Abstract: The bioclimatic quality of three buildings by architect Gilberto Gatto Sobral at Universidad Central del Ecuador was evaluated with two objectives: to find problems that might affect users’ health and productivity, and to establish if climate had a significant role in the design of these buildings The buildings included two faculties: Law and Economics, and the General Administration. Bioclimatic quality was established by comparing existing levels of temperature, relative humidity, and natural light against comfort standards and the local climate. Data were measured over two years in space samples using data loggers. It was concluded that all buildings have spaces outside of comfort being too cold and dark; and climate played a minor role because despite attempts to control natural light, the thermal behavior of materials and the sun's apparent movement were ignored.

Resumen: Se hizo una evaluación de la calidad bioclimática de tres edificios del arquitecto Gilberto Gatto Sobral en la Universidad Central del Ecuador con dos objetivos: encontrar evidencia sobre posibles problemas en los espacios que podrían afectar la salud y productividad de sus usuarios, y determinar si el clima tuvo un papel significativo en el diseño de estos edificios. Los edificios eran dos facultades: Jurisprudencia y Economía, y la Administración General. La calidad bioclimática se estableció a través de la comparación de los niveles existentes de temperatura, humedad relativa y luz natural contra estándares de confort y el clima local. Los datos fueron medidos en muestras de espacios usando data-loggers. Se concluyó que todos los edificios tienen espacios fuera del confort siendo demasiado fríos y oscuros; y el clima tuvo un rol menor debido a que se ignoró el comportamiento térmico de los materiales y el movimiento aparente del sol, pero se intentó controlar la luz natural.

ABSTRACT Background: Neotropical species lack autecological information. Among these, are phenological studies, which help to understand forest dynamics and provide important contributions to the collection, restoration, and conservation programs. This research aimed to characterize the vegetative and reproductive phenological behavior of neotropical species Geoffroea spinosa Jacq. in a seasonally dry tropical forest, as well as to verify if there is a correlation between phenophases and environmental parameters. Twenty individuals were accompanied monthly for two years, to detect and tally the presence of floral buds, flowers, immature fruits, ripe fruits, leaf emergence, presence of mature leaves, and defoliation. A semi-quantitative evaluation was carried out with the Fournier method. Results: The results showed that the population had synchrony of reproductive events, with more than 50% of the individuals blooming and fruiting during the same time interval. Furthermore, the circular statistical test indicated a high seasonality for reproductive events (r ≥ 0.50 and p < 0.001). Among the vegetative events, all were classified as non-seasonal (r < 0.5). G. spinosa, showed a significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05) for all meteorological variables evaluated. Conclusion: The reproductive phenophases of G. spinosa showed strongly seasonal behavior, unlike vegetative events. the period between mid-February and the end of March was the most propitious for fruit collection. No seasonality was observed for the vegetative events. The species proved to be sensitive to El niño conditions. Follow-up phenological studies associated with meteorological variables are important for a better understanding of the dynamics of vegetative behavior in response to climate change.

Resumo A deficiência hídrica é um importante estresse abiótico que limita a produção de biomassa e dirige a distribuição de espécies vegetais. Nós avaliamos os efeitos da deficiência hídrica sobre parâmetros ecofisiológicos e bioquímicos de plantas jovens de Tabebuia aurea, uma espécie arbórea nativa da “Caatinga”, um bioma semiárido. Plantas foram submetidas à irrigação diária (controle) e ao estresse promovido por deficiência de água no solo por 29 dias. A área foliar, biomassa da planta, trocas gasosas, índice SPAD, rendimento quântico máximo (Fv / Fm) efetivo do PSII (ΦPSII), atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e L-ascorbato peroxidase (APX), peroxidação lipídica e teores de prolina foram determinados. As plantas responderam ao estresse hídrico reduzindo a área foliar e acumulando prolina. A condutância estomática também foi reduzida limitando a perda de água por transpiração. Contudo, a limitação da absorção de CO2 causou reduções nas taxas fotossintéticas e na biomassa. O excesso de energia não utilizada pela fotossíntese provocou uma redução no índice SPAD e em ΦPSII. Como resultado, nós observamos um aumento nas atividades de SOD e APX, protegendo as membranas dos cloroplastos de danos causados pela peroxidação de lipídeos. Nossos resultados indicam que T. aurea tem capacidade de sobreviver sob deficiência hídrica reduzindo a abertura estomática, mas afetando a taxa de assimilação de CO2. Apesar disso, as plantas mostraram mecanismos de prevenção de danos ao aparato fotossintético. Tal plasticidade é uma importante adaptação para plantas crescendo em ambientes semiáridos como a Caatinga.

Abstract Water deficiency is a major abiotic stress that limits biomass production and drives plant species distributions. We evaluate the effects of water deficiency on ecophysiological and biochemical parameters of seedlings of Tabebuia aurea. Plants were subjected to daily watering (control) and to stress by soil water deficiency for 29 days. Leaf area, plant biomass, gas exchange, SPAD index, maximum quantum yield (Fv / Fm), quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and L-ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, lipid peroxidation, and proline content were recorded. Plants responded to water deficit by reducing leaf area and accumulating proline. Stomatal conductance was reduced to limit the water loss by transpiration. However, limiting CO2 uptake caused reduction in photosynthesis and biomass. The excess of energy unutilized by photosynthesis reduced SPAD index and ΦPSII. As a result, we observed an increase in SOD and APX activity, protecting chloroplast membranes from further damages caused by lipid peroxidation. Our results indicate that T. aurea have capacity to survive under water deficiency reducing stomatal aperture, but affecting the rate of CO2 assimilation. Nevertheless, plants showed mechanisms to preventing damages to the photosynthetic apparatus. Such plasticity is an important adaptation for plants growing in dry environmental.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors on the frequency of diagnoses of oral mucosal changes and the number of hospitalized patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from all Brazilian cities in the period 2011–2017. The frequency of diagnoses of oral mucosal changes and the number of hospitalized patients of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil were extracted from the Primary Care Information System (SIAB) and Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) databases. The socioeconomic factors evaluated were the Gini coefficient of inequality, municipal Human Development Index (MHDI), inadequate basic sanitation rate, employment rate, illiteracy rate and expected years of schooling. Associated factors were examined using bivariate Spearman’s correlations and multivariate Poisson regressions, and statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlations between study variables and regression coefficients were obtained. A higher frequency of diagnoses of mucosal changes was observed in cities with a higher Gini coefficient (B = 11.614; p < 0.001), higher MHDI (B = 11.298; p < 0.001), and higher number of hospitalized patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer (B = 0.001, p < 0.002). Cities with higher Gini coefficients (B = 8.159, p < 0.001), higher inadequate basic sanitation rates (B = 0.09, p = 0.001), lower expected years of schooling (B = -0.718, p < 0.001), and higher illiteracy rates (B = 0.191, p < 0.001) had a higher frequency of hospitalized patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. In conclusion, more developed cities showed a higher frequency of diagnoses of mucosal changes. Greater inequality and worse socioeconomic conditions are associated with a higher frequency of hospitalized patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil.

Resumo Objetivo analisar a magnitude e os fatores associados à limitação de atividade e restrição à participação social em pessoas com hanseníase de 2001 a 2014, em Picos, Piauí. Métodos estudo transversal com dados coletados por meio de entrevistas e exames físicos; foram utilizadas as escalas SALSA (Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness) e de participação social; calcularam-se razões de prevalência (RP) brutas. Resultados participaram do estudo 263 pessoas com hanseníase; a limitação de atividade foi associada com grau de incapacidade I/II (RP=1,66; IC95% 1,14;2,41), idade ≥60 anos (RP=1,68; IC95% 1,09;3,02) e baixa escolaridade (RP=1,76; IC95% 1,26;2,45); observou-se correlação entre escore olho-mão-pé e limitação de atividade (r=0,29; p<0,001) e restrição à participação (r=0,27; p<0,001). Conclusão a limitação de atividade e a restrição à participação apresentaram alta prevalência no contexto estudado, e foram associadas a gravidade da doença, idade avançada e vulnerabilidade social.

Abstract Objective to analyse the magnitude and factors associated with activity limitation and social participation restriction of people with leprosy from 2001 to 2014 in Picos, Piauí, Brazil. Methods this was a cross-sectional study with data collected through interviews and physical examinations; the SALSA Scale (Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness) and Social Participation Scale were used; crude prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated. Results 263 people with leprosy participated in the study; activity limitation was associated with grade I/II disability (PR=1.66; 95%CI 1.14;2.41), age ≥60 years (PR=1.68; 95%CI 1.09;3.02) and low schooling (PR=1.76; 95%CI 1.26;2.45); correlation was found between eye-hand-foot score and activity limitation (r=0.29; p<0.001) and participation restriction (r=0.27; p<0.001). Conclusion activity limitation and participation restriction had high prevalence in the context studied and were associated with disease severity, advanced age and social vulnerability.

Resumen Objetivo analizar la magnitud y factores asociados con la limitación de actividad y restricción de la participación social en personas con lepra entre 2001 a 2014 en Picos/PI. Métodos Estudio transversal con dados recopilados en entrevistas y exámenes físicos. Se utilizaron las escalas SALSA (Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness) y de participación social. Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia bruta (RP). Resultados 263 personas con lepra participaron en el estudio. La limitación de actividad se asoció con el grado de discapacidad I/II (RP=1,66; IC95% 1,14;2,41), edad ≥ 60 años (RP= 1,68; IC95% 1,09;3,02) y baja escolaridad (RP=1,76; IC95% 1,26;2,45). Hubo una correlación entre la puntuación ojo-mano-pie y la limitación de actividad (r=0,29; p<0,001) y la restricción de participación (r=0,27; p<0,001). Conclusión la limitación de la actividad y la restricción de participación mostraron una alta prevalencia en el contexto estudiado y se asociaron con la gravedad, la vejez y la vulnerabilidad social

Resumo Objetivo analisar a magnitude e os fatores associados à limitação de atividade e restrição à participação social em pessoas com hanseníase de 2001 a 2014, em Picos, Piauí. Métodos estudo transversal com dados coletados por meio de entrevistas e exames físicos; foram utilizadas as escalas SALSA (Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness) e de participação social; calcularam-se razões de prevalência (RP) brutas. Resultados participaram do estudo 263 pessoas com hanseníase; a limitação de atividade foi associada com grau de incapacidade I/II (RP=1,66; IC95% 1,14;2,41), idade ≥60 anos (RP=1,68; IC95% 1,09;3,02) e baixa escolaridade (RP=1,76; IC95% 1,26;2,45); observou-se correlação entre escore olho-mão-pé e limitação de atividade (r=0,29; p<0,001) e restrição à participação (r=0,27; p<0,001). Conclusão a limitação de atividade e a restrição à participação apresentaram alta prevalência no contexto estudado, e foram associadas a gravidade da doença, idade avançada e vulnerabilidade social.

Abstract Objective to analyse the magnitude and factors associated with activity limitation and social participation restriction of people with leprosy from 2001 to 2014 in Picos, Piauí, Brazil. Methods this was a cross-sectional study with data collected through interviews and physical examinations; the SALSA Scale (Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness) and Social Participation Scale were used; crude prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated. Results 263 people with leprosy participated in the study; activity limitation was associated with grade I/II disability (PR=1.66; 95%CI 1.14;2.41), age ≥60 years (PR=1.68; 95%CI 1.09;3.02) and low schooling (PR=1.76; 95%CI 1.26;2.45); correlation was found between eye-hand-foot score and activity limitation (r=0.29; p<0.001) and participation restriction (r=0.27; p<0.001). Conclusion activity limitation and participation restriction had high prevalence in the context studied and were associated with disease severity, advanced age and social vulnerability.

Resumen Objetivo analizar la magnitud y factores asociados con la limitación de actividad y restricción de la participación social en personas con lepra entre 2001 a 2014 en Picos/PI. Métodos Estudio transversal con dados recopilados en entrevistas y exámenes físicos. Se utilizaron las escalas SALSA (Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness) y de participación social. Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia bruta (RP). Resultados 263 personas con lepra participaron en el estudio. La limitación de actividad se asoció con el grado de discapacidad I/II (RP=1,66; IC95% 1,14;2,41), edad ≥ 60 años (RP= 1,68; IC95% 1,09;3,02) y baja escolaridad (RP=1,76; IC95% 1,26;2,45). Hubo una correlación entre la puntuación ojo-mano-pie y la limitación de actividad (r=0,29; p<0,001) y la restricción de participación (r=0,27; p<0,001). Conclusión la limitación de la actividad y la restricción de participación mostraron una alta prevalencia en el contexto estudiado y se asociaron con la gravedad, la vejez y la vulnerabilidad social

ABSTRACT Chemical investigation of the aqueous fraction of the ethanol extract from the Brazilian endemic marine sponge Clathria (Clathria) nicoleae Vieira de Barros, Santos & Pinheiro, 2013, Microcionidae, sampled from a 55 m deep rhodolith bed at the Amazon River mouth, led to the isolation of a new hexapeptide, clathriamide (1). HP-20 resin was used to capture compound 1 from the aqueous fraction, which was purified by additional chromatographic steps. The absolute configuration of the amino acids of 1 was determined by advanced Marfey's analysis using 5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-Nα-L-tryptophanamide. The amino acid derivatives analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry using a C8 column enabled a good chromatographic resolution of L-Ile and L-allo-Ile, previously unfeasible using C18 column.

Resumo: Objetivou-se analisar a magnitude e o perfil sociodemográfico de casos de hanseníase vinculados a Redes de Convívio Domiciliar (RCD) com sobreposição da doença em dois municípios brasileiros, um da Região Norte e outro da Nordeste, de 2001 a 2014. Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, com base em dados primários e secundários de casos novos de hanseníase em indivíduos residentes em Picos, no Estado do Piauí, e em Rolim de Moura, no Estado de Rondônia. “Sobreposição” foi definida como casos novos com ocorrência de pelo menos mais um caso de hanseníase em sua RCD. Cada RCD foi composta por caso referência (primeiro caso notificado), casos coprevalentes (contatos que se tornaram casos novos) e contatos domiciliares de caso referência. Um total de 437 casos novos abordados pelos projetos INTEGRAHANS Norte-Nordeste e Piauí foram avaliados, 287 (65,7%) em Picos e 150 (34,3%) em Rolim de Moura. Do total de casos avaliados, 129 (44,9%) em Picos e 98 (65,3%) em Rolim de Moura relataram a ocorrência de sobreposição. Verificou-se maior frequência de pessoas do sexo feminino em Rolim de Moura (n = 95, 63,3%) e do masculino em Picos (n = 147, 51,2%); na faixa etária entre 41-60 anos de idade (Rolim de Moura n = 70, 46,7%; Picos n = 115, 40,1%); com ensino fundamental (Rolim de Moura n = 80, 54%; Picos n = 125, 44,5%) e que morava no mesmo domicílio com até 3 pessoas em Rolim de Moura (n = 105, 70%) e com mais de 4 pessoas em Picos (n = 287, 100%). A sobreposição de casos de hanseníase em RCD apresentou magnitude considerável nos contextos analisados, demonstrando aspectos de vulnerabilidade ampliada. Essa perspectiva deve ser considerada e integrada às ações de vigilância e controle da hanseníase.

Abstract: The study aimed to analyze the magnitude and sociodemographic profile of leprosy cases linked to household contact networks with overlapping of the disease in two Brazilian municipalities (counties), one in the North and the other in the Northeast, from 2001 to 2014. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study based on primary and secondary data from new leprosy cases in Picos, Piauí State, and Rolim de Moura, Rondônia State. “Overlapping” was defined as new cases with the occurrence of at least one more leprosy case in the individual’s household contact network. Each household contact network consisted of the index case (first reported case), co-prevalent cases (contacts that became new cases), and household contacts of the index case. A total of 437 new cases treated by the INTEGRAHANS North-Northeast and Piauí projects were assessed, of which 287 (65.7%) were in Picos and 150 (34.3%) in Rolim de Moura. Of all the cases assessed, 129 (44.9%) in Picos and 98 (65.3%) in Rolim de Moura reported overlapping. There were proportionally more females in Rolim de Moura (n = 95, 63.3%) and males in Picos (n = 147, 51.2%); in the 41-60-year age bracket (Rolim de Moura n = 70, 46.7%; Picos n = 115, 40.1%); with elementary schooling (Rolim de Moura n = 80, 54%; Picos n = 125, 44.5%); and individuals living in the same household with up to 3 persons in Rolim de Moura (n = 105, 70%) and with more than 4 persons in Picos (n = 287, 100%). Overlapping of leprosy cases in household contact networks was considerably high in the contexts analyzed here, displaying aspects of expanded vulnerability. This perspective should be considered and integrated into leprosy surveillance and control activities.

Resumen: El objetivo fue analizar la magnitud y el perfil sociodemográfico de los casos de hanseniasis vinculados a Redes de Convivencia Domiciliaria (RCD) con superposición de la enfermedad en dos municipios brasileños, uno de la región norte y otro de la nordeste, de 2001 a 2014. Estudio transversal, descriptivo y analítico, a partir de datos primarios y secundarios de casos nuevos de lepra con residentes en Picos, en el Estado de Piauí, y en Rolim de Moura, en el Estado de Rondônia. “Superposición” fue definida como casos nuevos con ocurrencia de por lo menos más de un caso de lepra en su RCD. Cada RCD estaba compuesta por un caso referencia (primer caso notificado), casos coprevalentes (contacto que se convirtió en casos nuevos) y contactos domiciliarios de caso referencia. Un total de 437 casos nuevos abordados por los proyectos INTEGRAHANS Norte/Nordeste y Piauí fueron evaluados, 287 (65,7%) en Picos y 150 (34,3%) en Rolim de Moura. Del total de casos evaluados, 129 (44,9%) en Picos y 98 (65,3%) en Rolim de Moura informaron la ocurrencia de superposición. Se verificó una mayor frecuencia de personas del sexo femenino en Rolim de Moura (n = 95, 63,3%) y masculino en Picos (n = 147, 51,2%); en la franja etaria entre 41-60 años de edad (Rolim de Moura n = 70, 46,7%; Picos n = 115, 40,1%); con enseñanza fundamental (Rolim de Moura n = 80, 54%; Picos n = 125, 44,5%) y que vivía en el mismo domicilio con hasta 3 personas en Rolim de Moura (n = 105, 70%) y con más de 4 personas en Picos (n = 287, 100%). La superposición de casos de lepra en RCD presentó una magnitud considerable en los contextos analizados, demostrando aspectos de vulnerabilidad ampliada. Esta perspectiva debe ser considerada e integrada en las acciones de vigilancia y control de la lepra.

Resumo: Objetivou-se analisar a magnitude e o perfil sociodemográfico de casos de hanseníase vinculados a Redes de Convívio Domiciliar (RCD) com sobreposição da doença em dois municípios brasileiros, um da Região Norte e outro da Nordeste, de 2001 a 2014. Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico, com base em dados primários e secundários de casos novos de hanseníase em indivíduos residentes em Picos, no Estado do Piauí, e em Rolim de Moura, no Estado de Rondônia. “Sobreposição” foi definida como casos novos com ocorrência de pelo menos mais um caso de hanseníase em sua RCD. Cada RCD foi composta por caso referência (primeiro caso notificado), casos coprevalentes (contatos que se tornaram casos novos) e contatos domiciliares de caso referência. Um total de 437 casos novos abordados pelos projetos INTEGRAHANS Norte-Nordeste e Piauí foram avaliados, 287 (65,7%) em Picos e 150 (34,3%) em Rolim de Moura. Do total de casos avaliados, 129 (44,9%) em Picos e 98 (65,3%) em Rolim de Moura relataram a ocorrência de sobreposição. Verificou-se maior frequência de pessoas do sexo feminino em Rolim de Moura (n = 95, 63,3%) e do masculino em Picos (n = 147, 51,2%); na faixa etária entre 41-60 anos de idade (Rolim de Moura n = 70, 46,7%; Picos n = 115, 40,1%); com ensino fundamental (Rolim de Moura n = 80, 54%; Picos n = 125, 44,5%) e que morava no mesmo domicílio com até 3 pessoas em Rolim de Moura (n = 105, 70%) e com mais de 4 pessoas em Picos (n = 287, 100%). A sobreposição de casos de hanseníase em RCD apresentou magnitude considerável nos contextos analisados, demonstrando aspectos de vulnerabilidade ampliada. Essa perspectiva deve ser considerada e integrada às ações de vigilância e controle da hanseníase.

Abstract: The study aimed to analyze the magnitude and sociodemographic profile of leprosy cases linked to household contact networks with overlapping of the disease in two Brazilian municipalities (counties), one in the North and the other in the Northeast, from 2001 to 2014. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study based on primary and secondary data from new leprosy cases in Picos, Piauí State, and Rolim de Moura, Rondônia State. “Overlapping” was defined as new cases with the occurrence of at least one more leprosy case in the individual’s household contact network. Each household contact network consisted of the index case (first reported case), co-prevalent cases (contacts that became new cases), and household contacts of the index case. A total of 437 new cases treated by the INTEGRAHANS North-Northeast and Piauí projects were assessed, of which 287 (65.7%) were in Picos and 150 (34.3%) in Rolim de Moura. Of all the cases assessed, 129 (44.9%) in Picos and 98 (65.3%) in Rolim de Moura reported overlapping. There were proportionally more females in Rolim de Moura (n = 95, 63.3%) and males in Picos (n = 147, 51.2%); in the 41-60-year age bracket (Rolim de Moura n = 70, 46.7%; Picos n = 115, 40.1%); with elementary schooling (Rolim de Moura n = 80, 54%; Picos n = 125, 44.5%); and individuals living in the same household with up to 3 persons in Rolim de Moura (n = 105, 70%) and with more than 4 persons in Picos (n = 287, 100%). Overlapping of leprosy cases in household contact networks was considerably high in the contexts analyzed here, displaying aspects of expanded vulnerability. This perspective should be considered and integrated into leprosy surveillance and control activities.

Resumen: El objetivo fue analizar la magnitud y el perfil sociodemográfico de los casos de hanseniasis vinculados a Redes de Convivencia Domiciliaria (RCD) con superposición de la enfermedad en dos municipios brasileños, uno de la región norte y otro de la nordeste, de 2001 a 2014. Estudio transversal, descriptivo y analítico, a partir de datos primarios y secundarios de casos nuevos de lepra con residentes en Picos, en el Estado de Piauí, y en Rolim de Moura, en el Estado de Rondônia. “Superposición” fue definida como casos nuevos con ocurrencia de por lo menos más de un caso de lepra en su RCD. Cada RCD estaba compuesta por un caso referencia (primer caso notificado), casos coprevalentes (contacto que se convirtió en casos nuevos) y contactos domiciliarios de caso referencia. Un total de 437 casos nuevos abordados por los proyectos INTEGRAHANS Norte/Nordeste y Piauí fueron evaluados, 287 (65,7%) en Picos y 150 (34,3%) en Rolim de Moura. Del total de casos evaluados, 129 (44,9%) en Picos y 98 (65,3%) en Rolim de Moura informaron la ocurrencia de superposición. Se verificó una mayor frecuencia de personas del sexo femenino en Rolim de Moura (n = 95, 63,3%) y masculino en Picos (n = 147, 51,2%); en la franja etaria entre 41-60 años de edad (Rolim de Moura n = 70, 46,7%; Picos n = 115, 40,1%); con enseñanza fundamental (Rolim de Moura n = 80, 54%; Picos n = 125, 44,5%) y que vivía en el mismo domicilio con hasta 3 personas en Rolim de Moura (n = 105, 70%) y con más de 4 personas en Picos (n = 287, 100%). La superposición de casos de lepra en RCD presentó una magnitud considerable en los contextos analizados, demostrando aspectos de vulnerabilidad ampliada. Esta perspectiva debe ser considerada e integrada en las acciones de vigilancia y control de la lepra.

The objective of this study was to define the value chains per farming product according to the integration among the participating actors (farmer-scientific centers-decision makers-technical services-population) in productive entities (PE) of the Matanzas and Villa Clara provinces, inserted in the International Project Coinnovation. For such purpose the methodology proposed in part I of this paper was used, which considers the vision of the farmer's integration with the other actors of the chains, the general model of value chains of farming products at local level, the generic and specific maps of each chain and farmer with their corresponding process handbooks, as well as the results of the diagnosis made and the critical points present in the chains. The results of the application of such methodology allow to conclude that the methodological procedure used, which is based on novel and valuable aspects for the design of value chains of farming products at local scale (general model, generic and specific maps per product and farmer), as pilot test within the framework of the Coinnovation project, allowed to design 64 specific maps of value chains per product and per farmer with their 28 process handbooks, taking into consideration the results of the previous diagnosis in the PEs (with the detection of the existing problems) and the definition of the critical points of the value chains, as well as the strategies for their implementation. This constitutes a recommendation for the country to consider and promote at municipal level.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue definir las cadenas de valor por producto agropecuario acorde con la integración entre los actores participantes (productor-centros científicos-decisores-servicios técnicos-población) en entidades productivas (EP) de las provincias de Matanzas y Villa Clara, insertadas en el Proyecto Internacional Coinnovación. Para ello se utilizó la metodología propuesta en la parte I de este artículo, la cual considera la visión de integración del productor con el resto de los actores de las cadenas, el modelo general de cadenas de valor de productos agropecuarios a nivel local, los mapas genéricos y específicos de cada cadena y productor con sus correspondientes manuales de proceso, así como los resultados del diagnóstico realizado y los puntos críticos presentes en las cadenas. Los resultados de la aplicación de dicha metodología permiten concluir que el procedimiento metodológico empleado, que se basa en aspectos novedosos y valiosos para el diseño de cadenas de valor de productos agropecuarios a escala local (modelo general, mapas genéricos y específicos por producto y productor), como prueba piloto dentro del marco del proyecto Coinnovación, permitió diseñar 64 mapas específicos de cadenas de valor por producto y por productor con sus 28 manuales de proceso, teniendo en consideración los resultados del diagnóstico previo a las EP (con la detección de los problemas existentes) y la definición de los puntos críticos de las cadenas de valor, así como las estrategias para su implementación. Ello constituye una recomendación para que el país considere y potencie a nivel municipal

In Cuba value chains constitute a new work philosophy in the farming sector, because with them a horizontal integration among entities that are associated with the same purpose is intended to be achieved. The objective of this research was to describe the methodological procedure for the design of value chains of farming products at local scale, obtained in 30 selected farms in Matanzas and Villa Clara, which are inserted in the international project Co-innovation. The techniques of experts and multidisciplinary groups were applied, the analysis of performance and of the critical factors was carried out, and the process maps were used. Questionnaires were also designed interviewing the different actors; and for the conformation of maps of specific value chains per farming product and for each farmer, and group dynamics techniques were applied. The main result was the description of the stages and steps for the design of value chains. It is concluded that the methodological procedure proposed for the design of value chains of farming products at local scale is distinguished by definition of a general model of value chain, which allows to define the generic maps of value chains per product and from them the specific ones for the context of each farm, taking into consideration the presence of actors with multiple functions, management models and ownership. All these differentiate it from the existing experiences in the country and constitute a referent to be taken into consideration.

En Cuba las cadenas de valor constituyen una nueva filosofía de trabajo en el ámbito agropecuario, pues con estas se pretende lograr una integración horizontal entre entidades que se asocian con un mismo fin. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir el procedimiento metodológico para el diseño de cadenas de valor de productos agropecuarios a escala local, obtenidos en 30 fincas seleccionadas de Matanzas y Villa Clara, que están insertadas en el proyecto internacional Coinnovación. Se aplicó la técnica de expertos y la de grupos multidisciplinarios, se efectuó el análisis del desempeño y de los factores críticos, y se utilizaron los mapas de procesos. También se diseñaron cuestionarios para la realización de entrevistas a los diferentes actores; y para la conformación de mapas de cadenas de valor específico por producto agropecuario y para cada productor, se aplicaron técnicas de dinámicas de grupo. El principal resultado fue la descripción de las fases y pasos para el diseño de las cadenas de valor. Se concluye que el procedimiento metodológico que se propone para el diseño de cadenas de valor de productos agropecuarios a escala local se distingue por la definición de un modelo general de cadena de valor, el cual posibilita definir los mapas genéricos de cadenas de valor por producto y de ellas las específicas para el contexto de cada finca, teniendo en cuenta la presencia de actores con múltiples funciones, modelos de gestión y propiedad. Todo ello lo diferencia de las experiencias existentes en el país y constituye un referente a tener en cuenta.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se determinar a necessidade de água e o coeficiente de cultura para as diferentes fases fenológicas do milho ( Zea mays L) e do feijão-caupi ( Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) em sistemas de plantio exclusivo e consorciado sob as condições climáticas do Semiárido brasileiro. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Petrolina, PE. Foram monitorados o rendimento de matéria seca total da parte aérea e a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada para ambas as culturas. Além disso, obteve-se a evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) por meio do método do balanço de água no solo. Com estes dados e a evapotranspiração de referência foi obtido o coeficiente de cultura (Kc), os quais foram utilizados, posteriormente, para ajustar modelos em função dos graus dias acumulados. Com os resultados, constatou-se que o requerimento hídrico do milho e feijão-caupi no sistema de plantio consorciado foi maior que no sistema exclusivo. Os valores de Kc no consórcio foram de 0,90, 1,30, 1,20 e 0,72 para o milho, e 0,86; 1,30, 1,21 e 0,91 para o feijão-caupi, respectivamente, para as fases vegetativa, floração, enchimento de grãos e maturação. No sistema exclusivo esses valores foram de, 0,86, 1,23, 0,97 e 0,52 para o milho e de 0,68; 1,02, 1,06 e 0,63 para o feijão-caupi, nesta ordem. As variações dos valores de Kc para ambos os sistemas e culturas estiveram associadas ao incremento de biomassa e a interceptação da radiação. O modelo Gaussiano ajustado descreveu adequadamente a relação entre os valores de Kc e dos graus dias acumulados.

ABSTRACT: In order to determine the water requirement and crop coefficient for the different phenological stages on corn plants ( Zea mays L.) and cowpea plants ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in intercropping and sole cropping systems under the climatic conditions of the Brazilian semiarid. The experiment was conducted in the city of Petrolina, PE. Shoots total dry mass and photosynthetically active radiation intercepted for both crops were monitored. Furthermore, it was obtained the evapotranspiration (ETc) by the soil water balance method. With these data and reference evapotranspiration it was obtained crop coefficient (Kc), which were subsequently used to adjust models as a function of accumulated degree days. With the results, it was found the water requirements from maize and cowpea intercropped system were greater than the sole system. Kc in the intercropped system was 0.90, 1.30, 1.20 and 0.72 for maize and 0.86, 1.30, 1.21 and 0.91 for cowpea, respectively, for the vegetative, flowering, grain filling and ripening stages. In the sole system, these values were, 0.86, 1.23, 0.97 and 0.52 for maize and 0.68, 1.02, 1.06 and 0.63 for cowpea in those phases mentioned. The variations of the Kc values for both systems and cultures have been associated to the increase of biomass and light interception. The Gaussian model adjusted properly described the relationship between Kc and accumulated degree days.

Resumo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a variação sazonal dos componentes do balanço de energia e avaliar o controle biofísico da evapotranspiração, em área de Caatinga preservada, em condições de seca intensa. O experimento foi conduzido em 2012, tendo-se utilizado o sistema "eddy covariance", instalado a 16,9 m acima da superfície do solo. Além disso, foram realizadas medidas de temperatura, umidade, radiação solar, saldo de radiação, fluxo de calor no solo e temperatura do solo. Os dados dos fluxos de calor sensível e latente foram processados com o programa Alteddy e analisados em escalas diária e sazonal. Com os dados do fluxo de calor latente, foram determinados os valores da evapotranspiração, bem como os indicadores da sua sensibilidade às condições ambientais: fator de desacoplamento, e resistências aerodinâmica e da superfície. O saldo de radiação apresentou forte sazonalidade, com comportamento dependente da radiação solar. A partição dos componentes do balanço de energia revelou que a ocorrência de seca intensa maximiza a destinação da energia disponível ao fluxo de calor sensível, e que a evapotranspiração nessa condição é especialmente dependente do deficit de pressão de vapor e da resistência da superfície.

Abstract:The objective of this work was to determine seasonal variation in energy balance components and to evaluate the biophysical control of evapotranspiration in a preserved Caatinga area, under intense drought conditions. The experiment was conducted in 2012, using the eddy covariance system, installed at 16.9 m above soil surface. In addition, temperature, humidity, solar radiation, net radiation, soil heat flux, and soil temperature were measured. Data on the sensible and latent heat fluxes were processed with the Alteddy software and analyzed on daily and seasonal scales. Using the latent heat flux data, the evapotranspiration rates were determined, as well as the indicators of their sensitivity to environmental conditions: decoupling factor, and aerodynamical and surface resistances. The net radiation showed a strong seasonality, with behavior dependent on solar radiation. The partition of the energy balance components revealed that the occurrence of intense drought maximizes the destination of the available energy to sensible heat flux, and that evapotranspiration under this condition is specifically dependent on the vapor pressure deficit and on the surface resistance.

OBJECTIVES:Healing is an event that is fundamental to the success of total knee arthroplasty. The aims of the present study were to compare the rates of complications related to wound healing between two groups of volunteers submitted to total knee arthroplasty and to evaluate the effects of postoperative oxygen supplementation by means of a nasal catheter.METHOD:A total of 109 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty were randomized into two groups, namely, groups that did and did not receive postoperative oxygen supplementation via a nasal catheter. The surgical wound was monitored every day during the hospital stay and on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 30th and 42ndpostoperative days. Characteristics related to healing were observed, including hyperemia, dehiscence, necrosis, phlyctenules and deep and superficial infection.RESULTS:There were no cases of deep infection. Hyperemia was statistically correlated with the total number of complications in the groups, with oxygen demonstrated to be a protective factor against hyperemia. Approximately 30% of the patients who exhibited hyperemia had other complications, independent of oxygen supplementation.CONCLUSION:Oxygen supplementation following total knee arthroplasty was shown to be effective in diminishing hyperemia around the operative wound. The development of hyperemia was a precursor to other complications, irrespective of whether oxygen supplementation was used.