Abstract Background Professional soccer athletes are exposed to repetitive head impacts and are at risk of developing chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Objective To evaluate regional brain glucose metabolism (rBGM) and gray matter (GM) volume in retired soccer players (RSPs). Methods Male RSPs and age and sex-matched controls prospectively enrolled between 2017 and 2019 underwent neurological and neuropsychological evaluations, brain MRI and [18F]FDG-PET in a 3.0-Tesla PET/MRI scanner. Visual analysis was performed by a blinded neuroradiologist and a blinded nuclear physician. Regional brain glucose metabolism and GM volume were assessed using SPM8 software. Groups were compared using appropriate statistical tests available at SPM8 and R. Results Nineteen RSPs (median [IQR]: 62 [50–64.5] years old) and 20 controls (60 [48–73] years old) were included. Retired soccer players performed worse on mini-mental state examination, digit span, clock drawing, phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tests, and had reduced rBGM in the left temporal pole (pFDR = 0.008) and the anterior left middle temporal gyrus (pFDR = 0.043). Semantic verbal fluency correlated with rBGM in the right hippocampus, left temporal pole, and posterior left middle temporal gyrus (p ≤ 0.042). Cray matter volume reduction was observed in similar anatomic regions but was less extensive and did not survive correction for multiple comparisons (pFDR ≥ 0.085). Individual [18F]FDG-PET visual analysis revealed seven RSPs with overt hypometabolism in the medial and lateral temporal lobes, frontal lobes, and temporoparietal regions. Retired soccer players had a higher prevalence of septum pellucidum abnormalities on MRI. Conclusion Retired soccer players had reduced rBCM and CM volume in the temporal lobes and septum pellucidum abnormalities, findings possibly related to repetitive head impacts. encephalopathy (rBGM (GM RSPs. . (RSPs) sexmatched sex matched 201 evaluations 18FFDGPET FFDGPET 18F FDG PET F 3.0Tesla 30Tesla Tesla 3.0 3 0 PETMRI scanner physician SPM software R median IQR [IQR] 6 50–64.5 50645 50 64 5 [50–64.5 old 2 60 (6 48–73 4873 48 73 [48–73 included minimental mini mental examination span drawing pFDR 0.008 0008 008 0.043. 0043 0.043 043 0.043) hippocampus p 0.042. 0042 0.042 042 0.042) 0.085. 0085 0.085 085 0.085) (RSPs 0Tesla 30 3. [IQR 50–64. 5064 [50–64. ( 48–7 487 4 7 [48–7 0.00 000 00 004 0.04 04 0.08 08 50–64 506 [50–64 48– [48– 0.0 50–6 [50–6 [48 0. 50– [50– [4 [50 [ [5

Resumo Antecedentes Jogadores profissionais de futebol estão expostos a impactos cranianos repetitivos e ao risco de desenvolver encefalopatia traumática crônica. Objetivo Avaliar o metabolismo glicolítico cerebral regional (MCCr) e o volume de substância cinzenta (vSC) em jogadores de futebol aposentados (JFAs). Métodos Jogadores de futebol aposentados masculinos e controles pareados por idade e sexo foram incluídos prospectivamente entre 2017 e 2019. Foram realizadas avaliações neurológica e neuropsicológica, ressonância magnética (RM) e [18F]FDG-PET cerebrais (3.0-Tesla PET/RM). As imagens foram analisadas visualmente por um neurorradiologista e um médico nuclear cegos ao grupo de cada participante. O metabolismo glicolítico cerebral regional e o vSC foram avaliados através do programa SPM8. Os grupos foram comparados através de testes estatísticos apropriados disponíveis em SPM8 e R, de acordo com a distribuição e o tipo dos dados. Resultados Dezenove JFAs (mediana [IIQ]: 62 [50–64.5] anos) e 20 controles (60 [48–73] anos) foram incluídos. Os JFAs tiveram pior desempenho no mini-exame do estado mental e nos testes de dígitos, desenho do relógio, fluência verbal e fluência semântica e apresentaram MCCr significativamente reduzido no polo temporal e no giro temporal médio anterior esquerdos. Fluência semântica (animais) apresentou correlação positiva com MCCr no hipocampo direito, no polo temporal esquerdo e no aspecto posterior do giro temporal médio esquerdo. Menor vSC foi observado nas mesmas regiões, porém este achado não sobreviveu à correção para comparações múltiplas. Análise individual do [18F]FDG-PET cerebral revelou sete JFAs com claro hipometabolismo nas faces medial e lateral dos lobos temporais, nos lobos frontais e nas regiões temporoparietais. Os JFAs apresentaram ainda maior prevalência de anormalidades do septo pelúcido. Conclusão Os JFAs apresentam MCCr e vSC reduzidos nos lobos temporais, além de anormalidades do septo pelúcido, achados possivelmente relacionados a impactos cranianos repetitivos. crônica (MCCr (vSC JFAs. . (JFAs) 201 2019 neuropsicológica RM (RM 18FFDGPET FFDGPET 18F FDG PET F 3.0Tesla 30Tesla Tesla 3.0 3 0 PET/RM. PETRM PET/RM PET/RM) participante SPM R dados mediana IIQ [IIQ] 6 50–64.5 50645 50 64 5 [50–64.5 anos 2 60 (6 48–73 4873 48 73 [48–73 miniexame mini exame dígitos relógio esquerdos animais (animais direito múltiplas temporais temporoparietais pelúcido (JFAs 0Tesla 30 3. [IIQ 50–64. 5064 [50–64. ( 48–7 487 4 7 [48–7 50–64 506 [50–64 48– [48– 50–6 [50–6 [48 50– [50– [4 [50 [ [5

Background: The importance of early detection in order to improve the prognosis of children with developmental disorders, especially autism spectrum disorders (ASD), has been widely proven, clearly followed by the corresponding intervention. The aim of this work is to define the age at which the first signs of an autism spectrum disorder show up, the professionals that families go to, as well as delays confirming a diagnosis and the celerity offered by paediatricians. Method: A transversal, retrospective study carried out in 2010 in the Canary Islands. The voluntary cooperation of family associations, and families that received treatment in specialized centres was requested. 72 "Questionnaires for families of people with autism" were gathered. A descriptive analysis of frequencies was carried out, using the statistics programme SPSS Statistics 19. Results: In 79% of the cases it was the family who first suspected there was something wrong with the children's development, followed by teachers (15%) and health care staff (pediatricians 4% and psychologists, 2%). 69% of the children were first diagnosed before turning 3 years of age, 32% of them were diagnosed even before turning two years of age. The delay regarding diagnosis in the Canary Islands circa 16 months. Conclusions: Most parents of children with ASD were aware of the developmental disorders that their children were experiencing at around 18 months of age. A tendency to a faster response time by health care professionals was confirmed.

Fundamentos: La importancia de la detección temprana del autismo mejora el pronóstico de niños con alteraciones en el desarrollo, en especial con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA). El objetivo de este trabajo es delimitar a qué edad surgen las primeras sospechas de un trastorno del espectro autista, a qué profesionales recurren las familias, la demora en confirmar el diagnóstico y la celeridad en la respuesta de los profesionales de la pediatría. Método: Estudio transversal retrospectivo llevado a cabo en la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias durante el año 2010. Se solicitó la colaboración voluntaria de las asociaciones y familias que recibían tratamiento en centros especializados. Se recogieron 72 cuestionarios para familias de personas con autismo. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de frecuencias mediante el programa estadístico SPSS Statistics 19. Resultados: En el 79% de los casos fue la propia familia quien tuvo las primeras sospechas de que algo no iba bien en el desarrollo de los niños, seguida de los profesionales de la educación (15%) y la sanidad (pediatras: 4% y psicólogos: 2%). El 69% recibieron el primer diagnóstico durante los 3 primeros años, el 32% antes de los dos años. La demora diagnóstica se situó en 16 meses. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los padres de niños con TEA son conscientes de alteraciones en el desarrollo de sus hijos alrededor de los 18 meses. Se confirmó la tendencia a disminuir el tiempo de respuesta de los profesionales de la sanidad.

Background: The importance of early detection in order to improve the prognosis of children with developmental disorders, especially autism spectrum disorders (ASD), has been widely proven, clearly followed by the corresponding intervention. The aim of this work is to define the age at which the first signs of an autism spectrum disorder show up, the professionals that families go to, as well as delays confirming a diagnosis and the celerity offered by paediatricians. Method: A transversal, retrospective study carried out in 2010 in the Canary Islands. The voluntary cooperation of family associations, and families that received treatment in specialized centres was requested. 72 "Questionnaires for families of people with autism" were gathered. A descriptive analysis of frequencies was carried out, using the statistics programme SPSS Statistics 19. Results: In 79% of the cases it was the family who first suspected there was something wrong with the children's development, followed by teachers (15%) and health care staff (pediatricians 4% and psychologists, 2%). 69% of the children were first diagnosed before turning 3 years of age, 32% of them were diagnosed even before turning two years of age. The delay regarding diagnosis in the Canary Islands circa 16 months. Conclusions: Most parents of children with ASD were aware of the developmental disorders that their children were experiencing at around 18 months of age. A tendency to a faster response time by health care professionals was confirmed.

Fundamentos: La importancia de la detección temprana del autismo mejora el pronóstico de niños con alteraciones en el desarrollo, en especial con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA). El objetivo de este trabajo es delimitar a qué edad surgen las primeras sospechas de un trastorno del espectro autista, a qué profesionales recurren las familias, la demora en confirmar el diagnóstico y la celeridad en la respuesta de los profesionales de la pediatría. Método: Estudio transversal retrospectivo llevado a cabo en la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias durante el año 2010. Se solicitó la colaboración voluntaria de las asociaciones y familias que recibían tratamiento en centros especializados. Se recogieron 72 cuestionarios para familias de personas con autismo. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de frecuencias mediante el programa estadístico SPSS Statistics 19. Resultados: En el 79% de los casos fue la propia familia quien tuvo las primeras sospechas de que algo no iba bien en el desarrollo de los niños, seguida de los profesionales de la educación (15%) y la sanidad (pediatras: 4% y psicólogos: 2%). El 69% recibieron el primer diagnóstico durante los 3 primeros años, el 32% antes de los dos años. La demora diagnóstica se situó en 16 meses. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los padres de niños con TEA son conscientes de alteraciones en el desarrollo de sus hijos alrededor de los 18 meses. Se confirmó la tendencia a disminuir el tiempo de respuesta de los profesionales de la sanidad.