ABSTRACT Copper-based formulations are used extensively to manage two of the leading citrus diseases that affect the São Paulo (SP) citrus belt, Brazil, namely, citrus canker and citrus black spot. Since the early 2010s, studies have identified the critical period and ideal frequency of copper applications to control each disease. Consequently, results have led to an optimized joint spray program replacing the traditional one and an essential reduction in copper use without affecting control quality. These research studies have presented the benefits of copper use reduction, although the potential economic impact has not been calculated. The present study aimed to estimate the value of copper potentially saved by adopting the optimized spray program for citrus canker and citrus black spot control per hectare and in the entire SP citrus belt since 2017, when both diseases began to be managed concomitantly. The optimized program allowed for a ~56 % reduction in metallic copper usage (~10 kg ha–1 per season). This amount of copper saved corresponds to ~120 dollars per hectare per season. Moreover, if the optimized program were to be used throughout the SP citrus belt, the average saving is estimated at ~56 million dollars per season. These results showed that economic analysis reinforces the value of scientific research herein by adjusting disease management for the production chains’ maintenance, development, and sustainability. Copperbased Copper based (SP Brazil namely 2010s s Consequently quality calculated 2017 concomitantly 56 ~5 ~10 10 (~1 ha1 ha 1 ha– season . season) 120 ~12 Moreover chains maintenance development sustainability 201 5 ~ ~1 (~ 12 20 ( 2

RESUMO Embora as espécies estejam continuamente expostas a variações do clima ao longo do tempo, há uma preocupação crescente em relação ao ritmo acelerado de mudança climática a que estão expostas atualmente, pois o clima é determinante na distribuição geográfica de animais e plantas. O presente trabalho avaliou o nicho climático e o impacto da mudança climática para o período de 2061-2080 sobre as áreas de ocorrência geográfica das espécies indicadoras dos agrupamentos de florestas aluviais da porção centro-sul da Mata Atlântica e do Pampa brasileiro. Foram consideradas 19 variáveis climáticas para o clima contemporâneo e futuro. Os nichos climáticos das espécies foram modelados por meio do algoritmo Maxent. A adequabilidade das espécies do grupo Paraná-Uruguai foi influenciada fortemente por variáveis relacionadas à temperatura, enquanto a adequabilidade das espécies do grupo Atlântico relacionou-se com precipitação e temperatura. Estima-se redução na área de adequabilidade climática para a maioria das espécies consideradas, com comportamento semelhante para os dois grupos abordados. As espécies tenderão a ocupar uma posição mais austral, utilizando as áreas de maior altitude, latitude e próximas ao litoral do Brasil como refúgios climáticos, destacando essas áreas como estratégicas para a conservação.

ABSTRACT Although species are continually exposed to variations in climate over time, there is growing concern about the accelerated pace of climate change to which they are currently exposed, as climate is determinant in the geographic distribution of animals and plants. This study evaluated the climatic niche and impact of climate change in the 2061-2080 period on areas of occurrence of indicator tree species of alluvial forests in the south-central portion of the Atlantic Forest and Brazilian Pampa. Nineteen climatic variables were considered for the contemporary and future climates. The species’ climatic niches were modeled using the Maxent algorithm. Climatic adequacy for species in the Parana-Uruguay group was strongly influenced by variables related to temperature, while adequacy for species in the Atlantic group was related to rainfall and temperature. A decrease in the area of climatic adequacy is estimated for most species considered, with similar behavior in the two groups assessed. The species tend to occupy a more southern position, using areas of higher altitude, latitude and proximity to the Brazilian coast as climate refuges, highlighting these areas as strategic for environmental conservation.

Resumo Este estudo buscou investigar se a composição florístico-estrutural de uma floresta aluvial é influenciada pelas variações pedológicas e se há baixa diversidade e similaridade florística nesses ambientes. Ainda, objetivou avaliar se, independentemente do tipo de solo, essas florestas apresentam monodominância. O estudo foi realizado às margens do rio Iguaçu, no município de Araucária, Paraná, onde foram mapeadas e demarcadas a área de ocorrência de duas classes de solo: Gleissolo Háplico Ta Distrófico típico e Neossolo Flúvico Psamítico típico. Para a análise da estrutura fitossociológica, foram instaladas em cada compartimento 10 parcelas de 10 m x 10 m e monitorada a profundidade média do lençol freático. Foram amostradas 39 espécies, distribuídas em 21 famílias botânicas. Destas, somente seis espécies foram similares nos compartimentos analisados. A flutuação do lençol freático diferiu entre os compartimentos, sendo mais próximo da superfície no Gleissolo. Gymnanthes klotzschiana apresentou os maiores valores de densidade, dominância e importância em ambos os compartimentos. A segunda espécie de maior importância na área de Gleissolo foi Myrciaria tenella, e na área de Neossolo destacase Araucaria angustifolia, devido à maior profundidade do lençol freático e ao caráter não hidromórfico do solo. Os ambientes ripários apresentaram distinções florístico-estruturais, evidenciando a necessidade de compartimentação baseada em parâmetros pedológicos, obtendo-se assim um melhor entendimento da comunidade vegetal.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate if the floristic-structural composition of an alluvial forest is influenced by pedological variations and if there is low floristic diversity and similarity in these environments. Furthermore, it aimed to assess whether, independently of the type of soil, these forests have monodominance. The study was carried out in the Iguaçu River, in the municipality of Araucária, Paraná state, where two soil classes were mapped and demarcated: Gleysol and Fluvisol. To analyze the phytosociological structure, we installed 10 plots of 10 m x 10 m in each compartment and monitor the average depth of the water table. We sampled thirty-nine species, distributed in 21 botanical families. Of these, only six ones were similar to both compartments. The fluctuation of the water table differed between the compartments, being closer to the surface in the Gleysol. Gymnanthes klotzschiana showed the highest values of density, dominance, and importance in both compartments. The second most important species in Gleysol was Myrciaria tenella and in the Fluvisol Araucaria angustifolia stands out, due to the greater depth of the water table and the non-hydromorphic character of the soil. The riparian environments presented floristic-structural distinctions, highlighting the need for compartmentalization based on pedological parameters, thus obtaining a more detailed understanding of the plant community.

Abstract During a period of 5 years, we monthly monitor the phenology and the stem diameter increment of 12 of Schinus terebinthifolius trees. Dendrometer bands were used for it. This study was aimed to answer the following questions: (i) Are there conflicting demands for resource allocation in different phenophases? (ii) In which period does the stem diameter increment occur? (iii) Which phenophases are more likely related to stem radial growth? The phenological observations were carried out using the Activity Index. In order to identify patterns in phenology and diameter increment over the assessment period (2010-2015), we performed an analysis of seasonal decomposition, followed by Pearson’s correlation analysis. Apparently, there is no conflicting demand for resources, but an optimized distribution of them, regulated mainly by the allocation of nutrients derived from leaf senescence, as well as, temperature rise and photoperiod. Higher diameter growth rates occurred from December to March which coincided with the flowering period.

Resumo Linfoma ósseo primário é uma neoplasia rara, apresentando-se com dor, massa palpável e fratura patológica ou, ainda, como achado incidental em exames de imagem. É definido por tumor medular ósseo com ausência de acometimento de outros sítios por pelo menos seis meses, sendo confirmado por biópsia e avaliação imuno-histoquímica. As características de imagem são inespecíficas, mas alguns achados, quando associados a outros aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos, podem ajudar e aumentar o nível de suspeição para esta entidade. Lesão óssea com componentes de partes moles e relativa preservação cortical maior que a esperada configura uma das principais características de linfoma ósseo primário. A ressonância magnética é o melhor método de imagem para avaliar a extensão da lesão óssea para os compartimentos de partes moles, enquanto a tomografia computadorizada avalia com detalhes a cortical óssea, sendo também uma ferramenta importante para orientação de biópsias. Outras modalidades de imagem também são discutidas, como radiografia, ultrassonografia, cintilografia óssea e tomografia por emissão de pósitrons/tomografia computadorizada. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os achados mais frequentes nos diferentes métodos de imagem utilizados em pacientes com linfoma ósseo primário com diagnóstico confirmado em um centro oncológico de referência.

Abstract Primary bone lymphoma is a rare neoplasm that can initially present as local pain, a palpable mass, and pathologic fracture. It can also be discovered as an incidental finding on an imaging examination. It is defined as a bone marrow tumor with no involvement of other sites, lasting at least six months. The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis. Although the imaging characteristics are nonspecific, there are certain findings that, when correlated with clinical and epidemiological aspects, can increase the level of suspicion of primary bone lymphoma. The classic imaging aspect is a bone lesion with a soft-tissue component that preserves the cortical layer more than would be expected given the invasive nature of the lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging is the best imaging method to evaluate the extent of involvement of adjacent compartments, whereas computed tomography depicts the cortical layer in greater detail, as well as being an important tool for biopsy guidance. Other imaging modalities are also discussed, such as X-ray, ultrasound, bone scintigraphy, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography. The aim of this paper is to describe the most common findings obtained with the various imaging methods used in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of primary bone lymphoma.

Abstract The aims of this study were to identify floristic assemblages for alluvial forests in the Atlantic Forest and Pampa regions in Brazil, assess the level of floristic similarity between assemblages, and determine environmental gradients and indicator species for these assemblages. Surveys carried out in alluvial forests in the Atlantic Forest and Pampa regions were selected, based on which a presence/absence matrix was built for tree species. A cluster analysis was performed to verify the existence of species assemblages. Floristic similarity was determined by means of the Sorensen Distance measure, from which a dendrogram was developed. The floristic matrix was ordinated by means of NMDS. A PCA was performed with climatic data from areas to determine environmental gradients. An assessment of indicator species was carried out afterwards. Two groups of areas not related to the separation of the regions became visible from the dendrogram and were corroborated by NMDS. Temperature, rainfall and altitude gradients were synthesized by the PCA. Gymnanthes klotzschiana and Andira fraxinifolia were the most relevant species, respectively, in the Paraná-Uruguay and Atlantic assemblages. Alluvial forests were gradually separated in two floristic assemblages associated with river basins and migration routes, while especially influenced by tropicality and altitude gradients.

Resumo Em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Aluvial, foram abatidas 56 árvores adultas de Gymnanthes klotzschiana, árvore típica e representativa desta formação e popularmente conhecida como branquilho, às margens do rio Barigui, em Araucária - PR, o qual teve o curso de seu leito retificado na década de 1960. Considerando-se as técnicas e premissas básicas para estudos dendrocronológicos, os discos foram secos, polidos e os anéis de crescimento identificados e demarcados, para a construção de séries cronológicas e sua correlação com variáveis climáticas/ambientais. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo verificar se: (i) Gymnanthes klotzschiana apresenta características potenciais para estudos dendroecológicos; (ii) a espécie responde a estímulos ambientais e intervenções antrópicas; (iii) a estrutura etária das árvores estudadas é compatível com a ocorrência de distúrbios antrópicos na região. A análise dos resultados reforça a potencialidade da espécie em estudos dendroecológicos, considerando a sincronia dos dados e a sensibilidade às variáveis climáticas. Além disso, a idade máxima constatada das árvores analisadas é próxima ao final do ciclo de extração da madeira utilizada pelas embarcações a vapor nesta região, que preponderaram até meados da década de 1950.

Abstract In a remnant area of Alluvial Ombrophylous Forest, 56 adult trees of Gymnanthes klotzschiana, a typical and representative tree of this formation and popularly known as “branquilhos”, were slaughtered on the banks of the Barigui River, in Araucária, PR state, which the watercourse was rectified in the 1960s. Following the techniques for dendrochronological studies, the discs were dried, polished and the growth rings identified and marked, for the construction of chronological series and their correlation with climatic/environmental variables. This study aims to verify, if (i) Gymnanthes klotzschiana presents potential characteristics for dendroecological studies; (ii) the species responds to environmental stimuli and anthropogenic disturbances (iii) the age structure of the studied trees is compatible with environmental disturbances, documented for the region. The analysis of the results reinforces the potentiality of the species in dendroecological studies, considering the synchrony of the data and the sensitivity to the climatic variables. In addition, the maximum tree age corresponds to the end of the harvest intervention in this region, which prevailed until the middle of 1950s.

ABSTRACT The Atlantic Subtropical Rainforest covers a huge area of Santa Catarina state, starting on the coast and going through the Serra Geral. Along its distribution, the vegetation changes according to altitude, geomorphology, and soil. In the attempt to evaluate vegetation variations related to different soil types in an Atlantic Forest remnant, 43 plots of 200 m2 were sampled. All the individuals with DBH ≥ 5.0 cm were measured. We have found consistent floristic and structural variations, which separated sample plots with Litholic Neosol and Rogosol situated in slopes from those with Yellow-Red Ultisol and Haplic Cambisol, as well as plots with Fluvic Neosol from Haplic Gleisol in plateaus. Species richness increased according to water availability and soil depth, with the plateaus’ soils being the richest. Each area was characterized by a range of indicator species and the results indicated that soil attributes are important drivers of vegetation variation.

Abstract Considering the importance of the Iguaçu National Park for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest and the absence of scientific or technical studies characterizing the ecology of forest species after seven and a half decades of its existence, a phytosociological survey of the arboreal vegetation was conducted to identify the various existing species and their successional stages. A total of 54 families, 135 genera, and 218 species were found in this survey. Euterpe edulis Mart. was the most frequently occurring species, which together with Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg., characterize the seasonal forests in the central and south regions of the park. In the north region, located 700 m asl, Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze and Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. were observed along with some seasonal species, characterizing a transitional environment between seasonal and ombrophillous forests. In general, forests in the park were classified in advanced stages of ecological succession.

O estudo teve como objetivos avaliar os determinantes sociais do acesso a testes para HIV e sífilis (VDRL) durante a gravidez no Brasil. As variáveis dependentes foram definidas de acordo com o acesso à assistência pré-natal: consultas de pré-natal e testes para HIV e sífilis. As variáveis independentes no primeiro nível foram escolaridade, idade, raça, trabalho e participação no programa Bolsa Família. As variáveis de nível municipal foram o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), índice Gini e indicadores relacionados aos serviços de saúde. Foi realizada uma análise exploratória do efeito de cada nível, através do cálculo de razões de prevalência (RP). Para verificar o efeito do nível individual sobre os níveis individual e contextual, foi construído um modelo multiníveis de regressão de Poisson para efeitos mistos para todos os desfechos. Com relação às consultas de pré-natal, os principais fatores implicados estiveram relacionados ao nível socioeconômico individual (escolaridade e participação no programa Bolsa Família); entretanto, no nível municipal, apenas o IDH manteve significância estatística. A variância no nível municipal diminuiu de 0,049 para 0,042, indicando um importante efeito intermunicipal. Quanto ao desfecho realização dos testes na assistência pré-natal, as piores condições, tais como a condição contextual (IDH > 0,694, p < 0,001; índice Gini ≥ 0,521, p < 0,001) e a individual (> 8 anos, p < 0,001) mostraram um efeito de risco no modelo final. As variáveis relacionadas aos serviços de saúde não mostraram efeitos significativos. Estiveram associadas ao nível socioeconômico individual e a um efeito contextual de nível municipal. Os achados indicam a importância do fortalecimento de programas de controle de HIV e sífilis durante a gravidez.

This study aims to evaluate the social determinants of access to HIV and VDRL tests during pregnancy in Brazil. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, no HIV and syphilis tests. The independent variables at the first level were formal education level, age, race, work and participation in the Family Income program conditional cash transfer program. The city-level variables were the human development index (HDI), Gini index, and indicators related to health services. An exploratory analysis was performed assessing the effect of each level through prevalence ratios (PR) calculation. A multilevel mixed-effect Poisson regression model was constructed for all outcomes to verify the effect of individual level and with both the individual and contextual levels. Regarding prenatal appointments, the main implicated factors were related to individual socioeconomic position (education level and participation in the Family Income Program conditional cash transfer program), however only HDI maintained significance for the city-level context. The city-level variance dropped from 0.049 to 0.042, indicating an important between-city effect. Regarding the outcomes performing tests in prenatal care, the worst conditions such as contextual (HDI > 0.694, p < 0.001; Gini index ≥ 0.521, p < 0.001) and individual (> 8 years of schooling, p < 0.001) showed a risk effect in the final model. Variables related to health services did not show significant effects. They were associated with individual socioeconomic position and a city-level contextual effect. These findings indicate the importance of strengthening HIV and syphilis infection control programs during pregnancy.

Este estudio tiene como fin evaluar los determinantes sociales en el acceso a las pruebas de VIH y VDRL durante el embarazo en Brasil. Las variables dependientes estaban basadas en el acceso al cuidado prenatal: citas durante el cuidado prenatal y pruebas de VIH y sífilis. Las variables independientes en el primer nivel fueron: nivel formal de educación, edad, raza, trabajo y participación en el programa Bolsa Familia. Las variables dentro del nivel de ciudad fueron: índice de desarrollo humano (IDH), índice de Gini, e indicadores relacionados con los servicios de salud. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio, evaluando el efecto de cada nivel mediante el cálculo de la razón de prevalencias (RP). Se construyó una regresión de Poisson multinivel con efectos mixtos para todos los resultados, con el fin de verificar el efecto del nivel individual y en ambos niveles: individual y contextual. En relación con las citas prenatales, los factores principales implicados se relacionaron con la situación socioeconómica individual (nivel de educación y participación en el Programa Bolsa Familia), sin embargo, sólo el IDH mantuvo una relevancia estadística relacionada con el contexto del nivel de la ciudad. La varianza de nivel-ciudad bajó de 0,049 a 0,042, indicando un importante efecto intraciudad. Respecto a los resultados de las pruebas realizadas durante el cuidado prenatal, las peores condiciones como las contextuales (IDH > 0,694, p < 0,001; índice de Gini ≥ 0,521, p < 0,001) e individual (> 8 años de escolarización, p < 0,001) mostraron un efecto riesgo en el modelo final. Las variables informadas a los servicios de salud no indicaron efectos significativos. Estuvieron asociadas con la situación individual socioeconómica y el efecto nivel ciudad contextual. Estos resultados indican la importancia del fortalecimiento de los programas de control de infección por VIH y sífilis durante el embarazo.

ABSTRACT We examined the climatic response of Cedrela fissilis radial growth based on precipitation, air relative humidity, temperature and monthly thermal amplitude. It was intended to assess how the secondary growth of C. fissilis is influenced by the climatic variables and which one are the best growth predictors in Ombrophilous Mixed Forest, southern Brazil. Wood cores were processed using classical dendrochronology methodology. Principal Components Analysis, Generalized Linear Models and correlation were used to explore the relationship between radial growth and climate. Our results indicated that the best radial growth predictor is the temperature: the seasonal behavior, under well-watered conditions, seems to have a dominant effect on growth responses. Changes in tree growth corresponding to an increase in temperatures suggest a sensitivity of the species to climate changes. These results are important to help understand how the global warming may influence long-lived pioneer tree growth.

O estudo teve como objetivos avaliar os determinantes sociais do acesso a testes para HIV e sífilis (VDRL) durante a gravidez no Brasil. As variáveis dependentes foram definidas de acordo com o acesso à assistência pré-natal: consultas de pré-natal e testes para HIV e sífilis. As variáveis independentes no primeiro nível foram escolaridade, idade, raça, trabalho e participação no programa Bolsa Família. As variáveis de nível municipal foram o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), índice Gini e indicadores relacionados aos serviços de saúde. Foi realizada uma análise exploratória do efeito de cada nível, através do cálculo de razões de prevalência (RP). Para verificar o efeito do nível individual sobre os níveis individual e contextual, foi construído um modelo multiníveis de regressão de Poisson para efeitos mistos para todos os desfechos. Com relação às consultas de pré-natal, os principais fatores implicados estiveram relacionados ao nível socioeconômico individual (escolaridade e participação no programa Bolsa Família); entretanto, no nível municipal, apenas o IDH manteve significância estatística. A variância no nível municipal diminuiu de 0,049 para 0,042, indicando um importante efeito intermunicipal. Quanto ao desfecho realização dos testes na assistência pré-natal, as piores condições, tais como a condição contextual (IDH > 0,694, p < 0,001; índice Gini ≥ 0,521, p < 0,001) e a individual (> 8 anos, p < 0,001) mostraram um efeito de risco no modelo final. As variáveis relacionadas aos serviços de saúde não mostraram efeitos significativos. Estiveram associadas ao nível socioeconômico individual e a um efeito contextual de nível municipal. Os achados indicam a importância do fortalecimento de programas de controle de HIV e sífilis durante a gravidez.

This study aims to evaluate the social determinants of access to HIV and VDRL tests during pregnancy in Brazil. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, no HIV and syphilis tests. The independent variables at the first level were formal education level, age, race, work and participation in the Family Income program conditional cash transfer program. The city-level variables were the human development index (HDI), Gini index, and indicators related to health services. An exploratory analysis was performed assessing the effect of each level through prevalence ratios (PR) calculation. A multilevel mixed-effect Poisson regression model was constructed for all outcomes to verify the effect of individual level and with both the individual and contextual levels. Regarding prenatal appointments, the main implicated factors were related to individual socioeconomic position (education level and participation in the Family Income Program conditional cash transfer program), however only HDI maintained significance for the city-level context. The city-level variance dropped from 0.049 to 0.042, indicating an important between-city effect. Regarding the outcomes performing tests in prenatal care, the worst conditions such as contextual (HDI > 0.694, p < 0.001; Gini index ≥ 0.521, p < 0.001) and individual (> 8 years of schooling, p < 0.001) showed a risk effect in the final model. Variables related to health services did not show significant effects. They were associated with individual socioeconomic position and a city-level contextual effect. These findings indicate the importance of strengthening HIV and syphilis infection control programs during pregnancy.

Este estudio tiene como fin evaluar los determinantes sociales en el acceso a las pruebas de VIH y VDRL durante el embarazo en Brasil. Las variables dependientes estaban basadas en el acceso al cuidado prenatal: citas durante el cuidado prenatal y pruebas de VIH y sífilis. Las variables independientes en el primer nivel fueron: nivel formal de educación, edad, raza, trabajo y participación en el programa Bolsa Familia. Las variables dentro del nivel de ciudad fueron: índice de desarrollo humano (IDH), índice de Gini, e indicadores relacionados con los servicios de salud. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio, evaluando el efecto de cada nivel mediante el cálculo de la razón de prevalencias (RP). Se construyó una regresión de Poisson multinivel con efectos mixtos para todos los resultados, con el fin de verificar el efecto del nivel individual y en ambos niveles: individual y contextual. En relación con las citas prenatales, los factores principales implicados se relacionaron con la situación socioeconómica individual (nivel de educación y participación en el Programa Bolsa Familia), sin embargo, sólo el IDH mantuvo una relevancia estadística relacionada con el contexto del nivel de la ciudad. La varianza de nivel-ciudad bajó de 0,049 a 0,042, indicando un importante efecto intraciudad. Respecto a los resultados de las pruebas realizadas durante el cuidado prenatal, las peores condiciones como las contextuales (IDH > 0,694, p < 0,001; índice de Gini ≥ 0,521, p < 0,001) e individual (> 8 años de escolarización, p < 0,001) mostraron un efecto riesgo en el modelo final. Las variables informadas a los servicios de salud no indicaron efectos significativos. Estuvieron asociadas con la situación individual socioeconómica y el efecto nivel ciudad contextual. Estos resultados indican la importancia del fortalecimiento de los programas de control de infección por VIH y sífilis durante el embarazo.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the factors associated with HIV and syphilis testing during pregnancy in Brazil. METHODS This was an ecological study covering all Brazilian municipalities evaluated by the second cycle of the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, 2013-2014. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, and HIV and syphilis tests during prenatal care. The independent variables were compared with demographic and social characteristics. Bivariate analysis was performed assessing the three outcomes with the independent variables. Variables with significant associations in this bivariate analysis were fit in a Poisson multiple regression analysis with robust variance to obtain adjusted estimates. RESULT Poisson regression analysis showed a statistically significant association with the variables “less than eight years of study” [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.31; 95%CI 1.19–1.45; p < 0.001] and “participants of the cash transfer program” (PR = 0.80; 95%CI 0.72–0.88; p < 0.001) for the outcome of “having less than six prenatal care appointments” and individual variables. A statistically significant association was found for “participants of the cash transfer program” (PR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.19–1.72; p < 0.001) regarding the outcome from the comparison between HIV testing absence during prenatal care and demographic and social characteristics. The absence of syphilis testing during prenatal care, and demographic and social characteristics presented a statistically significant association for the education level variable “less than eight years of study” (PR =1.75; 95%CI 1.56–1.96; p < 0.001) and “participants of the cash transfer program” (PR = 1.21, 95%CI 1.07–1.36; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The individual factors were associated with prenatal care appointments and HIV and syphilis tests in Brazilian pregnant women. They show missed opportunities for diagnosing HIV and syphilis infection during prenatal care and indicate weaknesses in the quality of maternal health care services to eliminate mother-to-child transmission.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the factors associated with HIV and syphilis testing during pregnancy in Brazil. METHODS This was an ecological study covering all Brazilian municipalities evaluated by the second cycle of the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care, 2013-2014. The dependent variables were based on prenatal care access: prenatal care appointments, and HIV and syphilis tests during prenatal care. The independent variables were compared with demographic and social characteristics. Bivariate analysis was performed assessing the three outcomes with the independent variables. Variables with significant associations in this bivariate analysis were fit in a Poisson multiple regression analysis with robust variance to obtain adjusted estimates. RESULT Poisson regression analysis showed a statistically significant association with the variables “less than eight years of study” [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.31; 95%CI 1.19–1.45; p < 0.001] and “participants of the cash transfer program” (PR = 0.80; 95%CI 0.72–0.88; p < 0.001) for the outcome of “having less than six prenatal care appointments” and individual variables. A statistically significant association was found for “participants of the cash transfer program” (PR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.19–1.72; p < 0.001) regarding the outcome from the comparison between HIV testing absence during prenatal care and demographic and social characteristics. The absence of syphilis testing during prenatal care, and demographic and social characteristics presented a statistically significant association for the education level variable “less than eight years of study” (PR =1.75; 95%CI 1.56–1.96; p < 0.001) and “participants of the cash transfer program” (PR = 1.21, 95%CI 1.07–1.36; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The individual factors were associated with prenatal care appointments and HIV and syphilis tests in Brazilian pregnant women. They show missed opportunities for diagnosing HIV and syphilis infection during prenatal care and indicate weaknesses in the quality of maternal health care services to eliminate mother-to-child transmission.

Abstract The present study aimed at sampling the biomass of vascular epiphytes within a protected area in South Brazilian Atlantic Forest. All tree specimens with diameter at breast height equal or greater than 4.8 cm were measured and divided into classes. In each class, 10% of tree specimens were randomly selected for epiphytic biomass measuring. Furthermore, we divided the phorophytes into five tree parts to analyze epiphytic biomass. We generated mathematical models to estimate epiphytic biomass in similar forest areas. We analyzed 55 phorophytes and found an estimated epiphytic biomass of 5.3 Mg/ha. Epiphytic biomass ranged from 0.02 to 135 kg and the lower values were found on small-sized phorophytes. Higher values of epiphytic biomass were found on phorophytes with diameter at breast height between 30 and 36.5 cm. The tree part with higher epiphytic biomass was the outer crown. The epiphytic biomass showed a high correlation with phorophyte diameter, according to the mathematical models. We selected two equations which presented the most similar values to the ones we measured. Our results corroborate that epiphytes play a very important role as to the biomass level within tropical forests.