Abstract This work aimed to investigate the physicochemical and functional composition of bee pollen produced in different municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Norte/Brazil (RN) and commercial samples produced in other places. To perform these experiments, samples of dehydrated bee pollen were crushed and subjected to physicochemical evaluation, instrumental color, fatty acid profile, evaluation of the presence of bioactive compounds [Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC), carotenoids] and antioxidant activity (reduction of DPPH radical). The pH of the pollen samples varied from 4.55 to 5.08, the protein from 19.01% to 29.71%, and the ash from 2.44% to 4.27%. All pollen samples showed a yellowish-red hue (a* and b* positive), and the pollen produced in Touros/RN/BR stood out with a lighter color (L* = 32.91). The pollen produced in Touros/RN/BR showed a higher (p < 0.05) percentage of saturated fatty acids (41.60%), whereas the pollen collected in Taipu/RN/BR had a higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (7.44%). Pollen samples showed a low concentration of Total Carotenoid Content (TCC) (0.81 to 22.82 µg/g), as well as a high content of TPC (1.79 to 2.28 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (1.40 to 5.70 µmol TE/g) when compared with the consulted literature. According to the obtained results, we could infer that pollen samples from different locations showed variations in physicochemical composition, coloration, fatty acid profile, TPC and antioxidant activity which reflects the geographic diversity inherent to the production sites. NorteBrazil Norte Brazil RN (RN places experiments profile TPC, , (TPC) carotenoids reduction radical. radical . radical) 455 4 55 4.5 508 5 08 5.08 1901 19 01 19.01 2971 29 71 29.71% 244 2 44 2.44 427 27 4.27% yellowishred yellowish red a* (a b positive, positive positive) TourosRNBR Touros BR L* L (L 32.91. 3291 32.91 32 91 32.91) p 0.05 005 0 05 41.60%, 4160 41.60% 41 60 (41.60%) TaipuRNBR Taipu 7.44%. 744 7.44% 7 (7.44%) TCC (TCC 0.81 081 81 (0.8 2282 22 82 22.8 µg/g, µgg µg/g µg g µg/g) 1.79 179 1 79 (1.7 228 28 2.2 GAE/g GAEg GAE 1.40 140 40 (1.4 570 70 5.7 TE/g TEg TE literature results coloration sites (TPC 45 4. 50 5.0 190 19.0 297 29.71 24 2.4 42 4.27 329 32.9 3 9 0.0 00 416 41.60 6 (41.60% 74 7.44 (7.44% 0.8 8 (0. 22. 1.7 17 (1. 2. 1.4 14 57 5. 19. 29.7 4.2 32. 0. 41.6 (41.60 7.4 (7.44 (0 1. (1 29. 41. (41.6 7. (7.4 ( (41. (7. (41 (7 (4

RESUMO Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar de forma comparativa a influência de diferentes fontes de PUFAS na dieta sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, composição química e características físicas da carne do peito de codornas europeias. Foram utilizadas 280 codornas europeias, peso médio 90,97 ± 0,5 g, durante período de crescimento, compreendido de 14 a 42 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com sete tratamentos, e cinco repetições com 8 aves cada. As codornas foram alimentadas com rações contendo 2% das seguintes fontes e misturas lipídicas: 1. Óleo de soja (SBO); 2. Óleo de linhaça (LSO); 3. Óleo de castanha- doPará (BNO); 4. Óleo de peixe (FSO); 5. LSO+SBO; 6. BNO+SBO; e 7. FSO+SBO. Foram avaliadas as medidas de desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e características de qualidade de carne (composição química, pH, perda por centrifugação, perda de peso por cocção, força de cisalhamento e cor). As medidas de desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar) foram influenciadas pelas fontes lipídicas. A dieta FSO apresentou melhor desempenho. As codornas alimentadas com as dietas BNO (18,27 g/ave/dia), LSO (17,58 g/ave/dia) apresentaram maior consumo de ração. O rendimento de carcaça e a composição química da carne não apresentaram diferença significativa (P > 0,05), enquanto que as características químicas e físicas apresentaram diferença entre as fontes lipídicas suplementadas na dieta. A adição de fontes de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados não causaram efeitos prejudiciais às aves e alterações indesejáveis à qualidade de carne.

ABSTRACT The aim o f this study was to carry out a comparative evaluation of the effect of adding different sources of PUFAS to the diet on performance, carcass yield, chemical composition, and the physical characteristics of breast meat from European quail. A tot al of 280 European quail with a mean weight of 90.97 ± 0.5 g, during the growth period and ranging from 14 to 42 days of age, were distributed in a completely randomised design with seven treatments, and five replications of eight birds each. The quail were fed on diets containing 2% of the following lipid sources and mixtures: 1. Soybean oil (SBO); 2. Linseed oil (LSO); 3. Brazil Nut Oil (BNO); 4. Fish oil (FSO); 5. LSO+SBO; 6. BNO+SBO; and 7. FSO+SBO. Performance measures, such as carcass yield and meat quality (chemical composition, pH, centrifugation loss, weight loss by cooking, shear strength and colour) were evaluated. The performance measures (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion) were influenced by the source of lipids. The FSO diet showed better performance. Quails fed on the BNO (18.27 g/bird/day) and LSO (17.58 g/bird/day) diets had a higher feed intake. Carcass yield and the chemical composition of the meat showed no significant differences (P > 0.05), while the chemical and physical characteristics showed differences between the lipid sources added to the diet. The addition of sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids caused no harmful effects to the birds or undesirable changes in meat quality.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the physicochemical quality of milk and cheese from goats-fed diets containing different concentrations of flaxseed oil in replacement of corn. Eight multiparous Saanen goats weighing 51.0 ± 8.0 kg and 67.0 ± 18.0 days of lactation were used. According to the concentrations of linseed oil inclusion in the diet, the goats were randomly distributed in a latin square (4 x 4), according to the concentrations of linseed oil inclusion in the diet (0, 1, 2, and 3%). Milk samples from each animal were collected twice a day, at regular times, during the three days of data collection in each period, for subsequent physicochemical and fatty acid profile analysis employing gas chromatography. The non-fat solids (P = 0.0302) and density (P = 0.0327) variables sgnificantly affected linseed oil in the goats' feed. Regressive effects (linear and quadratic) were not observed for other variables studied, except for lactose and density. Thus, 20 fatty acids have been identified in goat milk, which gives us an essential source of information about animal diet and milk quality concerning human health benefits. Furthermore, there were changes in the lipid profile of milk, decreasing saturated fatty acids and increasing unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in health-promoting effects.

RESUMO O tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, é uma das espécies nativas da fauna brasileira com grande potencial de expansão, todavia, os estudos de exigências nutricionais são escassos e apresentam resultados conflitantes, a ponto de não termos informações suficientes para formular dietas específicas para a espécie, nas diferentes fases de crescimento. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a influência de níveis de proteína bruta sobre o desempenho produtivo, composição de carcaça e taxa de excreção de amônia em tambaqui na categoria de peso de 2 a 20 g. Os juvenis (peso médio 1,7 ? 0,05 g) foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia, durante um período de 60 dias, com dietas contendo 300; 350; 400 e 450 g kg-1 de proteína bruta. O experimento foi executado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro níveis de proteína e cinco repetições. Os juvenis de tambaqui alimentados com a dieta contendo 300 g kg-1 de proteína bruta apresentaram maior consumo de ração, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de eficiência proteica e valor produtivo da proteína, demonstrando que os animais alimentados com o menor nível de proteína bruta apresentaram melhor eficiência de utilização deste nutriente. Por outro lado, observou-se maior deposição de gordura viscero-somático e lipídio corporal nestes animais. As taxas de excreção de amônia foram menores nos tambaquis alimentados com a ração contendo 300 g kg-1 proteína bruta do que naqueles que receberam ração contendo 450 g kg-1. Recomenda-se o nível de 300g kg-1 de proteína bruta para tambaqui de 2 a 20 g de peso vivo.

ABSTRACT The freshwater fish, tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, is a native species of Brazilian fauna that has the potential to become a widespread aquaculture species, howerer, studies regarding the nutrient requirements remain scarce, often producing conflicting results. Hence, the currently available information is insufficient to formulate the specific diet of this species, for the different growth stages. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein levels on the growth performance, body composition and ammonia excretion rates in tambaqui of 2-20 g body weight. Juvenile (average weight, 1.70 ? 0.05 g) were fed four times a day over a 60 days period using diets containing 300; 350; 400 and 450 g kg-1 crude protein in a completely randomized experimental design. The tambaqui juvenile fed diet containing 300 g kg-1 crude protein exhibited higher feed intake, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and protein productive value. This finding shows an improvement in protein utilization efficiency when fish are fed the lowest level of this nutrient in the diet; however, more viscero-somatic fat deposition and body lipid content was observed in these fish. The total ammonia excretion rates were lower in tambaqui fed diet containing 300 g kg-1 crude protein than those fed diets containing 450 g kg-1 crude protein. From the present investigation, it can be conclude that 300 g kg -1 crude protein should be fed to tambaqui juvenile of 2-20 g body weight.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da vitamina C (VC), vitamina E (VE) e de duas formas de selênio sobre o desempenho, rendimento e qualidade do filé de tilápia Nilótica. O experimento foi realizado num delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por seis tratamentos, os quais foram constituídos pela adição de 100, 200 e 400 mg kg-1 das vitaminas C e E, associados com 0,1, 0,2 e 0,4 mg kg-1 de duas formas de selênio. Cada tratamento foi constituído por cinco repetições de 30 peixes cada. A dieta com 200 mg kg-1 de VC e VE + 0,2 mg kg-1 de selênio orgânico proporcionou ganho de peso, comprimento corporal e fator de conversão alimentar semelhantes aos tratamentos com 400 mg kg-1 de VC e VE + 0,4 mg kg-1 de selênio orgânico ou inorgânico. A adição de selênio orgânico à dieta melhorou o ganho de peso e o fator de conversão alimentar em comparação com o selênio inorgânico. A dieta com 0,2 mg kg-1 de selênio orgânico apresentou nível de glutationa peroxidase igual ao da dieta com 0,4 mg kg-1 de selênio inorgânico. Os rendimentos de carcaça e filé não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, entretanto houve efeito dos tratamentos na composição química do filé.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE), and two selenium sources on the performance, yield, and composition of Nile tilapia fillet. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design consisting of six treatments with the addition of 100, 200, and 400 mg kg-1 VC and VE and 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 of two sources of selenium. Each treatment had five replicates of 30 fish each. The diet with 200 mg kg-1 VC and VE + 0.2 mg.k-1 organic selenium resulted in weight gain, length gain, and feed conversion ratio similar to that of the treatment with 400 mg kg-1 VC and VE + 0.4 mg kg-1 organic or inorganic selenium. The addition of organic selenium to the diet improved the weight gain and feed conversion ratio in comparison with the addition of inorganic selenium. The diet with 0.2 mg kg-1 organic selenium showed glutathione peroxidase level equal to the diet with 0.4 mg kg-1 of inorganic selenium. Carcass and fillet yields were not affected by treatments; however, there was treatment effect on the fillet's chemical composition.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da densidade de estocagem no cultivo do camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei, em água doce. Foram avaliadas as seguintes densidades de estocagem: 5 (D5), 10 (D10), 15 (D15), 20 (D20), 25 (D25) e 30 (D30) camarões por metro quadrado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com duas repetições. Foram avaliados o desempenho zootécnico dos camarões e os parâmetros físicos e químicos da água. Os parâmetros zootécnicos de L. vannamei foram estimados por meio de modelos matemáticos. A alcalinidade média da água foi de 36,8±3,06 mg L-1, e a dureza média de 38,21±3,07 mg L-1. Aos 52 dias de cultivo, o tratamento D5 foi o que promoveu os melhores resultados em peso (5,40±0,99 g) e comprimento (9,50±0,20 cm), no entanto, não diferiu significativamente dos tratamentos D10, D15 e D25 em termos de peso. O tratamento D25 teve maior sobrevivência de camarões (72,10±9,3%). Com base nos modelos matemáticos de peso e comprimento em função do tempo de cultivo, concluiu-se que maiores densidades de estocagem proporcionam camarões com menores ganhos de peso e comprimento, em comparação com as menores densidades.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of stocking density in Litopenaeus vannamei rearing in fresh water. The evaluated densities were: 5 (D5), 10 (D10), 15 (D15), 20 (D20), 25 (D25) and 30(D30) shrimp per square meter. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two replicates. The performance of shrimp and the physical and chemical parameters of water were evaluated. Mathematical models were generated to estimate the zootechnical parameters of L. vannamei. The mean alkalinity of water was 36.8±3.06 mg L-1, and the mean hardness was 38.21±3.07 mg L-1. At 52 days of rearing, treatment D5 had the best results on weight (5.40±0.99 g) and length (9.50±0.20 cm), but the weight did not differ significantly from treatments D10, D15 and D25. Treatment D25 had the best shrimp survival rate (72.10±9.3%). Based on the mathematical models of weight and length as function of rearing time, it was found that higher stocking densities provide shrimp with less weight and length gain.