Abstract Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs frequently in COVID-19 patients and is associated with greater morbidity and mortality. Knowing the risks of AKI allows for identification, prevention, and timely treatment. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with AKI in hospitalized patients. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional, and analytical component study of adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from March 1 to December 31, 2020 was carried out. AKI was defined by the creatinine criteria of the KDIGO-AKI guidelines. Information, regarding risk factors, was obtained from electronic medical records. Results: Out of the 934 patients, 42.93% developed AKI, 60.59% KDIGO-1, and 9.9% required renal replacement therapy. Patients with AKI had longer hospital stay, higher mortality, and required more intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support. Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.02–1.04), male sex (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.49–3.04), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.04–2.32), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.06–4.04), C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00–1.03), ICU admission (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.04–3.16), and vasopressor support (OR 7.46; 95% CI 3.34–16.64) were risk factors for AKI, and that bicarbonate (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.84–0.94) and partial pressure arterial oxygen/inspired oxygen fraction index (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98–0.99) could be protective factors. Conclusions: A high frequency of AKI was documented in COVID-19 patients, with several predictors: age, male sex, DM, CKD, CRP, ICU admission, and vasopressor support. AKI occurred more frequently in patients with higher disease severity and was associated with higher mortality and worse outcomes. Introduction (AKI COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 identification prevention treatment Methods descriptive retrospective crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional 31 202 out KDIGOAKI KDIGO guidelines Information records Results 93 4293 42 42.93 6059 60 59 60.59 KDIGO1, KDIGO1 1, KDIGO-1 99 9 9.9 therapy stay (ICU ventilation OR 1.03 103 03 95 1.02–1.04, 102104 1.02–1.04 , 02 04 1.02–1.04) 2.13 213 2 13 1.49–3.04, 149304 1.49–3.04 49 3 1.49–3.04) DM (DM 1.55 155 55 1.04–2.32, 104232 1.04–2.32 32 1.04–2.32) CKD (CKD 2.07 207 07 1.06–4.04, 106404 1.06–4.04 06 4 1.06–4.04) Creactive C reactive CRP (CRP 1.02 102 1.00–1.03, 100103 1.00–1.03 00 1.00–1.03) 1.81 181 81 1.04–3.16, 104316 1.04–3.16 16 1.04–3.16) 7.46 746 7 46 3.34–16.64 3341664 34 64 0.89 089 0 89 0.84–0.94 084094 84 94 oxygeninspired inspired 0.99 099 0.98–0.99 098099 98 Conclusions predictors outcomes COVID1 COVID- 20 429 42.9 605 6 5 60.5 KDIGO- 9. 1.0 10 10210 1.02–1.0 2.1 21 14930 1.49–3.0 1.5 15 10423 1.04–2.3 2.0 10640 1.06–4.0 10010 1.00–1.0 1.8 18 8 10431 1.04–3.1 7.4 74 3.34–16.6 334166 0.8 08 0.84–0.9 08409 0.9 09 0.98–0.9 09809 42. 60. 1. 1021 1.02–1. 2. 1493 1.49–3. 1042 1.04–2. 1064 1.06–4. 1001 1.00–1. 1043 1.04–3. 7. 3.34–16. 33416 0. 0.84–0. 0840 0.98–0. 0980 1.02–1 149 1.49–3 104 1.04–2 106 1.06–4 100 1.00–1 1.04–3 3.34–16 3341 0.84–0 084 0.98–0 098 1.02– 14 1.49– 1.04– 1.06– 1.00– 3.34–1 334 0.84– 0.98– 1.49 1.04 1.06 1.00 3.34– 33 0.84 0.98 1.4 3.34 3.3 3.

RESUMO Introdução: Lesão renal aguda (LRA) ocorre frequentemente em pacientes com COVID-19 e associa-se a maior morbidade e mortalidade. Conhecer riscos da LRA permite a identificação, prevenção e tratamento oportuno. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar fatores de risco associados à LRA em pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, transversal e de componente analítico de pacientes adultos hospitalizados com COVID-19 de 1º de março a 31 de dezembro, 2020. Definiu-se a LRA pelos critérios de creatinina das diretrizes KDIGO-LRA. Informações sobre fatores de risco foram obtidas de prontuários eletrônicos. Resultados: Dos 934 pacientes, 42,93% desenvolveram LRA, 60,59% KDIGO-1 e 9,9% necessitaram de terapia renal substitutiva. Pacientes com LRA apresentaram maior tempo de internação, maior mortalidade e necessitaram de mais internações em UTIs, ventilação mecânica e suporte vasopressor. A análise multivariada mostrou que idade (OR 1,03; IC 95% 1,02–1,04), sexo masculino (OR 2,13; IC 95% 1,49–3,04), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR 1,55; IC 95% 1,04–2,32), doença renal crônica (DRC) (OR 2,07; IC 95% 1,06–4,04), proteína C reativa (PCR) (OR 1,02; IC 95% 1,00–1,03), admissão em UTI (OR 1,81; IC 95% 1,04–3,16) e suporte vasopressor (OR 7,46; IC 95% 3,34–16,64) foram fatores de risco para LRA, e que bicarbonato (OR 0,89; IC 95% 0,84–0,94) e índice de pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial/fração inspirada de oxigênio (OR 0,99; IC 95% 0,98–0,99) poderiam ser fatores de proteção. Conclusões: Documentou-se alta frequência de LRA em pacientes com COVID-19, com diversos preditores: idade, sexo masculino, DM, DRC, PCR, admissão em UTI e suporte vasopressor. LRA ocorreu mais frequentemente em pacientes com maior gravidade da doença e associou-se a maior mortalidade e piores desfechos. Introdução (LRA COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 associase associa se identificação oportuno Métodos Realizouse Realizou descritivo retrospectivo º 3 dezembro 2020 Definiuse Definiu KDIGOLRA. KDIGOLRA KDIGO LRA. KDIGO-LRA eletrônicos Resultados 93 4293 42 42,93 6059 60 59 60,59 KDIGO1 1 KDIGO- 99 9 9,9 substitutiva internação UTIs OR 1,03 103 03 95 1,02–1,04, 102104 1,02–1,04 , 02 04 1,02–1,04) 2,13 213 2 13 1,49–3,04, 149304 1,49–3,04 49 1,49–3,04) DM (DM 1,55 155 55 1,04–2,32, 104232 1,04–2,32 32 1,04–2,32) DRC (DRC 2,07 207 07 1,06–4,04, 106404 1,06–4,04 06 4 1,06–4,04) PCR (PCR 1,02 102 1,00–1,03, 100103 1,00–1,03 00 1,00–1,03) 1,81 181 81 1,04–3,16 104316 16 7,46 746 7 46 3,34–16,64 3341664 34 64 0,89 089 0 89 0,84–0,94 084094 84 94 arterialfração arterial fração 0,99 099 0,98–0,99 098099 98 proteção Conclusões Documentouse Documentou COVID19, 19, preditores associouse associou desfechos COVID1 COVID- 202 429 42,9 605 6 5 60,5 9, 1,0 10 10210 1,02–1,0 2,1 21 14930 1,49–3,0 1,5 15 10423 1,04–2,3 2,0 20 10640 1,06–4,0 10010 1,00–1,0 1,8 18 8 1,04–3,1 10431 7,4 74 3,34–16,6 334166 0,8 08 0,84–0,9 08409 0,9 09 0,98–0,9 09809 42, 60, 1, 1021 1,02–1, 2, 1493 1,49–3, 1042 1,04–2, 1064 1,06–4, 1001 1,00–1, 1,04–3, 1043 7, 3,34–16, 33416 0, 0,84–0, 0840 0,98–0, 0980 1,02–1 149 1,49–3 104 1,04–2 106 1,06–4 100 1,00–1 1,04–3 3,34–16 3341 0,84–0 084 0,98–0 098 1,02– 14 1,49– 1,04– 1,06– 1,00– 3,34–1 334 0,84– 0,98– 1,49 1,04 1,06 1,00 3,34– 33 0,84 0,98 1,4 3,34 3,3 3,

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar como a escrita é ensinada e integrada em um programa de graduação em Estudos de Comunicação de uma universidade privada na Colômbia. A relevância desta tarefa está ligada ao papel crucial que a escrita desempenha na academia como facilitadora da aprendizagem que permite aos alunos pensarem e se comunicarem como especialistas nas suas disciplinas (Ávila Reyes et al., 2021; Navarro et al., 2022, Thompson et al., 2021). Para realizar este projeto, todos os docentes foram entrevistados e solicitados a compartilharem os materiais que utilizam para apoiar e avaliar a escrita dos alunos; informação esta que foi posteriormente contrastada com a percepção de um grupo de ex-alunos entrevistados. Os resultados obtidos fornecem uma perspectiva esclarecedora sobre como ocorre o ensino e a aprendizagem da escrita em um curso de graduação. Esta caracterização visa alinhar-se com as expectativas de professores e ex-alunos em relação ao papel da escrita em sua disciplina, lançando luz sobre as complexidades do ensino, da aprendizagem e da aplicação de habilidades de escrita em contextos acadêmicos e profissionais. Colômbia Ávila al al. 2021 2022 2021. . 2021) projeto exalunos ex alinharse alinhar disciplina profissionais 202 20 2

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to characterize how writing is taught and integrated within an undergraduate program in Communication Studies at a private research university in Colombia. The relevance of this task is connected to the crucial role that writing plays in college as a facilitator for learning that enables students to think and communicate as experts in their disciplines (Ávila Reyes et al., 2021; Navarro et al., 2022; Thompson et al., 2021). To carry out this project, all faculty members were interviewed and asked to share the materials they use to support and assess student writing; this information was later contrasted with the perception of a group of alums that were polled. The results gathered provide an insightful perspective on how writing teaching and learning occur in an undergraduate program. This characterization aims to align with faculty and alums expectations regarding the role of writing within their discipline, shedding light on the complexities of teaching, learning, and applying writing skills in both academic and professional contexts. Colombia Ávila al al. 2021 2022 2021. . 2021) project polled discipline contexts 202 20 2

Abstract Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs frequently in COVID-19 patients and is associated with greater morbidity and mortality. Knowing the risks of AKI allows for identification, prevention, and timely treatment. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with AKI in hospitalized patients. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional, and analytical component study of adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from March 1 to December 31, 2020 was carried out. AKI was defined by the creatinine criteria of the KDIGO-AKI guidelines. Information, regarding risk factors, was obtained from electronic medical records. Results: Out of the 934 patients, 42.93% developed AKI, 60.59% KDIGO-1, and 9.9% required renal replacement therapy. Patients with AKI had longer hospital stay, higher mortality, and required more intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support. Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.02–1.04), male sex (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.49–3.04), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.04–2.32), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.06–4.04), C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00–1.03), ICU admission (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.04–3.16), and vasopressor support (OR 7.46; 95% CI 3.34–16.64) were risk factors for AKI, and that bicarbonate (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.84–0.94) and partial pressure arterial oxygen/inspired oxygen fraction index (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98–0.99) could be protective factors. Conclusions: A high frequency of AKI was documented in COVID-19 patients, with several predictors: age, male sex, DM, CKD, CRP, ICU admission, and vasopressor support. AKI occurred more frequently in patients with higher disease severity and was associated with higher mortality and worse outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Lesão renal aguda (LRA) ocorre frequentemente em pacientes com COVID-19 e associa-se a maior morbidade e mortalidade. Conhecer riscos da LRA permite a identificação, prevenção e tratamento oportuno. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar fatores de risco associados à LRA em pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, transversal e de componente analítico de pacientes adultos hospitalizados com COVID-19 de 1º de março a 31 de dezembro, 2020. Definiu-se a LRA pelos critérios de creatinina das diretrizes KDIGO-LRA. Informações sobre fatores de risco foram obtidas de prontuários eletrônicos. Resultados: Dos 934 pacientes, 42,93% desenvolveram LRA, 60,59% KDIGO-1 e 9,9% necessitaram de terapia renal substitutiva. Pacientes com LRA apresentaram maior tempo de internação, maior mortalidade e necessitaram de mais internações em UTIs, ventilação mecânica e suporte vasopressor. A análise multivariada mostrou que idade (OR 1,03; IC 95% 1,02–1,04), sexo masculino (OR 2,13; IC 95% 1,49–3,04), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR 1,55; IC 95% 1,04–2,32), doença renal crônica (DRC) (OR 2,07; IC 95% 1,06–4,04), proteína C reativa (PCR) (OR 1,02; IC 95% 1,00–1,03), admissão em UTI (OR 1,81; IC 95% 1,04–3,16) e suporte vasopressor (OR 7,46; IC 95% 3,34–16,64) foram fatores de risco para LRA, e que bicarbonato (OR 0,89; IC 95% 0,84–0,94) e índice de pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial/fração inspirada de oxigênio (OR 0,99; IC 95% 0,98–0,99) poderiam ser fatores de proteção. Conclusões: Documentou-se alta frequência de LRA em pacientes com COVID-19, com diversos preditores: idade, sexo masculino, DM, DRC, PCR, admissão em UTI e suporte vasopressor. LRA ocorreu mais frequentemente em pacientes com maior gravidade da doença e associou-se a maior mortalidade e piores desfechos.

Resumen El contexto sociohistórico reciente de Colombia está inmerso en diversas problemáticas sociales como la desigualdad, la pobreza, la corrupción, el asesinato de líderes sociales y una elevada percepción de inseguridad. Este artículo presenta los resultados obtenidos de dos estudios realizados en diferentes periodos de tiempo (2017 y 2021) en los que se aplicó la escala de percepción de anomia social (PAS) y la escala de inseguridad en dos grupos de participantes: jóvenes (18 a 25 años) y adultos intermedios (40 a 49 años) de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. El tipo de estudio es descriptivo comparativo. La muestra total fue de 371 personas, prevaleciendo la participación del género femenino en ambos años con cerca de 65%. Se presentan estadísticos descriptivos, las correlaciones, la regresión y la comparación, asociados a los resultados del estudio 2017 y 2021. Se comprueba que existen diferencias significativas, siendo la ruptura del tejido social (RTS) más elevada en 2017 y la percepción de inseguridad más alta en 2021; asimismo, en ambos años las mujeres percibieron mayor inseguridad que los hombres.

Abstract The recent sociohistorical context of Colombia is immersed in various social problems such as inequality, poverty, corruption, the murder of social leaders and a high perception of insecurity. This article presents the results obtained from two studies conducted in different time periods (2017 and 2021) in which the social anomie perception scale (PAS) and the insecurity scale were applied in two groups of participants: young people (18 to 25 years) and intermediate adults (40 to 49 years) in the city of Bogota, Colombia. The type of study was descriptive and comparative. The total sample was of 371 persons, with female participation prevailing in both years with about 65%. Descriptive statistics, correlations, regression and comparison are presented, associated with the results of the 2017 and 2021 study. It is found that there are significant differences, being the rupture of the social fabric (RTS) higher in 2017 and the perception of insecurity higher in 2021. Likewise, in both years, women perceived greater insecurity than men.

RESUMEN El cultivo de cebolla de bulbo aparte de ser uno de los principales cultivos de hortalizas a nivel mundial, para Boyacá es considerado uno de los pilares en la economía agrícola regional. Pese a ser tan importante desde el aspecto económico, a nivel agrícola este cultivo posee varios problemas entre los cuales resalta las exigencias nutricionales y las malas prácticas en cuanto al manejo y conservación de los suelos. Es por eso que se hace importante entender cuáles son las variabilidades fisicoquímicas del suelo asociadas al cultivo y estas como pueden estar relacionadas a procesos intrínsecos a escala geográfica local. Para determinar la variabilidad de las condiciones fisicoquímicas del suelo en el cultivo de cebolla de bulbo, se analizaron un total de 15 zonas de 50 × 50 m dentro distrito de riego Usochicamocha. Un total de 15 muestras de suelo y 15 muestras de agua de riego fueron colectadas y posteriormente analizadas en laboratorio. Se obtuvo información de parámetros pH, MO, CE, densidad aparente, textura del suelo, Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, en las muestras de agua, carga de iones, cationes, dureza y turbidez. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron observar una relación significativa entre los atributos del cultivo, propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo y agua en las diferentes zonas de estudio. Estos resultados apoyan la hipótesis de la existencia de una sinergia entre las propiedades extrínsecas e intrínsecas del cultivo y como tienen una relación entre los atributos de calidad del cultivo de cebolla de bulbo.

ABSTRACT The bulb onion crop is not only one of the main vegetable crops worldwide, but it is also considered one of the pillars of the regional agricultural economy in Boyaca. Despite being so important from the economic point of view, at the agricultural level this crop has several problems among which stand out the nutritional requirements and poor practices in terms of soil management and conservation. That is why it is important to understand what are the physicochemical variabilities of the soil associated with the crop and how these can be related to intrinsic processes at a local geographic scale. To determine the variability of soil physicochemical conditions in the bulb onion crop, a total of 15 zones of 50 × 50 m were analyzed within the Usochicamocha irrigation district. A total of 15 soil samples and 15 irrigation water samples were collected and subsequently analyzed in the laboratory. Information was obtained on pH, MO, EC, bulk density, soil texture, Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, ion load, cations, hardness and turbidity in the water samples. The results obtained allowed observing a significant relationship between crop attributes, physicochemical properties of soil and water in the different study zones. These results support the hypothesis of the existence of a synergy between the extrinsic and intrinsic properties of the crop and how they have a relationship between the quality attributes of the bulb onion crop.

Resumen Pneumocystis jirovecii, es un agente fúngico oportunista causante de neumonía (pneumocistosis) que puede ser mortal en personas con condición de inmunocompromiso, incluyendo pacientes VIH con recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ < 200 céls/mm3 y en pacientes inmunocomprometidos por otras etiologías como trasplantes de órgano sólido y cáncer, entre otras. Muchas personas pueden ser portadoras sanas de este agente etiológico y actuar como reservorio y fuente de infección. Artículos relacionados con coinfección entre SARS-CoV-2 y los de carácter oportunistas como P. jirovecii y Aspergillus fumigatus empiezan a publicarse, donde se argumenta que esta infección viral tiene un alto riesgo de coinfección y se manifiesta la importancia de no excluir los patógenos respiratorios, como P. jirovecii, entre otros. La coinfección con P. jirovecii puede no ser detectada en pacientes con infección grave por SARS-CoV-2, dado que pueden compartir características clínicas comunes como infiltrados multifocales bilaterales e hipoxemia profunda entre otras. Por lo tanto, es necesario realizar pruebas diagnósticas adicionales para P. jirovecii en pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2, especialmente cuando se presenten otras características clínicas que pueden apoyar la coinfección, como hallazgos quísticos en la TC torácica y niveles elevados en sangre de 1,3-D-glucano, incluso en ausencia de factores de riesgo clásicos para P. jirovecii, para el diagnóstico de neumonía por Pneumocystis en pacientes con sospecha de infección por SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract Pneumocystis jirovecii, is an opportunistic fungal agent that causes pneumonia (pneumocistosis) that can be fatal in people with immunocomprome status, including HIV patients with CD4+ T lymphocyte count < 200 cels/mm3 and in patients immunocompromised by other aetiologies such as solid organ transplants and cancer, among others. Many people may be healthy carriers of this etiological agent and act as a reservoir and source of infection. Articles related to co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and opportunistic articles such as P. jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus begin publication, where it is argued that this viral infection has a high risk of co-infection, expressing the importance of not excluding respiratory pathogens, such as P. jirovecii, among others. Co-infection with P. jirovecii, may not be detected in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection as they may share common clinical characteristics such as bilateral multifocal infiltrates and deep hypoxemia among others. Therefore, additional diagnostic tests for P. jirovecii, are necessary in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially when other clinical characteristics that may support co-infection are present such as cystic findings in thoracic CT and elevated blood levels of 1.3-D-glucan, including in the absence of classic risk factors for P. jirovecii, for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection.

RESUMEN La fibrilación auricular es la arritmia más frecuente. Su clasificación según el patrón y tipo clínico permiten decidir el tratamiento a emplear que debe incluir control de síntomas y prevención de cardioembolismo. La elección del tratamiento depende de la presencia de fenómenos desencadenantes de la arritmia, factores de riesgo para tromboembolismo, factores de riesgo para sangrado, función cardiaca, funcionalidad del paciente, costo efectividad de los medicamentos y facilidades para acceder al sistema de salud. El anticoagulante a usar deberá elegirse con base en el tipo de fibrilación auricular y la presencia de contraindicaciones, documentación de anticoagulación inefectiva o alto riesgo de falla al tratamiento con warfarina. En presencia de contraindicaciones para la anticoagulación esta puede emplearse en pacientes con alto riesgo de sangrado cuando los factores de riesgo son controlables o corregibles, pudiéndose ofrecer como alternativa la oclusión de la orejuela auricular en pacientes que persisten con alto riesgo de sangrado.

SUMMARY Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent arrhythmia. Its classification according to pattern and clinical type allows to decide the therapeutic strategy to use, that most include control of symptoms and prevention of cardioembolic events. The election of the treatment depends on the presence of triggering events, risk factors for thromboembolism, risk factors for bleeding, cardiac function, patient funcionality, medication costo efectiveness and health care access. The type of anticoagulant has to be supported on the type of atrial fibrillation and the presence of contraindications, documented ineffective anticoagulation or high risk of failure to warfarin. In case of contraindications for anticoagulation this could still be used in high bleeding risk patients, when risk factors are controllable or corrected; leaving left atrial appendage closure as an option for patients that remain in high risk for bleeding events.

Introducción. La falla anastomótica es una de las principales complicaciones de las cirugías gastrointestinales, que se presenta en 3,4 a 15 % de los pacientes, aproximadamente. En Colombia, no se conoce con exactitud la incidencia de falla anastomótica. Objetivo. Determinar la incidencia de falla anastomótica en cirugías intestinales en dos hospitales de IV nivel de Bogotá. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo de cohorte que incluyó pacientes sometidos a anastamosis y a quienes se les hizo seguimiento hasta de 30 días. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la información, asociaciones entre variables mediante la prueba de ji al cuadrado y, además, se emplearon gráficas de Kaplan-Meier para determinar el tiempo hasta el evento. Los datos se analizaron en Stata 13®. Resultados. Se incluyeron 195 pacientes. El 47,1 % era de sexo masculino y la mediana de la edad fue de 60 años (rango intercuartílico, RIC: 48 a 70). La incidencia de falla anastomótica fue de 10,8 % y la tasa de incidencia fue de 10,2 por 1.000 personas/año. El 29,7 % de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones posoperatorias y se presentó una mortalidad de 9,7 %. La mediana de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 8 días (RIC: 5 a 16). Conclusiones. La incidencia de fístula de la anastomosis que se presentó estuvo acorde con lo reportado en la literatura científica a nivel mundial. El antecedente de cirugía abdominal así como la cirugía de urgencia fueron los factores frecuentes entre los pacientes que presentaron falla anastomótica.

Introduction: Anastomotic leak is one of the main complications of patients submitted to gastrointestinal surgery. It occurs in approximately in 3.4% to 15% of cases. In Colombia the overall incidence of anastomotic leak is not known. Material and methods: A prospective cohort study that included patients undergoing anastamosis and who were followed up for up to 30 days. A descriptive analysis of the information was performed. The variables were analyzed with the chi-square test and the Kaplan-Meller graphs were used to determine the time to the event. Data analyses was performed on STATA 13. Results: 195 patients were admitted. 47.1% were male, and the median age of the study group was 60 years (ICR: 48-70). The incidence of anastomotic failure was 10.8% and the incidence rate was 10.2 per 1000 person-years; 29.7% of the patients presented postoperative complications and a mortality rate of 9.7%. The median hospital stay was 8 days (ICR: 5 - 16). Conclusion: The incidence of anastomotic leak observed appears in accordance with reports published in the world literature. The history of abdominal surgery as well as emergency surgery were the most frequent factors among the patients who developed anastomosis leak.

Los estudios de biodiversidad de la entomofauna son escasos para los bosques alto andinos en Colombia y ausentes para sistemas agroforestales. A fin de contribuir con el conocimiento de este grupo específico en estos ecosistemas, se realizó un estudio para conocer la diversidad de la entomofauna presente en el cerro de Juaica, en Tenjo, Cundinamarca. Este ecosistema, se dividió en tres paisajes, denominados bosque, sistema agroforestal y potrero. En el sistema agroforestal, se plantaron tres especies de árboles nativos: roble (Quercus humboldtii), aliso (Alnus acuminata) y magle o macle (Escallonia pendula), para observar su influencia respecto a la diversidad insectil, en comparación con el bosque nativo. En cada paisaje, se utilizaron tres técnicas de captura de insectos, por sitio de muestreo, distribuidos en transectos: trampas pitfall, red entomológica y colecta directa. Se colectaron 842 individuos durante cuatro meses, los cuales, se encuentran representados por 87 morfoespecies agrupadas en 49 familias y 12 Órdenes. El Orden de mayor importancia numérica fue Diptera, con 13 familias, que equivale al 26,5% de la abundancia de la entomofauna muestreada; le sigue Hemiptera, con doce familias (25%); Coleoptera, con nueve familias (18%) e Hymenoptera, con cinco familias (10%). El análisis de los índices de diversidad mostró el valor más alto para el paisaje bosque, con 3,50, para Shannon-Wiener y 11,17, para Margalef. El sistema agroforestal se puede considerar como un arreglo positivo para el mantenimiento o el establecimiento de una fauna insectil, ya prácticamente ausente en los potreros, que reemplazaron el bosque.

Biodiversity studies of the insect fauna are scarce for high Andean forests in Colombia and absent for agroforestry systems. To contribute to the knowledge of this specific group in these ecosystems, a study was conducted to survey the diversity of the insect fauna present in the Juaica's hill at Tenjo, Cundinamarca. The ecosystem was divided into three landscapes: forest, agroforestry and pasture. Three native tree species were planted in the agroforestry system: oak (Quercus humboldtii), alder (Alnus acuminata) and magle or macle (Escallonia pendula) in order to observe their influence on the insect fauna diversity comparing it with the other two landscapes. In each landscape three insect capture techniques were employed per sampling site, arranged in transects: pitfall traps, sweep net and direct hand collection. During four months a total of 842 specimens were collected, represented by 87 insect morpho-species grouped into 49 families and 12 Orders. The Order of highest numerical importance was Diptera with 13 families, which corresponds to 26.5% of the abundance of the insect fauna, followed by Hemiptera with twelve families (25%), Coleoptera with nine families (18%), and Hymenoptera with five families (10%). The analysis of the diversity indices, showed the highest value in rate for forest landscape with 3.50 for ShannonWiener and 11.17 for Margalef. The agroforestry system can be considered as a positive arrangement for either the maintenance or the establishment of an insect fauna, already absent in pasture which replaced the native forests.

A partir de las encuestas de movilidad de Bogotá de 1995 y 2011, realizamos una comparación de los indicadores de motorización, el número de viajes y la distribución modal en la ciudad en estos años. Esta comparación muestra un incremento moderado en los niveles de tenencia de carro y un cambio modal pequeño de transporte público a vehículos particulares. Sin embargo, un escenario tendencial muestra que en las próximas dos décadas estos cambios podrían ser mucho más significativos, amenazando la sostenibilidad de la movilidad urbana en la ciudad

Based on the mobility surveys applied in Bogotá in 1995 and 2011, we compared the levels of motorization, number of trips and modal distribution in these years in the city. This comparison shows a moderate increase in the levels of car ownership and a small modal change from public transportation to private vehicles. However, a trend analysis shows that in the following two decades these changes may be more significant, threatening the sustainability of urban transportation in the city

Antecedentes. Las lesiones por quemaduras se han convertido en un problema de salud pública, especialmente en países en desarrollo. Objetivo. Identificar la epidemiología del trauma por quemaduras en la población que consultó al servicio de urgencias del Hospital Infantil “Rafael Henao Toro” de la ciudad de Manizales en el período comprendido entre el año 2004 y 2005. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo con base en la revisión de 439 historias clínicas, evaluando las variables de edad, género, seguridad social, procedencia, área geográfica, causa, profundidad, gravedad, extensión en porcentaje, área corporal comprometida, estancia hospitalaria y compañía. Resultados. Se encontró que la mayoría de las quemaduras ocurrieron en pacientes de un año de edad (21,6%), predominó el género masculino (59%). La mayoría no tenía seguridad social (52,2%). El 44,9 por ciento de los pacientes residía en la ciudad de Manizales. La principal etiología fueron los alimentos en 194 pacientes (44,2%) predominando el grado I de quemadura en un 78,1 por ciento, con gravedad moderada en 314 pacientes (71,5%). La media de estancia hospitalaria fue 11,99 días. Conclusiones. Se determinó una mayor frecuencia de quemaduras en niños, menores de cinco años, causadas por alimentos, en miembro superior y de gravedad moderada.

Background. Burns have become an increasing problem of public health, in developping countries.. Objetive. To identify the epidemiology of burns trauma in the population that consults to the emergency room in children hospital “Rafael Henao Toro” of Manizales the city between 2004 and 2005 years. Materials and methods. A retrospective descriptive study was made based in the revision of 439 clinical histories, evaluating the of age, sex, social security, origin, geographic area, cause, depth, seriousness, percentage, and corporal area concerned. Results. Burns happened in patients of one year old (21,6%), masculine genre (59%) predominated. Most of the patients did not have social security, corresponding to 52,2%. 44,9% of patients living in the city. The main etiology were hot foods in 194 patients (44,2%). Burn of first degree in 78.1% was the most frequent, with moderate seriousness in 314 patients (71,5%). The most frequent corporal burned extension was of 2% in 15,3% of the total of the studied population, while the corporal region of greater commitment was the superior member in 111 patients (25,3%). The average of hospitalization was 11,99 days. Conclusions. Burns trauma was of greater frequency in children under, five years old, caused by hot foods, in superior member, and of moderate seriousness.