Abstract The impact of forestry practices was evaluated on Eucalyptus’s growth variables and mortality dynamics. An experiment was conducted in Uruguay over sixteen years, sixteen spacing and thinning treatments were compared depending on the genetic material and productive objective. Tree height and diameter at breast height were assessed annually. All variables were analyzed using linear mixed models. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the Log Rank test were used to compare tree survival. 460 trees ha-1 from seed material resulted in the highest individual basal area (0.023 m2), while treatments with 2000 trees ha-1, without thinning, generated a greater yield per hectare (1014 m3 ha-1). Variations in mortality were detected in higher-density treatments (above 800 trees ha-1). This study underscores the critical importance of managing spacing, genetic material, and thinning practices to optimize Eucalyptus growth. Eucalyptuss s dynamics years objective annually models KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier 46 ha1 ha 1 ha- 0.023 0023 0 023 (0.02 m2, m2 m , m2) 200 ha1, 1, 1014 (101 ha1. . ha-1) higherdensity higher density above 80 4 0.02 002 02 (0.0 20 101 (10 8 0.0 00 (0. 2 10 (1 0. (0 (

Resumen La literatura ha señalado la contribución clave de los programas de desarrollo profesional continuo (DPC) en la reforma curricular. En Latinoamérica, existe una creciente preocupación por la relación universidad-escuela, mayormente relacionada con el DPC de los docentes. En Chile, la relación universidad-escuela se plantea en los discursos institucionales como una meta deseable de desarrollo profesional, no obstante, esta importancia es menos reconocida en la práctica. Teniendo en cuenta que la subjetividad de los formadores de docentes en la educación superior apenas se explora en la literatura sobre formación de docentes, surge la pregunta de quiénes son los formadores de docentes involucrados en los programas de DPC. Con un enfoque cualitativo y utilizando una estrategia dialógica, estudiamos las reuniones de diseño de un equipo universitario de formadores de docentes que lideran un programa de DPC en ciencias. Los hallazgos muestran que las características de la subjetividad de los formadores de docentes producida en torno a la interacción entre la escuela y la educación superior, su relación entre ellos, las condiciones de la universidad y su percepción de los docentes. Se discuten las implicaciones para la investigación y la práctica.

Abstract A large body of knowledge agrees about the central contribution of continuous professional development (CPD) programmes to support curriculum reform. In Latin-American, there is growing concern about the university-school relationship, mostly related to the CPD of teachers. In Chile, the relationship university-school is posed in institutional discourses as a desirable goal of professional development, but still, the importance is less recognised in practice. Considering the teacher educators’ subjectivity in higher education is barely explored in the teacher education literature leaves the question of who are the teacher educators involved in CPD programmes? Taking a qualitative approach and using a dialogical strategy, we study the design meetings of a university team/teacher educators leading a science CPD programme. Findings show salient features of the teacher educators’ subjectivity produced around the interaction between the school and the higher education sector, their relationship among themselves, the conditions of the university, and their perception of schoolteachers. Implications to research and practice are discussed.

ABSTRACT: Parasitic intestinal infections in dogs represent a problem for human health, because a wide variety of these parasites have zoonotic potential. Therefore, proximity to pets puts us at risk. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and risk factors (age, sex, size, breed, presence of ectoparasites and gastrointestinal disorders) of intestinal parasites in the feces of dogs attending a Veterinary Hospital in the City of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. A total of 148 fecal samples were collected from canine patients and analyzed for parasite identification and parasite load. A 12.2% (18/148) of the samples were positive to parasitic intestinal infections. The frequency of specific infections was an 8.1% of Cryptosporidium sp., followed by a 2.7% of Cystoisospora sp., and 1.4% of Toxascaris leonina. A statistical significance was identified between the presence of intestinal parasites and mongrel breed. The predominance of protozoa shows the importance of diagnosis prior to treatment with anthelminthic drugs, since preventive antiparasitic protocols are commonly used, although these particular parasites are out of the spectrum of those drugs. Cryptosporidium spp. have zoonotic potential, particularly in immunocompromised patients, and there are few or no treatment options.

ABSTRACT Latin America was during November 2020 one of the most affected regions by the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of prevalence and deaths attributed to the virus. Therefore, the start of vaccine testing in citizens of the region was received with high expectations about its effectiveness. Therefore, it is essential to take into account certain fundamental principles that should guide this process ensuring its correct implementation. The objective of this article is to provide considerations on the process of implementing clinical trials and post-trial access to COVID-19 vaccines in Latin America, in particular those related to respect for the dignity of participants, the historical global and regional tensions regarding the political economy of clinical trials, some aspects of global governance and the role of the World Health Organization in the pandemic, and the need to ensure post-trial access to the vaccine. It is concluded that the pandemic is an opportunity to strengthen bonds of cooperation and solidarity between Latin American countries. Clinical trials are a key instance to strengthen local and regional governance with a view to consolidate transparency and monitoring of the correct implementation of public-private partnerships in the development of therapies, in which the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization have an important role for the implementation of integration strategies and access to vaccines.

RESUMEN Latinoamérica fue durante noviembre de 2020 una de las regiones más afectada por la pandemia de COVID-19 en cuanto a prevalencia y muertes atribuidas al virus. Por ello, el inicio de testeo de vacunas en ciudadanos de la región fue recibido con altas expectativas sobre su efectividad. Frente a lo cual es esencial tener en cuenta ciertos principios fundamentales que deben guiar este proceso asegurando su correcta implementación. El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer consideraciones sobre el proceso de implementación de ensayos clínicos y acceso posensayo a vacunas para COVID-19 en Latinoamérica. En particular los relacionados con el respeto a la dignidad de los participantes, las tensiones históricas globales y regionales en materia de economía política de ensayos clínicos, algunos aspectos de la gobernanza global y el rol de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en la pandemia, y la necesidad de asegurar el acceso posensayo a la vacuna. Se concluye que la pandemia es una oportunidad para estrechar lazos de cooperación y solidaridad entre países latinoamericanos. Los ensayos clínicos son una instancia clave para reforzar la gobernanza local y regional con miras a fortalecer la transparencia y la vigilancia de la correcta realización de alianzas público-privadas en el desarrollo de terapias, en los que la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, tienen un rol importante para la implementación de estrategias de integración y acceso a vacunas.

Background: A history of child abuse is common and has a significant impact in the clinical course of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorders (BD). Aims: To assess the frequency of child abuse experiences in patients BD type I and to evaluate its association with clinical course and cognitive functioning variables. Material and Methods: 117 patients with BD aged 45 ± 14 years (66% women) answered the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The clinical course (illness onset, history of suicide attempts and number of hospitalizations) was obtained from medical records. Cognitive functioning was evaluated through social and non-social cognition tasks. Results: 64% of participants reported some type of child abuse. This variable was associated with an early onset of the disease (Odds ratio (OR) = 3.3; p < 0.02), increased risk of suicide attempts (OR = 2.4; p < 0.04) and specific disturbances in social cognitive tasks. Conclusions: Our study supports evidence of a common history of child abuse in patients with BD. Although child abuse predicts a worse clinical course, major clinical practice guidelines, as well as research designs, do not highlight this evidence.

RESUMO Racional: A gastrectomia laparoscópica tem numerosas vantagens perioperatórias, mas a sobrevivência em longo prazo após este procedimento tem sido menos estudada. Objetivo: Comparar resultados de sobrevivência, oncológica e perioperatória entre a gastrectomia completamente laparoscópica vs. aberta para câncer gástrico precoce. Método: Este estudo foi retrospectivo e os principais resultados foram a sobrevivência global e específica de cinco anos, contagem de linfonodos e taxa de ressecção R0. Resultado secundário foi a morbidade pós-operatória. Resultados: Foram incluídos 116 pacientes (59% homens, idade 68 anos, comorbidades 73%, IMC 25) que foram submetidos a 50 gastrectomias laparoscópicas e 66 gastrectomias abertas. As características demográficas, a localização do tumor, o tipo de operação, a extensão da dissecção dos linfonodos e do estágio não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A taxa geral de complicações foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (40% vs. 28%, p=ns) e complicações classificadas Clavien 2 (36% vs. 18%, p=0,03), respiratórias (9% vs. 0%, p=0,03) e as da parede abdominal (12% vs. 0%, p=0,009) foram significativamente menores após a gastrectomia laparoscópica. A contagem de linfonodos (21 contra 23, p=ns) e a taxa de ressecção R0 (100% vs. 96%; p=ns) não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. A sobrevida global de cinco anos (84% vs. 87%, p=0,31) e a sobrevida específica (93% vs. 98%, p=0,20) não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos de gastrectomia laparoscópica e aberta. Conclusão: Estes resultados suportam resultados oncológicos similares e sobrevida em longo prazo para pacientes com câncer gástrico precoce após gastrectomia laparoscópica e gastrectomia aberta. Além disso, a abordagem laparoscópica está associada com morbidade menos grave e menor ocorrência de complicações respiratórias e da parede abdominal.

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic gastrectomy has numerous perioperative advantages, but the long-term survival of patients after this procedure has been less studied. Aim: To compare survival, oncologic and perioperative outcomes between completely laparoscopic vs. open gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. Methods: This study was retrospective, and our main outcomes were the overall and disease-specific 5-year survival, lymph node count and R0 resection rate. Our secondary outcome was postoperative morbidity. Results: Were included 116 patients (59% men, age 68 years, comorbidities 73%, BMI 25) who underwent 50 laparoscopic gastrectomies and 66 open gastrectomies. The demographic characteristics, tumour location, type of surgery, extent of lymph node dissection and stage did not significantly differ between groups. The overall complication rate was similar in both groups (40% vs. 28%, p=ns), and complications graded at least Clavien 2 (36% vs. 18%, p=0.03), respiratory (9% vs. 0%, p=0.03) and wound-abdominal wall complications (12% vs. 0%, p=0.009) were significantly lower after laparoscopic gastrectomy. The lymph node count (21 vs. 23 nodes; p=ns) and R0 resection rate (100% vs. 96%; p=ns) did not significantly differ between groups. The 5-year overall survival (84% vs. 87%, p=0.31) and disease-specific survival (93% vs. 98%, p=0.20) did not significantly differ between the laparoscopic and open gastrectomy groups. Conclusion: The results of this study support similar oncologic outcome and long-term survival for patients with early gastric cancer after laparoscopic gastrectomy and open gastrectomy. In addition, the laparoscopic approach is associated with less severe morbidity and a lower occurrence of respiratory and wound-abdominal wall complications.

ABSTRACT Food manufacturing wastes, such as olive mill solid waste, tomato pomace and grape pomace are three wastes produced by food industries in the Region of Maule. One of the simplest strategies for the proper disposal of these residues is to directly eliminate them by cultivation with degrading mesophilic microorganisms, which use these wastes as their sole carbon source. A fungal strain was isolated from tomato peel and used to degrade food manufacturing wastes. This strain was effective in degrading olive mill solid waste, but partially degraded both grape and tomato pomace. Based on mycelium morphology, sequence of part of the ribosomal and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA, the strain most probably belongs to Botrytis genera. This is the first report that uses a strain similar to Botrytis in degrading food manufacturing wastes from the Region of Maule.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é determinar se o University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) é uma ferramenta diagnóstica útil para a caracterizar disfunção olfativa na doença de Parkinson (DP). Método: Foram incluídos 138 indivíduos não dementes assuntos PD e 175 indivíduos controle pareados por sexo. Identificação cheiro foi testada usando UPSIT. Resultados: O número médio de itens UPSIT corretamente identificados pelos controles foi de 27,52±5,88; para sujeitos com DP foi de 19,66±6,08 (p=<0,001). A sensibilidade do UPSIT foi de 79,7%, com especificidade de 68,5%, utilizando um ponto de corte de ≤25. A exatidão global para o diagnóstico de DP foi de 75,3%. Conclusão: A precisão e a especificidade do UPSIT foram menores do que o que foi relatado anteriormente. Nossos dados demonstram que 17,5% dos itens da UPSIT não foram adequadamente identificados pelos controles saudáveis. São necessárias outras pesquisas para a identificação de um teste verdadeiramente cross-cultural nessa área.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine if the University of Pennsylvania’s Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) is an accurate diagnostic tool for olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Method: We included 138 non-demented PD subjects and 175 control subjects matched by gender. Smell identification was tested using UPSIT. Results: The mean number of UPSIT items correctly identified by controls was 27.52±5.88; the mean score for PD subjects was 19.66±6.08 (p=<0.001). UPSIT sensitivity was 79.7% with a specificity of 68.5% using a cut-off score of ≤25. The overall accuracy for the diagnosis of PD was of 75.3%. Conclusion: UPSIT accuracy and specificity were lower than what has been previously reported. Our data demonstrates that 17.5% of items of the UPSIT were not well identified by healthy controls. Further research of the identification of a truly cross-cultural test is warranted.

El estudio y evaluación de los bosques tropicales secos mediante herramientas de teledetección es una de las prioridades de investigación en los ambientes neotropicales. Desarrollamos una metodología simple para mapear la vegetación de la isla de Mona, Puerto Rico, mediante el uso del índice de vegetación normalizado (NDVI por sus siglas en inglés) de Landsat, información topográfica, e imágenes auxiliares de alta resolución Ikonos. La metodología fue útil para identificar las clases de vegetación en un área de gran variedad de comunidades vegetales y relieve complejo, y puede ser adaptada a otras regiones de bosque seco de las islas del Caribe. El NDVI permitió identificar la distribución de los bosques cerrados, abiertos, y arbustos, proveyendo una representación natural de los patrones de vegetación en la isla. Las imágenes de Ikonos permitieron incrementar el número de clases detectadas. Como resultado, mapeamos 16 clases de cobertura del terreno en las 5 500 hectáreas de la isla de Mona, con un coeficiente de concordancia kappa de un 79%. La información obtenida en este estudio será utilizada para modelar la distribución de los vertebrados terrestres y patrones de biodiversidad en la isla, como parte del proyecto Gap Análisis de Puerto Rico, y es de gran valor para asistir en las actividades de investigación y manejo en la isla.

Assessing the status of tropical dry forest habitats using remote sensing technologies is one of the research priorities for Neotropical forests. We developed a simple method for mapping vegetation and habitats in a tropical dry forest reserve, Mona Island, Puerto Rico, by integrating the Normalized Difference vegetation Index (NDvI) from Landsat, topographic information, and high-resolution Ikonos imagery. The method was practical for identifying vegetation types in areas with a great variety of plant communities and complex relief, and can be adapted to other dry forest habitats of the Caribbean Islands. NDvI was useful for identifying the distribution of forests, woodlands, and shrubland, providing a natural representation of the vegetation patterns on the island. The use of Ikonos imagery allowed increasing the number of land cover classes. As a result, sixteen land-cover types were mapped over the 5 500 ha area, with a kappa coefficient of accuracy equal to 79 %. This map is a central piece for modeling vertebrate species distribution and biodiversity patterns by the Puerto Rico Gap Analysis Project, and it is of great value for assisting research and management actions in the island. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 625-639. Epub 2008 June 30.