ABSTRACT The present paper describes the immature stages of the Neotropical satyrine butterfly Euptychia boulleti (Le Cerf, 1919) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Eggs were laid singly on the under surface of the fronds of its host plant, Selaginella muscosa Spring (Lycopodiopsida: Selaginellaceae). Larvae are solitary in all instars, with a color pattern and shape that make them cryptic on their host plants. The pupa is short and smooth, green with black and white markings. Although the adults are very divergent in wing pattern, the immature stages are very similar to those of other species in the genus Euptychia Hübner, 1818. The present study added over 20 more records of E. boulleti, adding two additional sites for this species. Based on all available records, the EOO (extent of occurrence) has an increase of 13% and AOO (area of occupancy) an increase of 20% compared to previous estimates. Identifying additional E. boulleti populations could be important for conservation efforts of this species, especially if these are in fully protected areas. Le Cerf 1919 Forest plant Lycopodiopsida (Lycopodiopsida Selaginellaceae. Selaginellaceae . Selaginellaceae) instars plants smooth markings Hübner 1818 2 E extent occurrence 13 area occupancy estimates areas 191 181 1 19 18

Abstract The present paper describes a new species of Actinote (Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae, Acraeini) from southeastern Brazil, and describes the morphology of the adults and immature stages of this species. Actinote mantiqueira sp. nov. occurs in the Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar in the Atlantic Forest. Adults from this population are very similar to other species of the “orangish red mimicry complex”, including Actinote alalia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860), its sister species, restricted to the mountains of southern Brazil. Actinote mantiqueira sp. nov. and A. alalia are distinguishable by wing pattern, male genitalia and larval morphology, and have strongly allopatric distributions. A redescription of Actinote alalia is also provided.

ABSTRACT Sepona Freitas and Barbosa, gen. nov. is proposed for the Neotropical satyrine butterfly species Euptychia punctataWeymer, 1911 and its junior subjective synonyms Euptychia griseolaWeymer, 1911 and Taygetis indecisa Ribeiro, 1931. The new genus has a distinctive wing pattern and shape of the valvae in the male genitalia, the latter being a unique autapomorphy within the subtribe Euptychiina. Based on molecular data, this genus is not sister to any other single euptychiine genus, instead appearing as the sister to all remaining genera in the Taygetis clade. The present paper illustrates the complexity of the taxonomy of Euptychiina, and the importance of using different sources of evidence in taxonomic studies.

The taxonomic identity of the butterfly Heliconius melpomene f. pyritosa var. fumigata Zikán, 1937 (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) is discussed based on the discovery of the specimen based on which this name was assigned. The specimen is not a variation of Eueides tales surdus Stichel, 1903, as previously stated, but is in fact a variation of H. melpomene f. pyritosa, which is a synonym of Heliconius erato amalfreda Riffarth, 1901.

Existe, en las últimas décadas, un aumento sustancial de literatura sobre estudios ecológicos que emplean trampas con cebo para capturar mariposas. El interés creciente por los estudios con trampas motivó un grupo exigente de estudiantes jóvenes e investigadores a la búsqueda de información y protocolos estandarizados. Con base en lo anterior, esta revisión tiene como objetivo discutir (i) los aspectos básicos de los principales métodos, y (ii) soluciones alternas de los diferentes estudios con trampas en el Neotrópico. Además se discuten los errores comunes que pueden disminuir la calidad y comparación de los resultados.

In the last decades, there has been a considerable increase in literature concerning ecological studies employing bait traps to capture butterflies. The growing interest in this kind of studies has given rise to a demanding group of young students and researchers looking for information and standardized protocols. Due to such growing interest in bait trap studies, this review aims to discuss (i) the basic aspects of the main technique of collection and sampling methods, and (ii) alternative solutions of different bait trap surveys in the Neotropics. Common mistakes that could undermine the quality and comparability of obtained data are also discussed.

O Parque Ecológico João Vasconcelos Sobrinho (PEJVS), conhecido localmente como Brejo dos Cavalos, é um fragmento de "mata serrana" de 359 ha inserido no semi-árido brasileiro, e que atualmente encontra-se sobre alta pressão antrópica. Uma lista com 197 espécies de borboletas pertencentes a seis famílias é apresentada, sendo 59 espécies de Hesperiidae, 4 de Papilionidae, 18 de Pieridae, 17 de Lycaenidae, 12 de Riodinidae e 87 de Nymphalidae. A fauna é composta principalmente de espécies de áreas abertas e com ampla distribuição geográfica. Entretanto, diversas espécies típicas de áreas florestadas também estão presentes, uma delas, Scada karschina delicata Talbot, 1932 (Danainae: Ithomiini), é uma espécie de borboleta criticamente ameaçada de extinção.

Comprising a natural reserve with 359 ha of "montane forest" inserted on the Brazilian semi-arid, the Parque Ecológico João Vasconcelos Sobrinho (PEJVS), locally known as "Brejo dos Cavalos" is currently under high anthropogenic pressure. A list of 197 species of butterflies belonging to six families is presented, being 59 species of Hesperiidae, 4 of Papilionidae, 18 of Pieridae, 17 of Lycaenidae, 12 of Riodinidae and 87 of Nymphalidae. The butterfly community was composed mainly by widespread species commonly found in open habitats. There were also many species typical of forested areas such as Scada karschina delicata Talbot, 1932 (Danainae: Ithomiini), which is an endangered butterfly.

Borboletas (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) da região da Baixada Santista, litoral de São Paulo (SE Brasil). Uma lista com 538 espécies de borboletas registradas na Baixada Santista é apresentada. Foram seguidos os protocolos amostrais padronizados (i.e. redes entomológicas). Armadilhas com iscas foram instaladas para coleta de espécies frugívoras. Dados de literatura e coleções entomológicas também foram considerados nas estimativas de riqueza de espécies. A riqueza de espécies registrada na Baixada Santista representa cerca de 16% da fauna de borboletas do Brasil, e 34% da fauna de borboletas do Estado de São Paulo. A presente lista contém um número consideravelmente alto de espécies em comparação com outras listas de biomas similares mais ao sul, como Blumenau em Santa Catarina, e Maquiné no Rio Grande do Sul.

Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of the "Baixada Santista" region, coastal São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. A list with 538 species of butterflies recorded in the Baixada Santista, São Paulo ( SE Brazil) is presented. Standard sampling protocols (i.e. with entomological nets) were followed. Baited traps were installed for fruit feeding species. Data from the literature and entomological collections were also considered in the total estimated species richness. The species richness recorded in the Baixada Santista region represents about 16% of the Brazilian butterfly fauna, and 34% of the known butterfly fauna for the state of São Paulo. The present list contains an appreciably higher number of species in comparison to other lists from similar biomes farther south, such as Blumenau in Santa Catarina, and Maquiné in Rio Grande do Sul.

Este trabalho discute como as mudanças propostas no Código Florestal Brasileiro podem afetar as borboletas do Brasil. Conforme exposto, os impactos principais estão na redução das matas ciliares (com consequente perda de conectividade) e nas alterações maiores nas amplas áreas de florestas de altitude. Adicionalmente, alterações na paisagem regional, com redução das áreas de proteção permanentes (APPS) e conversão de topos de morros, por exemplo, podem refletir em profundas mudanças nas assembleias de borboletas já severamente modificadas por quase 500 anos de desmatamento e degradação dos habitats do Brasil.

This paper discusses how the proposed changes in the Brazilian Forest Act could affect native butterflies. As showed, the main impacts include the reduction in the riparian forests (with consequent loss of connectivity) and the major changes that could take place in the large areas of montane forest. Moreover, changes in the regional landscape, with the reduction of permanently protected areas (Brazilian APPs) and the destruction of hilltop habitats could markedly affect extant butterfly assemblages, which have been severely modified in the past 500 years of deforestation and degradation in all Brazilian habitats.

Euptychiina es considerado un grupo de difícil taxonomía debido a que presenta una alta diversidad de especies de homogeneidad morfológica aparente haciendo compleja su identificación. En este sentido, las secuencias de ADN proporcionan una herramienta útil para la diferenciación de especies al aportar información valiosa y complementaria al uso de caracteres morfológicos tradicionales. Se realizó una caracterización molecular de trece especies de Euptychiina comunes en el norte de la cordillera central de los Andes Colombianos empleando secuencias de ADN mitocondrial de la región 3- del gen Cyt b, el ARNtSer y el extremo 3- de ND1. En las secuencias del fragmento secuenciado se evidenciaron grados de variación que permitieron diferenciar todas las especies. La variación nucleotídica intraespecífica fue inferior a 2% y la interespecífica superior a 4%. Adicionalmente, se encontró en la región secuenciada un espaciador intergénico entre el Cyt b y el ARNtSer, el cual no había sido reportado para Nymphalidae. La variación nucleotídica en el espaciador a nivel interespecífico fue similar y complementaria a la encontrada en la región codificante. El fragmento secuenciado se presenta como una nueva herramienta para mejorar y complementar los estudios taxonómicos en grupos como este, donde se incluyen especies morfológicamente similares. La región propuesta combina varios genes con diferentes grados de variación nucleotidica aportando información útil en la identificación de especies.

Euptychiina is considered a taxonomically difficult group given a high diversity of species and morphological homogeneity among them, making their identification complex. In this sense, DNA sequences offer a useful tool for species differentiation, providing valuable and complementary information to traditional morphological characters. The molecular characterization of thirteen Euptychiina species common to the northern Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes was carried out using mitochondrial DNA sequences of the 3- Cyt b gene, the tRNA Ser and the terminal portion of 3- ND1. Sequences of the DNA fragments exhibited a degree of variation adequate for differentiating all species. Nucleotide variation was less than 2% at the intraspecific level and greater than 4% at the interspecific level. Additionally, an intergenic spacer was found in the Cyt b and the tRNA Ser that has not previously been reported for the Nymphalidae. Nucleotide variation in the spacer at the interspecific level was similar and complementary to that found in the coding region. The sequenced fragment is presented as a new tool to improve and complement taxonomic studies in groups like this, which include morphologically similar species. The proposed region combines various genes with different degrees of nucleotide variation, providing useful information for species identification.

As espécies de borboletas frugívoras (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) conhecidas da Reserva Estadual do Morro Grande (Cotia, SP) e Caucaia do Alto são apresentadas na forma de um guia de campo.

The frugivorous butterflies species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) known from Morro Grande Forest Reserve and Caucaia do Alto (Cotia, SP) are presented as a field guide.