elaborados mercadoconsumo consumo institucional familiares literatura 1 alimentarios indígenas quilombolas familiar origen social económica internacionales

Abstract The search for sustainable agri-food systems is increasing. This study aims to identify the main initiatives of agroextractivism in the state of Mato de Grosso do Sul (Cerrado and the Pantanal biomes), their products, market/consumption perspectives, and the panorama of the institutional environment. Native species with processing and marketing conducted through family initiatives were selected. The relevant aspects of public policies and market potential analyses were based on a literature review. The use of 15 native species present in 12 communities demonstrates the potential of food systems with the recognition of indigenous peoples, quilombolas, traditional communities, and family farming. Sociobiodiversity products value their origin and social, environmental, and economic functions, and can conquer new sustainable markets, including international ones. agrifood agri increasing Cerrado biomes, biomes , biomes) marketconsumption consumption perspectives environment selected review 1 peoples quilombolas farming social environmental functions markets ones

Resumo É crescente a busca por sistemas agroalimentares mais sustentáveis. Este trabalho visa indicar as principais iniciativas do agroextrativismo no estado de Mato de Grosso do Sul - biomas Cerrado e Pantanal - seus produtos, as perspectivas de mercado/consumo e o panorama do ambiente institucional. Foram escolhidas espécies nativas que possuem processamento e comercialização realizados por iniciativas familiares. Aspectos relevantes das políticas públicas e análise do potencial de mercado foram baseados em revisão bibliográfica. O aproveitamento de 15 espécies nativas presentes em 12 comunidades, demonstram o potencial dos sistemas alimentares, com reconhecimento dos povos indígenas, quilombolas, comunidades tradicionais e da agricultura familiar. Os produtos da sociobiodiversidade valorizam sua origem e suas funções sociais, ambientais e econômicas, podendo conquistar novos mercados sustentáveis, inclusive os internacionais. sustentáveis mercadoconsumo consumo institucional familiares bibliográfica 1 alimentares indígenas quilombolas familiar sociais econômicas internacionais

Resumo A avaliação de perguntas de questionário de inquérito de saúde no Brasil limita-se, na maioria das vezes, aos testes-piloto e debriefing das entrevistas. O objetivo do presente artigo é contribuir para preencher essa lacuna ao apresentar uma metodologia de avaliação cognitiva para identificação de perguntas potencialmente “problemáticas” quanto à sua formulação e o que ocorre, na interação entrevistador-entrevistado, ao aplicá-las em entrevistas com o uso de questionário padronizado em um inquérito regional de saúde. O estudo utilizou dois roteiros padronizados para identificação de dificuldades de redação e/ou compreensão e avaliação da interação entrevistador-entrevistado. Dentre as 513 perguntas do questionário individual de pesquisa, 68 questões foram indicadas como sendo potencialmente problemáticas à compreensão e comunicação pelos entrevistados. As perguntas que apresentaram problemas na sua formulação, com maior pontuação (>40), foram aquelas relacionadas à quantificação de tempo; ao grau de dificuldade para o autocuidado; à situação no trabalho e à estimação do rendimento. Dentre as perguntas apontadas como problemáticas na avaliação pelo Sistema de Apreciação de Perguntas (SAP), o autocuidado e horas trabalhadas estão entre aquelas que também tiveram pontuação alta na avaliação da interação.

Abstract The evaluation of health survey questions in Brazil is limited, in most cases, to pilot tests and interview debriefing. The purpose of this article is to contribute to filling this gap by presenting a cognitive assessment methodology for identifying potentially “problematic” questions regarding their formulation and what happens in the interviewer-interviewee interaction, when applying them in interviews using the standardized questionnaire in a regional health survey. In this study, two standardized scripts were used to identify difficulties in writing and/or understanding and evaluating the interviewer-interviewee interaction. Among the 513 questions in the individual research questionnaire, 68 questions were indicated as being potentially problematic for the interviewees to understand and communicate. The questions that presented problems in their formulation, with the highest score (>40), were those related to the quantification of time; the degree of difficulty for self-care; work situation and income estimation. Among the questions identified as problematic in the evaluation by the Question Appraisal System (SAP), self-care and hours worked are among those that also scored high in the interaction evaluation.

Abstract Introduction: Spinal injuries are common among young adult men. Recognizing kinematics can help reduce the number of late diagnoses, especially if there are consciousness disorders. Vertebral fractures can be single or multiple, and they are often associated with extravertebral injuries. Objectives: To examine the distribution of the lesion based on the mechanism of production, to characterize the neurological condition, to evaluate the lesion pattern and its relationship with extravertebral lesions, and to analyze the treatment. Materials and Methods: This was a multicenter, prospective study of patients admitted with post-trauma vertebral injuries between July 1, 2018 and June 30, 2020. Age, gender, kinematics, neurological condition, affected sector, pattern of injury, and associated extravertebral injuries were all examined. Results: There were 281 patients (60% men) evaluated, with 400 vertebral and 118 extravertebral lesions. The causes were as follows: polytrauma in 62 cases, falls from great heights in 147 patients, and traffic accidents in 98. ASIA E was the most frequently observed neurological picture (8 cases), which was not determined at admission. The T2-L5 sector was the most affected, mostly by compression injuries. Head and chest trauma were the most common extravertebral injuries; there was one case of SCIWORA and one early death. Conclusions: The most commonly affected spinal sectors were thoracolumbar, thoracic, and lumbar; the injuries are typically caused by falls from great heights and, in general, are isolated, with no neurological injuries. The treatment is determined by the stability and neurological condition.

Resumen Introducción: Las lesiones raquídeas son frecuentes en hombres adultos jóvenes. Reconocer la cinemática ayuda a disminuir la tasa de diagnósticos tardíos, principalmente si hay trastornos de la conciencia. Las fracturas vertebrales pueden ser únicas o múltiples, y asociarse con lesiones extravertebrales. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar la distribución de la lesión según el mecanismo de producción, caracterizar el cuadro neurológico, evaluar el patrón de lesión y la asociación con lesiones extravertebrales, y analizar el tratamiento. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo de pacientes con lesiones vertebrales postrauma, que ingresaron entre el 1 de julio de 2018 y el 30 de junio de 2020. Se analizaron los siguientes parámetros: edad, sexo, cinemática, cuadro neurológico, sector afectado, patrón de lesión, lesiones extravertebrales asociadas. Resultados: Se evaluó a 281 pacientes (60% hombres) con 400 lesiones vertebrales y 118 extravertebrales que, en 62 casos, conformaban un cuadro de politraumatismo; 147 con trauma por caída de altura y 98, por accidente de tránsito. El cuadro neurológico más observado fue ASIA E (8 casos), no determinado al ingreso. El sector T2-L5 fue el más afectado, en su mayoría, por lesiones por compresión. Las lesiones extravertebrales más frecuentes fueron el trauma de cráneo y de tórax; hubo un caso de SCIWORA y un óbito temprano. Conclusiones: Los sectores raquídeos más afectados fueron: el toracolumbar, el torácico y el lumbar; las lesiones suelen deberse a caídas de altura y suelen ser únicas, sin cuadro neurológico. El tratamiento se decide según la estabilidad y el cuadro neurológico.

ABSTRACT Corn is the second item in Paraguay in planting area and is the crop that requires the most demand for N, mainly through chemical fertilization. With the objective of evaluating two sources of nitrogenous fertilizer, as well as their increasing dose on the production of corn for silage, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, with a bifactorial arrangement, two sources of N (urea and sulfate of ammonium) and 6 doses of N (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg ha-1) and four repetitions. The variables evaluated were plant height (AP), green matter production (PMV), dry matter content (%DM), dry matter production (PMS), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (FDN) and fiber acid detergent (FDA). Data were submitted to ANOVA and when there was a significant response, means were compared using Tukey's test at 5% probability of error between sources and regression curve between doses. The AP was influenced by the N source, but not the PMV, %DM and PMS, however, with the exception of %DM, all the other variables responded to the N dose, adjusting to linear equations, without reaching the production peak. The CP presented an interaction between factors, adjusting to quadratic equations, decreasing the percentage of protein when applying high doses of N. The NDF was higher when N was applied in the form of urea, however, it was not affected by the dose of N. FDA presented an interaction between the factors, it decreased with increasing doses of urea, however, it did not vary with the application of ammonium sulfate. The source of N influences the bromatological composition, the dose of N influences the quantity and quality of the corn.

RESUMEN En el Paraguay, el maíz ocupa el segundo rubro en área de siembra y es el cultivo que requiere más demanda de N, principalmente por medio de la fertilización química. Con el objetivo de evaluar dos fuentes de fertilizante nitrogenado, así como dosis creciente de las mismas sobre la producción de maíz para ensilado, fue realizado un experimento en diseño de bloques completos al azar, con arreglo bifactorial, dos fuentes de N (urea y sulfato de amonio) y 6 dosis de N (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 y 200 kg ha-1) y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron altura de planta (AP), producción de materia verde (PMV), contenido de materia seca (%MS), producción de materia seca (PMS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra detergente neutra (FDN) y fibra detergente ácida (FDA). Los datos fueron sometidos a ANAVA y cuando hubo respuesta significativa se realizó comparación de medias a través del test de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad de error entre las fuentes y curva de regresión entre las dosis. La AP fue influenciada por la fuente de N no así el PMV, %MS y PMS, sin embargo, con excepción del %MS todas las demás variables respondieron a la dosis de N, ajustándose a ecuaciones lineales, sin llegar al pico de producción. La PB presentó interacción entre factores, ajustándose a ecuaciones cuadráticas, disminuyendo el porcentaje de proteína al aplicar altas dosis de N. La FDN fue mayor cuando se aplicó N en forma de urea, sin embargo, no fue afectada por la dosis de N. La FDA presentó interacción entre los factores, disminuyó con dosis crecientes de urea, sin embargo, no varió con la aplicación de sulfato de amonio. La fuente de N influye en la composición bromatológica, la dosis de N influye en la cantidad y calidad del maíz.

In recent years the Autonomous University of Baja California has promoted standardized departmental tests development which are intended to contribute to the institution´s goal of applying departmental tests´ achievement to continuously improve student learning levels, a priority in the Institutional Development Plan of this University. This research paper presents the results of the psychometric evaluation carried out on a standardized departmental test of one of the subjects of outmost curricular relevance for the core curricula ​​belonging to the Faculty of Languages, as well as the analysis of said test psychometric evaluation results. The psychometric analysis is based on the conventional procedures of the Item Response Theory measuring features such as discrimination index, discrimination coefficient and difficulty index. The results show that the test achieved a good discriminatory range, as well as medium difficulty, and the above average indexes ​​obtained in the thematic unit of outmost curricular relevance for the studied subject. The obtained values on reliability and validity features allowed to evidence the instrument´s quality, directly contributing to the domain level certainty that students show in relation to the acquired knowledge universe which the test presents.

La Universidad Autónoma de Baja California ha impulsado en los últimos años el desarrollo de pruebas departamentales estandarizadas con las cuales se pretende contribuir al cumplimiento de la meta de aplicar exámenes departamentales para mejorar continuamente los niveles de aprendizaje de los alumnos, prioritaria en el Plan de Desarrollo Institucional de esta universidad. Este trabajo de investigación presenta la estructura y composición de una prueba departamental estandarizada de una de las asignaturas de mayor relevancia curricular para el tronco común de Lenguas perteneciente a la Facultad de Idiomas, así como los resultados de la evaluación psicométrica realizada a la misma. Se empleó el método de análisis psicométrico basado en los procedimientos convencionales de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem, midiendo atributos tales como el índice de discriminación, coeficiente de discriminación y el índice de dificultad. Los resultados muestran que la prueba alcanzó un buen poder discriminatorio, así como una dificultad media, además destacaron los índices superiores al estándar obtenidos en la unidad temática de mayor relevancia curricular para la asignatura en cuestión. Los valores obtenidos en los atributos de confiabilidad y validez permitieron evidenciar la calidad del instrumento, contribuyendo a la certeza del nivel de dominio que los estudiantes reflejan en relación al universo de conocimientos representados en la prueba.

A Universidade Autônoma de Baixa California tem impulsado nos últimos anos o desenvolvimento das provas departamentais estandardizadas nas quais procura-se contribuir ao cumprimento da meta de aplicar exames departamentais para melhorar continuamente os níveis de aprendizagem dos alunos, prioritária no Plano de Desenvolvimento Institucional desta Universidade. Este trabalho de pesquisa apresenta a estrutura e composição duma prova departamental estandardizada de uma das disciplinas de maior relevância curricular para o tronco comum de Línguas que pertencem à Faculdade de Idiomas, assim como os resultados da avaliação psicométrica feita à mesma. Foi utilizado o método de análise psicométrico baseado nos procedimentos convencionais da Teoria de Resposta ao Item, medindo atributos tais como o índice de discriminação, coeficiente de discriminação e o índice de dificuldade. Os resultados mostram que a prova atingiu um bom grau de poder discriminatório, e também uma dificuldade media, alias, destacaram os índices superiores ao estândar obtidos na unidade temática de maior relevância curricular para as matérias envolvidas. Os valores obtidos nos atributos de confiabilidade e validade permitiram evidenciar a qualidade do instrumento, tendo assim certeza do nível de domínio que os estudantes refletem em relação ao universo de conhecimentos representados na prova.

Resumo Objetivo Identificar as barreiras para oferecer às mulheres e capacitar adequadamente os médicos sobre abortos terapêuticos nos hospitais públicos do Peru. Métodos Estudo descritivo transversal baseado em inquérito. Convidamos 400 especialistas em obstetrícia e ginecologia de 7 hospitais públicos acadêmicos de Lima e 8 de outras regiões do Peru. Juízes especialistas validaram a pesquisa. Resultados Coletamos os resultados da pesquisa de 160 participantes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Destes, 63,7% afirmaram que o hospital onde trabalham não oferece treinamento sobre aborto. A maioria dos participantes considera que a posição do governo peruano em relação ao aborto terapêutico é indiferente ou deficiente. As principais limitações para fornecer abortos terapêuticos incluem a lei peruana (53,8%), políticas hospitalares (18,8%) e falta de especialistas (10,6%). Conclusão A maioria dos médicos pesquisados apoiava o aborto terapêutico e demonstrava interesse em aprimorar suas habilidades. No entanto, nem todos os hospitais oferecem treinamento e educação. O conhecimento limitado dos médicos sobre a lei e as políticas institucionais, além do medo de repercussões éticas, legais e religiosas, foram as principais barreiras para a realização do aborto.

Abstract Objective To identify the barriers to provide to women and adequately train physicians on therapeutic abortions in public hospitals in Peru. Methods Descriptive cross-sectional survey-based study. We invited 400 obstetrics and gynecology specialists from 7 academic public hospitals in Lima and 8 from other regions of Peru. Expert judges validated the survey. Results We collected survey results from 160 participants that met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 63.7% stated that the hospital where they work does not offer abortion training. Most of the participants consider that the position of the Peruvian government regarding therapeutic abortion is indifferent or deficient. The major limitations to provide therapeutic abortions included Peruvian law (53.8%), hospital policies (18.8%), and lack of experts (10.6%). Conclusion Most surveyed physicians supported therapeutic abortions and showed interest in improving their skills. However, not all hospitals offer training and education. The limited knowledge of the physicians regarding the law and institutional policies, as well as fear of ethical, legal, and religious repercussions, were the main barriers for providing abortions.

ABSTRACT Background: The inflammatory response in gout disease is induced by the activation of NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLPR3) signaling pathway mediated by IL-1β release. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within NLRP3 inflammasome genes and gout susceptibility. Methods: Mexican patients with gout from the National Rehabilitation Institute and General Hospital of Mexico were enrolled. A healthy control group was also included. We analyzed the frequency and allelic distribution of eight SNPs from seven different genes within the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway: TLR4 rs2149356, CD14 rs2569190, NLRP3 rs3806268, NLRP3 rs10754558, CARD8 rs2043211, IL-1β rs1143623, P2RX7 rs3751142, and PPARGC1B rs45520937 SNPs. Results: We found that the SNP rs45520937 of PPARGC1B was associated with the risk of developing gout when it was analyzed using the dominant model (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-4.86; p = 0.030), and it is proposed that the adaptor molecule CD14 rs2569190 polymorphism could be associated with a lower risk of gout under an additive model (OR= 0.41;95% CI: 0.16-1.05; p = 0.064). No significant associations were identified for the remaining SNPs. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the PPARGC1B rs45520937 SNP is associated with gout susceptibility.

We report the catalytic effect of three ruthenocene bimetallic compounds derived from fused aromatic rings of general formula [{Cp*Ru}2L], with Cp*: pentamethylcyclopentadiene and L = pentalene (1), 2,6-diethyl-4,8-dimethyl-s-indacene (2), and 2,7-diethyl-as-indacene (3), on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). The new compound 3 was characterized by a combination of multinuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of compound 3 shows a decrease in the decomposition temperature of AP to 347 ºC, increases the energy release to 2048 J g-1 and, consequently, leads to the lowest activation energy (42.9 kJ mol-1). These results are comparable to the typically used metallocene (catocene: 347 ºC and 2472 J g-1), suggesting a suitable and competitive alternative to be used as a modifier for composite solid propellants.