Abstract This paper describes the development of a double-sided band-pass frequency selective surface based on Matryoshka geometry, preserving features such as miniaturization, multiband operation and stability of polarization and angle of incidence. Unlike cascaded FSSs, the proposal uses only one layer of substrate, with Matryoshka geometry on one side and a square mesh on the other, reducing volume and simplifying manufacturing by avoiding spacers. The double-sided FSS allows the frequency response to be adjusted using the geometry of the opposite face, which in this work is a square loop. With an attenuation of -10 dB, the proposed configuration offers a free band from 3.48 GHz to 9.06 GHz, compared to the original configuration, which ranged from 5.88 GHz to 7.43 GHz, with only 1.55 GHz free. Initial design equations are presented which facilitate the creation of FSSs for other frequencies and applications. An FSS has been designed, fabricated, and characterized, with good agreement between numerical and experimental results. The resonant frequency remains practically constant for different incidence angles, from 0º to 60º, confirming the angular stability. doublesided double sided bandpass pass miniaturization substrate spacers face loop 10 -1 dB 348 3 48 3.4 906 9 06 9.0 588 5 88 5.8 743 7 43 7.4 155 1 55 1.5 applications designed fabricated characterized results angles º 60º - 34 4 3. 90 0 9. 58 8 5. 74 7. 15 1.

Abstract Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) are increasingly being used in telecommunications systems due to the numerous advantages presented by this sort of structure, among them low cost, ease of fabrication, and low profile stand out. This work reports the design, fabrication, and characterization of a multilayer frequency-selective absorber (FSA) for broadband operation. The proposed structure shows an absorption performance (operating in the frequency range between 2 GHz and 6 GHz) within the transmission band. The absorber consists of cascaded frequency selective surfaces, which are composed of both conductive square loops, which reflect incident signals, and resistive ones, which act as an absorbing layer. To verify the absorbing structure performance, full-wave numerical simulations and measurements are presented. The measured results are in good agreement with the numerical ones and show that the design performs absorption above 80% within the range of 2.48 GHz to 6.13 GHz, which verifies the project properties. Besides that, numerical results show that the proposed absorber has a proper response under oblique incidence up to 30°. FSS (FSS cost fabrication out frequencyselective FSA (FSA operation operating band surfaces loops signals layer fullwave full wave 80 248 48 2.4 613 13 6.1 properties 30 30° 8 24 4 2. 61 1 6. 3

Abstract This work addresses the synthesis of a multi-band frequency selective surface (FSS) through bioinspired computing and a general regression neural network (GRNN). This hybrid computational method, which utilizes the multi-objective cuckoo search algorithm combined to a GRNN, determine the best physical dimensions of the FSS in order to achieve a multi-band filtering at the 2.4, 3.5 and 5.8 GHz spectrums. Therefore, the results are to be applied to aid the propagation of Wi-Fi, WLAN, WiMAX and future sub-6 GHz 5G systems. The resonant frequencies were measured and a -10 dB cutoff value has been considered for the transmission coefficient. The triple rectangular loop conductor geometry of the device is printed upon a glass epoxy (FR-4) substrate. Measurements were made for different wave incidence angles, from 0° up to 45°, to demonstrate how signal incidence would affect the device’s functioning. The agreement between simulated and measured data display satisfactory results.

RESUMO A sequência de eventos de seca no Nordeste do Brasil ocorridos nas décadas recentes chama a atenção para a importância de se estudar este fenômeno. Este artigo tem por objetivo avaliar a duração e a severidade de eventos de seca, para as bacias hidrográficas do Estado de Pernambuco, durante o período de 1988 a 2018, utilizando-se dois índices de seca: o Standardized Soil Moisture Index e o Soil Moisture Condition Index calculados com dados da base European Space Agency’s Climate Change Initiative Soil Moisture. A duração da seca foi determinada contabilizando-se os meses entre o início e o fim e a severidade foi dada pela área formada no gráfico entre a curva do índice e o eixo-x. A base de dados de umidade do solo mostrou-se promissora para utilização na região Nordeste do Brasil, particularmente, para a aplicação na análise e acompanhamento de eventos de seca. Os índices permitiram avaliar o fenômeno da seca no período de 30 anos, evidenciando aumento a partir do ano de 2012, sendo mais acentuado na região semiárida. As bacias hidrográficas respondem de forma distinta para um mesmo evento, a depender da característica climática da região em que está localizada. Anos consecutivos com precipitação abaixo da média histórica amplificam a magnitude da seca, como observado no período entre 2012 e 2017, em que os índices apresentam dificuldade para retornar a valores mais favoráveis, mostrando a influência que um ano seco exerce sobre o ano seguinte.

ABSTRACT The sequence of drought events in the Northeast of Brazil in recent decades raises attention to the importance of studying this phenomenon. The objective of this study was to evaluate the duration and severity of drought events from 1988 to 2018 in hydrographic basins of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, using two drought indexes: Standardized Soil Moisture Index and Soil Moisture Condition Index, calculated based on data of the Soil Moisture Project of the European Space Agency’s Climate Change Initiative. The duration of the droughts was determined considering the months between their beginning and end, and their severity was based on the area formed in the graph between the curve of the index and the x-axis. The soil moisture database showed to be a promising tool for the analysis and monitoring of drought events in the Northeast region of Brazil, mainly for analysis and monitoring of drought events. The indexes allowed the evaluation of the drought phenomenon over the 30-year period, showing increases from 2012, which were more pronounced in the Semiarid region. The hydrographic basins responded differently to a same event, depending on the climate characteristics of the region in which they are located. Consecutive years with rainfall below the historical mean increased the magnitude of the droughts, as found for the 2012-2017 period, in which the indexes presented delays to return to more favorable values, showing the effect that one drought year has on the following year.

Abstract In this paper, a double layer stopband Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) for Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) applications is presented. The proposed FSS consists of two cascaded conventional FSS, one with double square loops and other with square loops. The − 10dB frequency band from 3.00 GHz to 11.64 GHz is achieved, with a fractional bandwidth of 149 %. Effects of angular stability and polarization independence over the frequency response are investigated and conclusions are presented. In order to show transmission performance, the FSS was simulated by ANSYS HFSS. The FSS shows angular stability and polarization independence in entire UWB band (3.10 – 10.60 GHz). A prototype was built and measurements were performed. A good agreement between simulated and measured results was observed.

Abstract In this paper, we use a novel convoluted geometry to design a dual-band FSS with angular stability and independent polarization operation. The geometry allows the design of a dual-band FSS to block ISM and UNII radio bands. We performed a parametric study with the commercial software ANSYS HFSS. A prototype of our proposed FSS design was built and its transmission characteristics were measured and compared with simulated results. We observed good agreement between numerical and experimental results. The proposed FSS realized a dual-band response at the required bands and it had angular stability and polarization independence.

As mudanças no uso e na ocupação do solo, provocadas pelas ações antrópicas, têm gerado grandes impactos nas paisagens. Esses impactos podem ser mitigados através do monitoramento do uso e da cobertura do solo utilizando-se informações espaço-temporais das modificações ocorridas na paisagem. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise espaço-temporal detalhada da dinâmica do uso e ocupação do solo da bacia hidrográfica do riacho São Paulo, localizada na região semiárida do Estado de Pernambuco, entre os anos de 1991 e 2010. Partindo da classificação de três imagens de satélite dos anos de 1991, 2000 e 2010, foram utilizadas matrizes de transição, associadas à álgebra de mapas e métricas da paisagem. Os resultados mostraram que durante o período estudado as classes de uso e ocupação do solo passaram por uma grande transição, com a substituição progressiva das áreas de vegetação de caatinga aberta por áreas com pastagem/agricultura. Junto com o rápido crescimento da classe pastagem/agricultura, a paisagem predominante de vegetação nativa foi sendo substituída por uma paisagem cada vez mais devastada, heterogênea e fragmentada, como mostraram os índices das métricas da paisagem.

The changes in the use and occupation of land, caused by human actions, have created major impacts on the landscapes. These impacts can be mitigated by monitoring the use and land cover, using spatial and temporal information of the changes occurring in the landscape. This paper presents a detailed analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics of land use and occupation of the stream São Paulo watershed, located in the semiarid region of Pernambuco State, during the period from 1991 to 2010. Based on the classification of three satellite images for the years 1991, 2000 and 2010, transition matrices were used associated with the algebra of maps, and landscape metrics. The results showed that during the studied period, the classes of land use and occupation went through a major transition, with the gradual replacement of sparse area of 'caatinga' vegetation by grazing areas/agriculture. Along with the rapid growth of the grazing areas/agriculture class, the predominant landscape of native vegetation has been replaced by a landscape increasingly devastated, fragmented and heterogeneous, as shown by the index of landscape metrics.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de recursos de climatização, ventilação e nebulização, sobre a fisiologia e o comportamento de vacas Holandesas alojadas em free-stall, durante o verão do sudeste brasileiro. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas Holandesas submetidas a dois tratamentos com e sem climatização. Os parâmetros ambientais registrados foram temperatura de bulbo seco, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura de globo negro. As variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas foram temperatura retal e frequência respiratória. As variáveis comportamentais registradas foram postura e suas atividades dentro da instalação. Para análise estatística utilizou-se a metodologia de quadrados mínimos por meio do procedimento PROC MIXED e PROC GLM. Apesar das diferenças estatísticas obtidas para as variáveis fisiológicas, as mesmas não foram biologicamente efetivas e indicaram que os animais se encontravam em conforto térmico. Os animais que dispunham de ventilação e nebulização alimentaram-se mesmo nas horas mais quentes do dia. A climatização é uma estratégia que permite maior conforto térmico aos animais e por consequência pode aperfeiçoar a produção leiteira através do aumento no consumo alimentar.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of cooling systems, ventilation and nebulization on the physiology and behavior of Holstein cows housed in free-stall during the summer of southeastern Brazil. 20 Holstein cows were subjected to two treatments with and without cooling system. Environmental parameters dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature were also recorded. Rectal temperature and respiratory rate were evaluated at 5h, 9h30min, 11h30min, 13h30min, 16h30min, 18h30min e 21h30min. The behavioral variables recorded were posture and activities from 5h to 21:30h. Statistics we done using the method of least squares means. Despite the statistical differences obtained for the physiological variables, they were not biologically effective and indicated that the animals were in thermal comfort. Animals that had ventilation and nebulization have eaten even during the hottest hours of the day. The cooling system is a strategy that allows greater thermal comfort to animals and therefore can optimize milk production by increasing the dietary intake.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar a diversidade genética entre isolados das três principais espécies do gênero Phytophthora causadoras da podridão-parda do cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao) no Brasil, utilizando marcadores moleculares RAPD. Foram utilizados 22 isolados de Phytophthora spp., sendo oito de P. capsici, cinco de P. palmivora e nove de P. citrophthora. DNA genômico de cada isolado foi extraído e amplificado utilizando-se sete "primers" decâmeros, os quais geraram 191 marcadores RAPD. Distâncias genéticas e análises de agrupamento realizadas com base nestes marcadores permitiram uma diferenciação clara dos isolados de cada espécie e mostraram diferentes níveis de diversidade intra-específica. Ficou evidente o potencial dos marcadores RAPD como uma ferramenta auxiliar na classificação dos isolados e, também, em estudos de diversidade genética intra-específica.

This paper deals with the study of the genetic diversity of the three most important species of Phytophthora causing cacao (Theobroma cacao) black pod disease in Brazil. RAPD molecular markers were used to study the genetic diversity among eight isolates of P. capsici, five of P. palmivora and nine of P. citrophthora. Genomic DNA of each isolate was extracted and amplified using seven decamer primers which generated 191 RAPD markers. The genetic distances and cluster analysis based on these molecular markers made it possible to differentiate the isolates of each species and showed different levels of intraspecifc variation. These results confirm the potential of RAPD markers as an auxiliary tool for the classification of Phytophthora spp. isolates and also to study intraspecific genetic variability.

Phytophthora capsici é uma espécie onívora com vários hospedeiros cultivados na Bahia. Variações morfológicas ocorrem entre isolados de cacaueiro (Theobromae cacao), seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis) e pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum), todos classificados como P. capsici. Utilizaram-se marcadores RAPD e reações de patogenicidade para estudar a diversidade genética dentro desta espécie. Foram analisados 22 isolados sendo, oito de cacau, oito de seringueira, três de pimentão (Capsicum annuum) (dois antigos e um recente), um de abóbora (Cucurbita moschata), um de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum) e um de pimenta-do-reino. Os isolados de pimentão, abóbora e tomate foram obtidos em Minas Gerais, o de pimenta-do-reino no Pará e, os demais, na Bahia e Espírito Santo. O DNA genômico de cada isolado foi extraído e amplificado utilizando-se oito primers decâmeros, os quais geraram 123 marcadores RAPD. Distâncias genéticas e análises de agrupamento permitiram a diferenciação de três grupos: o primeiro formado por isolados de cacaueiro, o segundo por sete dos oito isolados de seringueira e o terceiro por dois isolados de pimentão (antigos). Os isolados de tomate, pimenta-do-reino, pimentão (recente), o de abóbora e um de seringueira mostraram-se distantes geneticamente dos demais. Inoculações em frutos de cacau, seringueira, tomate e pimentão, com e sem ferimento, mostraram que o isolado de seringueira que não agrupou com os demais foi o menos virulento dos isolados testados, não causando lesões em frutos de seringueira sem ferimento. Frutos de pimentão só foram infetados por isolados de tomate e pimentão, enquanto os frutos de cacau foram infetados por todos os isolados testados. A manutenção de todos os grupos dentro de P. capsici é discutida.

Phytophthora capsici is an omnivorous species and some of its hosts are cultivated in the state of Bahia. Morphological variations have been observed among isolates of P. capsici from rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis), cacao (Theobromae cacao) and black pepper (Piper nigrum). RAPD markers and pathogenicity were used to study the genetic diversity within 22 isolates of the species. Eight isolates came from cacao, eight from rubber trees, three from green pepper (Capsicum annuum) (two collected earlier and one collected recently), and one each from black pepper, pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Isolates from green pepper; pumpkin and tomato came from the State of Minas Gerais; the black pepper isolate was from the State of Pará; and the others from the States of Bahia and Espírito Santo. The genomic DNA of each isolate was extracted and amplified using eight decamer primers that generated 123 RAPD markers. Based on genetic distances and cluster analysis three groups were differentiated: one formed by cacao isolates, another by seven out of the eight rubber isolates and the third formed by the two earlier isolates of green pepper. Isolates of tomato, black pepper (recent), pumpkin, and one of rubber were genetically far from each other. Inoculations on fully developed but unripe fruits of cacao, rubber, tomato and green pepper, wounded or not, showed a rubber tree isolate that did not group with the others, infecting only wounded rubber pods. Only tomato and black pepper isolates infected green pepper fruits while all isolates tested infected cacao pods. The maintenance of all groups within P. capsici is discussed.

Entre 27 pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco, no Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 4 eram portadores de cardiomiopatia chagásica. As idades situaram-se entre 28 e 43 anos. Três pacientes estavam em grupo funcional IV e 1, na classe funcional II, mas apresentando taquiarritmia ventricular retrataria. A imunossupressão foi feita com ciclosporina mais corticóide, no 1º paciente, e ciclosporina, azatioprina e corticóide, nos outros três. Três pacientes tiveram episódios de rejeição, tratados com pulsoterapia. Um destes pacientes apresentou doença intestinal linfoproliferativa precoce. Os 3 pacientes tiveram reagudização da doença de Chagas no 59º, 81º e 420º de pós-operatório, respectivamente, caracterizada por febre, lesões cutâneas e miocardite. O Trypanosoma cruzi foi encontrado nas biópsias de pele dos 3 pacientes e nas biópsias do miocárdio em 2 pacientes. Um dos pacientes não teve reagudização. Todos os 4 doentes foram tratados com medicação específica, bem tolerada em todos. As alterações da reagudização da doença de Chagas reverteram em poucos dias. Um dos pacientes, que teve doença linfoproliferativa e cujas doses de imunossupressores foram reduzidas, faleceu no 197º dia, em crise de rejeição. Os demais estão bem e em seguimento por 107, 160 e 500 dias, respectivamente.

Among 27 heart transplanted patients, 4 had chagasic cardiomiopathy. They were male, with ages from 28 to 43 years, 3 in the NYHA class IV and 1 in class II, but with refractory arrhythmias. The immunosuppressive protocol included cyclosporin and steroids in the first patient and cyclosporin, azathioprine and steroids in the last. Three patients had one or more rejection episodes and 1 had no episode. Usual complications were observed and in 1 patient a lymphoproliferative intestinal disease occurred. Three patients had a new acute phase of Chagas disease in the 59th, 81rst and 420th postoperative days with fever, skin lesions and myocarditis. Trypanosoma cruzi were found in skin lesion in all 3 patients and in myocardial byopsies in 2 patients. The laboratory tests were not the expected for the acute phase. All the alterations were reversed by specific therapy in a few days. One patient died in the 197th postoperative day due to rejection; the immunosuppression regimen had been diminished due to the lymphoproliferative disease; the others were well 107, 160 and 500 days, respectively, after the transplant.