ABSTRACT Coffee is one of the most important Brazilian agricultural commodities exported, and Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo States are the main coffee producers. Scale insects are important coffee pests, and 73 species of Cerococcidae (3), Coccidae (18), Diaspididae (6), Eriococcidae (1), Ortheziidae (3), Pseudococcidae (21), Putoidae (2) and Rhizoecidae (19) have been associated with roots, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits of Arabica coffee in the Neotropics. Eight species were found associated with Arabica coffee in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo States in this study, and Coccidae was the most frequent family. Coccus alpinus, Cc. celatus, Cc. lizeri, Cc. viridis, and Saissetia coffeae (Coccidae) were found in both states; Alecanochiton marquesi, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Diaspididae), and Dysmicoccus texensis (Pseudococcidae) were only found in Minas Gerais. Alecanochiton marquesi and P. trilobitiformis are first reported in Minas Gerais, and Cc. alpinus in Espírito Santo, on Arabica coffee. All scale insect species were associated with coffee leaves and branches, except D. texensis, associated with coffee roots. Fourty seven scale insect species have been found occurring in Brazilian Arabica coffee, and in Espírito Santo (28) and Minas Gerais (23). Widespread and geographical distribution of each species found are discussed.

Foram estudados, sob a ótica de seus fluxos energéticos, três sistemas de cultivo de café arábica no Estado do Espírito Santo: a - cultivo convencional (CC); b - cultivo com as boas práticas agrícolas (BPA), e c – cultivo orgânico (CO). A análise foi realizada para comparar os fluxos energéticos envolvidos nos sistemas de produção, a fim de apresentar os níveis de sustentabilidade de cada sistema, com base em dados médios obtidos em diversas unidades de produção de base familiar. Os indicadores analisados foram: Produtividade, Eficiência Energética Total Invertida (ETI), Eficiência Energética Café Maduro (ECC) e Eficiência Energia não Renovável (ENR). O sistema de CO apresentou valores para ETI, ECC e ENR de 3,3; 4,7 e 7,9, respectivamente. O sistema de CC apresentou valores para ETI, ECC e ENR de 1,8; 1,9 e 1,6; respectivamente. O sistema de BPA apresentou valores para ETI, ECC e ENR de 0,7; 1,3 e 1,4; respectivamente. A maior produtividade ocorreu no sistema de BPA, com 1794 kg ha-1(17.455 MJ); no entanto, o referido consome mais energia do que converte. Do ponto de vista energético, o sistema de CO é o mais sustentável.

Three growing systems of Arabica coffee were evaluated under the energy perspective, in the state of Espírito Santo in Brazil. The systems are conventional cultivation (CC), cultivation with good agricultural practices (CGP) and organic farming (OF). It was made a comparison of the energy flows within these three systems to show sustainable levels of each one based on production average data of several family-farming units. Therefore, we analyzed crop yield, total energy efficiency reverse (TEER), energy efficiency of ripe coffee (EERC) and non-renewable energy efficiency (NREE). OF system had values for TEER, EERC and NREE of 3.3 4.7 and 7.9 respectively. Yet CC showed values of 1.8, 1.9 and 1.6 for TEER, EERC and NREE respectively. Furthermore, CGP presented values for TEER, EERC and NREE of 0.7, 1.3 and 1.4 respectively. The highest yield was observed in CGP, reaching an amount of 1794 kg ha-1(17,455 MJ); however, this system expends more energy than it converts. Thus, over those points, OF is the most sustainable system.

Foram instalados sete campos experimentais em altitudes entre 200 e 1050 metros, nos municípios de Afonso Cláudio e Venda Nova do Imigrante no Espírito Santo, para desenvolvimento de avaliações pré-introdutórias de Trichogramma. Visou-se determinar as espécies nativas e conhecer o índice de parasitismo natural, para utilização em programas de manejo integrado da traça-do-tomateiro. Em todos os campos comerciais de tomateiros foram coletados apenas Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. No primeiro ano de coleta, o número médio de amostras de cartelas com parasitismo, bem como o número médio de ovos parasitados, apresentaram uma relação inversa, quando comparado com as regiões de altitudes entre 200 e 850 metros. Em regiões de menor altitude (200, 380 e 450 metros), foram observadas presença constante desses parasitóides de ovos em todas as áreas amostradas. No segundo ano de coleta não foi observado o mesmo comportamento em relação ao primeiro, tendo os valores médios dos parâmetros sido inferiores, com o número médio de ovos parasitados por cartela reduzido pela metade. Os resultados de dois anos de coleta mostraram que a agressividade das linhagens de T. pretiosum foi diferenciada em função das áreas.

Seven experimental fields were installed in altitudes varying from 200 to 1050 meters, located in Afonso Cláudio and Venda Nova do Imigrante in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The evaluations of Trichogramma presence were done to determine the native species, know the natural parasitism rate in order to use the obtained results in programs of pest management of Tuta absoluta. In all commercial tomato fields only Trichogramma pretiosum Riley was collected. In the first year the medium number of egg-cards sample with parasitism, as well as the medium number of parasitized eggs, presented an inverse relationship when compared to the areas of altitude between 200 and 850 meters. In the lower areas (200, 380 and 450 m) a constant presence of parasitoid eggs in all the inspected areas was observed. In the second year the behavior differed from that of the first year. The medium values of the inferior parameters, with the medium number of eggs parasitized by cards, were reduced by half. The two year results showed that the aggressiveness of the T. pretiosum strains was differentiated depending on the area.

Defoliator caterpillars were collected in plantations of avocado in several areas Venda Nova do Imigrante, state of "Espírito Santo", Brazil. These caterpillars were sent to the laboratory of Entomology of the Agricultural Center of the Federal University of "Espírito Santo", in Alegre, of Espírito Santo, Brazil where they were reared until adult stage. Adults obtained were identified as belonging to the family Geometrid, subfamily Ennominae, species Nipteria panacea Thierry-Mieg, 1892, which was not yet reported as pest of any crop in Brazil.