RESUMO No presente estudo analisamos o crescimento e a sobrevivência da castanheira, Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) em diferentes condições ambientais e níveis de abertura de dossel em plantações experimentais localizadas na bacia do Rio Trombetas, na Amazônia oriental brasileira. Plantamos 144 mudas em habitats antrópicos com diferentes intensidades de luz: roçados recentemente abandonados (100% de abertura de dossel), capoeira de 2-3 anos (20-80% de abertura de dossel) e castanhal maduro (< 10% de abertura de dossel). Anualmente, durante dez anos, medimos a altura e diâmetro das plantas, e registramos mortalidade e rebrotação. A performance de B. excelsa variou significativamente entre os habitats, tendo a taxa de crescimento mais alta sido observada no roçado. A sobrevivência foi mais alta no roçado (85%) e na capoeira (63%) e mais baixa no castanhal (17%). A capacidade de rebrotação das plantas de castanheira foi maior no roçado, onde as plantas de castanheira se recuperaram após episódios de fogo, a maioria com rebrotação de mais de um caule. Algumas plantas do roçado começaram a produzir flores e frutos aos 9-10 anos do plantio. Nós mostramos que plantas jovens de B. excelsa são heliófilas (com alta demanda de luz), com maior crescimento e sobrevivência em condições de alta luminosidade. Sugerimos a utilização da castanheira em programas de reflorestamento, restauração de áreas degradadas e enriquecimento de floresta secundária, sempre que se adotem medidas adequadas de manejo (e.g., manutenção das condições de exposição direta à luz solar e controle de espécies pioneiras competidoras).

ABSTRACT We examined the growth and survival of Brazil-nut trees, Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) under different environmental conditions and levels of canopy openness within experimental plantations in the Trombetas River valley, in northern Brazil. We planted 144 seedlings in three anthropogenic habitats with different levels of sunlight exposition: crop field (100% canopy opening), shrub fallow (20-80% canopy opening) and Brazil-nut forest (< 10% canopy opening). We measured plant height and diameter annually and recorded mortality and resprouting over ten years. The performance of B. excelsa differed significantly among habitats, with the highest growth rate observed at the highest level of canopy openness (crop field). Survival was highest in crop field (85%) and shrub fallow (63%) and lowest in Brazil-nut forest (17%). Resprouting capacity was higher in the crop field, as Brazil-nut plants recovered after fire episodes, with most plants resprouting more than one shoot. Some trees in the crop field began to produce flowers and fruits at 9-10 years. We showed that B. excelsa juveniles are light-demanding, with higher survival and growth under conditions of high light exposure. We suggest the use of Brazil-nut trees for reforestation, restoration of degraded lands and enrichment of secondary vegetation, as long as an adequate management is adopted (e.g., maintaining plants exposed to direct sunlight and control of competing pioneer species).

RESUMO Uma nova espécie de Coccoloba (Polygonaceae) da Amazônia brasileira, denominada Coccoloba gigantifolia, é descrita e ilustrada. É semelhante a Coccoloba mollis Casar. mas difere desta espécie por ter folhas muito maiores nos ramos férteis. A espécie foi registrada apenas na bacia do Rio Madeira, nos estados do Amazonas e Rondônia, no centro e sudoeste da Amazônia Brasileira. A descrição foi feita a partir de material de herbário, plantas cultivadas e observações de campo de indivíduos em seu habitat natural. São apresentadas pranchas ilustrativas, fotografias e uma chave de identificação com caracteres morfológicos que distinguem o novo táxon de outras duas espécies de Coccoloba sect. Paniculatae, bem como, comentários sobre a distribuição geográfica e conservação da espécie.

ABSTRACT We describe and illustrate a new species of Coccoloba (Polygonaceae), named Coccoloba gigantifolia, from the Brazilian Amazon. It resembles Coccoloba mollis Casar, but differs from the latter species by its much larger leaves in the fertile branches. The species has only been recorded in the Madeira River basin, in the states of Amazonas and Rondônia, in the central and southwestern Brazilian Amazon. The description was based on herbarium material, cultivated plants, and individual trees in their natural habitat. We provide illustrations, photographs, and an identification key with morphological characteristics that distinguish the new taxon from the other two related taxa of the Coccoloba sect. Paniculatae, as well as comments on the geographic distribution and conservation status of the species.

Abstract: What controls the formation of patchy substrates of white sand vegetation in the Amazonian lowlands is still unclear. This research integrated the geological history and plant inventories of a white sand vegetation patch confined to one large fan-shaped sandy substrate of northern Amazonia, which is related to a megafan environment. We examined floristic patterns to determine whether abundant species are more often generalists than the rarer one, by comparing the megafan environments and older basement rocks. We also investigated the pattern of species accumulation as a function of increasing sampling effort. All plant groups recorded a high proportion of generalist species on the megafan sediments compared to older basement rocks. The vegetation structure is controlled by topographic gradients resulting from the smooth slope of the megafan morphology and microreliefs imposed by various megafan subenvironments. Late Pleistocene-Holocene environmental disturbances caused by megafan sedimentary processes controlled the distribution of white sand vegetation over a large area of the Amazonian lowlands, and may have also been an important factor in species diversification during this period. The integration of geological and biological data may shed new light on the existence of many patches of white sand vegetation from the plains of northern Amazonia.

Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) is cultivated by many indigenous and traditional communities from Amazonia to Central America for its edible fruits, and is currently important for its heart-of-palm. The objective of this study was to investigate the mating system of peach palm, as this is important for conservation and breeding. Eight microsatellite loci were used to genotype 24 open-pollinated progenies from three populations of the Pampa Hermosa landrace maintained in a progeny trial for genetic improvement. Both the multi-locus outcrossing rates (0.95 to 0.99) and the progeny level multi-locus outcrossing rates (0.9 to 1.0) were high, indicating that peach palm is predominantly allogamous. The outcrossing rates among relatives were significantly different from zero (0.101 to 0.202), providing evidence for considerable biparental inbreeding within populations, probably due to farmers planting seeds of a small number of open-pollinated progenies in the same plot. The correlations of paternity estimates were low (0.051 to 0.112), suggesting a large number of pollen sources (9 to 20) participating in pollination of individual fruit bunches. Effective population size estimates suggest that current germplasm collections are insufficient for long-term ex situ conservation. As with most underutilized crops, on farm conservation is the most important component of an integrated conservation strategy.

Caryocar villosum é uma árvore emergente comum na Amazônia central. É uma espécie importante devido à qualidade da madeira e à produção de frutos para populações humanas e animais. No presente trabalho foram estudados a biologia floral, a polinização e o sistema reprodutivo de C. villosum. Foram observadas árvores em ambiente urbano, fragmentos de mata e mata contínua, com atenção em aspectos da interação polinizador-planta e características das flores. Foram realizadas polinizações controladas para estudo do sistema reprodutivo. As flores de C. villosum têm a forma de "pincel-de-estames", são amareladas e ficam expostas acima da copa, em inflorescências terminais. Possuem antese noturna, duram apenas uma noite e secretam cerca de 750 mL de néctar por noite, características da síndrome de quiropterofilia. A espécie foi visitada por Phyllostomus discolor e morcegos glossofagíneos, assim como por marsupiais arborícolas e mariposas Sphingidae. As polinizações manuais revelaram que C. villosum é autocompatível, embora o número de frutos formados por polinização cruzada seja maior do que o número de frutos resultantes de autopolinizações.

Caryocar villosum is a common emergent tree of Central Amazonia. It is an important timber tree and source of fruit for men and animals. We study the floral biology, pollination, and breeding system of C. villosum. Data was collected from trees in an urban area, forest fragments and a continuous forest. Floral characteristics and plant-pollinator interactions were described and controlled hand-pollinations were undertaken to study breeding system. The flowers of C. villosum are brush-shaped, yellow and exposed above the canopy in terminal inflorescences. They have nocturnal anthesis, last for one nigth only and produce ca. 750 mL of nectar per nigth, which are typical traits associated with bat pollination. The especies was visited by Phyllostomus discolor and glossophaginae bats, as well as arboreal marsupials and Sphingidae moths. Hand pollinations revealed that C. villosum is self-compatible, but the number of fruits formed from cross-pollination was higher than that from self-pollination.