RESUMO Objetivo: Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo analisar a literatura sobre alterações em biomarcadores salivares endógenos de dor, ansiedade, estresse e inflamação relacionados à movimentação dentária durante tratamento ortodôntico de crianças e adolescentes. Material e Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas eletrônicas em nove bases de dados para identificar estudos quase-experimentais sobre o tema, sem restrições de idioma e ano de publicação. Dois revisores extraíram os dados e avaliaram o risco individual de viés usando as ferramentas JBI, e a certeza da evidência usando a ferramenta GRADE. Resultados: A busca eletrônica encontrou 7.038 registros, dos quais 12 atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade e foram incluídos na síntese qualitativa. A maioria dos estudos apresentou baixo risco de viés. Os biomarcadores foram agrupados em cinco categorias: eletrólitos, enzimas, hormônios, imunoglobulinas e mediadores. Os eletrólitos apresentaram diminuição dos níveis de Ca2+, Pi3+ e K+ e aumento dos níveis de Na+ e Cl-. Todas as enzimas (ALP, LDH, MMP8 e MMP9) aumentaram ao longo do tempo. Os hormônios apresentaram diminuição da leptina e algumas oscilações nos níveis diários de cortisol. As imunoglobulinas (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD e IgE) não tiveram alterações significativas, e a IgA salivar apresentou resultados divergentes entre os estudos. Os mediadores (sRANKL, OPG, IL-1β e PGE2) apresentaram flutuações nas diferentes fases do tratamento, principalmente após a ativação ortodôntica. Conclusões: Com base em um nível de certeza muito baixo, a movimentação dentária ortodôntica teve pouco ou nenhum efeito sobre biomarcadores salivares endógenos. Objetivo dor ansiedade adolescentes Métodos quaseexperimentais quase experimentais tema publicação JBI GRADE Resultados 7038 7 038 7.03 registros 1 qualitativa categorias Ca2 Ca Ca2+ Pi3 Pi K Na Cl. Cl . Cl- ALP, ALP (ALP LDH MMP MMP9 tempo cortisol IgA, (IgA IgG IgM IgE significativas sRANKL, sRANKL (sRANKL OPG IL1β ILβ IL 1β β PGE2 PGE Conclusões 703 03 7.0 70 0 7.

ABSTRACT Objective: This systematic review aimed to analyze the literature on changes in endogenous salivary biomarkers of pain, anxiety, stress, and inflammation related to tooth movement during orthodontic treatment of children and adolescents. Material and Methods: An electronic search was performed in nine databases to identify quasi-experimental studies, without restricting publication language and year. Two reviewers extracted the data and assessed the individual risk of bias using the JBI tools, and the certainty of evidence using the GRADE tool. Results: The electronic search found 7,038 records, of which 12 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Most studies had a low risk of bias. Biomarkers were grouped into five categories: electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, immunoglobulins, and mediators. Electrolytes showed decreased Ca2+, Pi3+ and K+ levels, and increased Na+ and Cl- levels. All enzymes (ALP, LDH, MMP8, and MMP9) increased over time. Hormones presented a decrease in leptin and some fluctuations in daily cortisol levels. Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE) had no significant changes, and salivary IgA showed divergent results among studies. Mediators (sRANKL, OPG, IL‐1β, and PGE2) showed fluctuations at different treatment stages, mainly after orthodontic activation. Conclusions: Based on a very low certainty level, orthodontic tooth movement had little to no effect on endogenous salivary biomarkers. Objective pain anxiety stress adolescents Methods quasiexperimental quasi experimental year tools tool Results 7038 7 038 7,03 records 1 synthesis categories electrolytes hormones immunoglobulins mediators Ca2 Ca Ca2+ Pi3 Pi K levels Na Cl ALP, ALP (ALP LDH MMP8 MMP MMP9 time IgA, (IgA IgG IgM IgD IgE sRANKL, sRANKL (sRANKL OPG IL1β ILβ IL 1β β IL‐1β PGE2 PGE stages activation Conclusions level 703 03 7,0 70 0 7,

RESUMO Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar parâmetros dentários posicionais e gengivais de dentes anteriores superiores em pacientes com fissura labiopalatina transforame unilateral (FLPTU) após tratamento ortodôntico com substituição de incisivo lateral ausente por canino, devido a agenesia. Métodos: Esse estudo de boca dividida reuniu uma amostra, de um mesmo centro especializado de tratamento, de 57 indivíduos com FLPTU (31 homens, 26 mulheres) e agenesia do incisivo lateral superior no lado da fissura. A substituição do incisivo lateral por um canino foi concluída após o enxerto ósseo alveolar secundário. Os modelos dentários foram obtidos entre dois e seis meses após a remoção do aparelho (idade média: 20,4 anos). Foram mensuradas nos dentes anteriores as variáveis: altura, largura, proporção e simetria da coroa, bem como as distâncias entre as bordas incisais, margens gengivais, angulação mesiodistal e inclinação vestibulolingual. O teste t pareado com correção post-hoc de Bonferroni foi usado para comparações entre os lados fissurados e não fissurados (p<0,05). Resultados: No lado fissurado, os caninos que substituíram os incisivos laterais ausentes apresentaram uma altura de coroa maior (0,77 mm) e uma largura aumentada (0,67 mm). Os primeiros pré-molares apresentaram uma altura de coroa menor (1,39 mm). Assimetrias foram observadas no nível gengival dos incisivos centrais e laterais, com maior coroa clínica no lado fissurado (0,61 e 0,81mm, respectivamente). Os incisivos centrais do lado fissurado estavam mais intruídos do que os contralaterais (2,12 mm). Conclusão: Os dentes anteriores superiores demonstraram diferenças de posição, tamanho e altura gengival entre os lados fissurado e não fissurado, após o fechamento do espaço da agenesia dos incisivos laterais superiores. Leves assimetrias na posição do dente e margem gengival nos dentes anteriores superiores devem ser esperadas após o tratamento ortodôntico em pacientes com fissura labiopalatina transforame unilateral. Objetivo (FLPTU Métodos amostra 5 31 (3 homens 2 mulheres secundário idade média 204 20 4 20, anos. anos . anos) variáveis incisais vestibulolingual posthoc post hoc p<0,05. p005 p p<0,05 0 05 (p<0,05) Resultados 0,77 077 77 (0,7 mm 0,67 067 67 (0,6 mm. prémolares pré molares 1,39 139 1 39 (1,3 0,61 061 61 081mm 81mm 0,81mm respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) 2,12 212 12 (2,1 Conclusão 3 ( p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 0,7 07 7 (0, 0,6 06 6 1,3 13 (1, 2,1 21 (2, p0 p<0, (p<0,0 0, (0 1, (1 2, (2 p<0 (p<0, p< (p<0 (p< (p

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare dental positional and gingival parameters of maxillary anterior teeth in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) after orthodontic treatment with canine substitution due to lateral incisor agenesis. Methods: This split-mouth study comprised 57 subjects with UCLP (31 male, 26 female) and agenesis of maxillary lateral incisor at the cleft side, from a single center. Canine substitution was completed after the secondary alveolar bone graft. Dental models were taken between 2 to 6 months after debonding (mean age: 20.4 years). The following variables were measured in the maxillary anterior teeth: crown height, width, proportion, and symmetry, as well as steps between incisal edges, gingival margins, tooth mesiodistal angulation and labiolingual inclination. Paired t-tests with Bonferroni post-hoc correction was used for comparisons between cleft and non-cleft sides (p<0.05). Results: At the cleft side, canines replacing missing lateral incisors had a higher crown height (0.77mm) and an increased width (0.67mm), and first premolars showed a shorter crown height (1.39mm). Asymmetries were observed in the gingival level of central and lateral incisors, with a greater clinical crown at the cleft side (0.61 and 0.81mm, respectively). Cleft side central incisors were more upright than their contralaterals (2.12º). Conclusions: Maxillary anterior teeth demonstrated positional, size and gingival height differences between cleft and non-cleft side after space closure of maxillary lateral incisor agenesis. Slight asymmetries in tooth position and gingival margin in the maxillary anterior teeth should be expected after orthodontic treatment in UCLP patients. Objective (UCLP Methods splitmouth split mouth 5 31 (3 male female center graft mean age 204 20 4 20. years. years . years) proportion symmetry edges margins inclination ttests t tests posthoc post hoc noncleft non p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 0 05 (p<0.05) Results 0.77mm 077mm mm 77mm (0.77mm 0.67mm, 067mm 0.67mm , 67mm (0.67mm) 1.39mm. 139mm 1.39mm 1 39mm (1.39mm) 0.61 061 61 (0.6 081mm 81mm 0.81mm respectively. respectively respectively) 2.12º. 212º º 2.12º 12º (2.12º) Conclusions patients 3 ( p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 (0.67mm (1.39mm 0.6 06 (0. (2.12º p0 p<0. (p<0.0 0. (0 p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver um método de segmentação dentária bem detalhado e reprodutível, para quando for necessário quantificar as medidas volumétricas dos dentes. Material e Métodos: Esse foi um estudo in vitro no qual incisivos inferiores e caninos de cinco pacientes foram reconstruídos em 3D por meio de um processo de segmentação automática com refinamentos manuais. Todas as imagens de TCFC foram obtidas usando tamanho de voxel de 0,3 mm. O software utilizado foi o ITK-SNAP®. Os resultados primários foram as confiabilidades intra-avaliadores e interavaliadores e os respectivos erros de medição. Resultados: A confiabilidade intra-avaliador foi excelente, com erro médio de medição de 4,16%. A confiabilidade interavaliadores foi boa, com erro médio de medição de 7,11%. A avaliação da precisão não foi possível, pois os dentes avaliados não foram extraídos. Conclusões: Embora o método descrito seja confiável, os erros nas medições volumétricas dos dentes podem se tornar significativos, dependendo da situação avaliada. Objetivo reprodutível Métodos D manuais 03 0 3 0, mm ITKSNAP®. ITKSNAP ITK SNAP®. SNAP ITK-SNAP® intraavaliadores intra avaliadores Resultados intraavaliador avaliador excelente 416 4 16 4,16% boa 711 7 11 7,11% possível extraídos Conclusões confiável significativos avaliada ITKSNAP® SNAP® ITK-SNAP 41 1 4,16 71 7,11 4,1 7,1 4, 7,

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a well-detailed and reproducible tooth segmentation method, when quantifying tooth volumetric measurements is needed. Material and Methods: This was an in vitro study in which lower incisors and canines of five patients were 3D reconstructed by means of an automatic segmentation with manual refinements process. All the images were obtained using a 0.3-mm voxel size CBCT imaging. The software utilized was the ITK-SNAP®. The primary outcomes were the intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities and the respective measurement errors. Results: The intra-rater reliability was excellent, with a mean measurement error of 4.16%. The inter-rater reliability was good, with a mean measurement error of 7.11%. Accuracy assessment was not possible, as the assessed teeth were not extracted. Conclusions: Although the described method is reliable, tooth volumetric error measurements may become significant, depending on the assessed situation. Objective welldetailed well detailed needed Methods D process 0.3mm 03mm mm 0.3 0 3 imaging ITKSNAP®. ITKSNAP ITK SNAP®. SNAP ITK-SNAP® intrarater intra rater interrater inter errors Results excellent 416 4 16 4.16% good 711 7 11 7.11% possible extracted Conclusions reliable significant situation 3mm 03 0. ITKSNAP® SNAP® ITK-SNAP 41 1 4.16 71 7.11 4.1 7.1 4. 7.

RESUMO Objetivo: Adaptar transculturalmente para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas de um questionário que avalia a satisfação de pais e responsáveis com relação ao tratamento ortodôntico recebido por seus filhos. Métodos: Tradução do questionário em inglês, pré-teste e avaliação da validade e confiabilidade da versão em português obtida. O questionário consistiu de 25 itens distribuídos em três subescalas (processo durante o tratamento, efeito psicossocial e resultado geral do tratamento). Participaram 83 pais/responsáveis de crianças/adolescentes que concluíram o tratamento ortodôntico. Estatística descritiva foi realizada e foi calculado valor máximo e valor mínimo. Foram determinadas a consistência interna, a estabilidade (intervalo de três semanas), a validade de constructo convergente e a validade de constructo discriminante. A análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) e a análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) avaliaram a dimensionalidade. Resultados: dos 83 pais/responsáveis que participaram do estudo, 58 (69,9%) eram mães e 25 (30,1%) eram pais das crianças/adolescentes. No escore total do questionário e no escore das três subescalas, uma porcentagem aceitável (≤15%) dos participantes atingiu o escore máximo (ceiling effect). No escore total do questionário e no escore das três subescalas, nenhum participante atingiu o escore mínimo (floor effect). O coeficiente α de Cronbach para o escore total foi 0,72 (consistência interna). O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para o escore total foi 0,71 (estabilidade). O escore total do questionário apresentou um coeficiente de correlação de Person alto (>0,50) com as três subescalas (validade de constructo). Pais/responsáveis do sexo feminino apresentaram escores significativamente maiores nas subescalas efeito psicossocial (p=0,013) e desfecho do tratamento (p=0,037), em comparação aos pais/responsáveis do sexo masculino (validade discriminante). AFE e AFC confirmaram a dimensionalidade em uma solução de três fatores. Conclusões: A versão do questionário obtida no presente estudo mostrou-se válida e confiável para o uso na população brasileira. Objetivo filhos Métodos inglês préteste pré teste 2 processo tratamento. . tratamento) 8 paisresponsáveis criançasadolescentes crianças adolescentes interna intervalo semanas, semanas , semanas) discriminante (AFE (AFC Resultados 5 69,9% 699 69 9 (69,9% 30,1% 301 30 1 (30,1% ≤15% 15 (≤15% ceiling effect. effect effect) floor 072 0 72 0,7 interna. interna) 071 71 estabilidade. (estabilidade) >0,50 050 50 (>0,50 constructo. constructo) Paisresponsáveis Pais p=0,013 p0013 p 013 (p=0,013 p=0,037, p0037 p=0,037 037 (p=0,037) discriminante) fatores Conclusões mostrouse mostrou se brasileira 69,9 6 (69,9 30,1 3 (30,1 ≤15 (≤15 07 7 0, (estabilidade >0,5 05 (>0,5 p=0,01 p001 01 (p=0,01 p003 p=0,03 03 (p=0,037 69, (69, 30, (30, ≤1 (≤1 >0, (>0, p=0,0 p00 (p=0,0 (p=0,03 (69 (30 ≤ (≤ >0 (>0 p=0, p0 (p=0, (6 (3 ( > (> p=0 (p=0 p= (p= (p

ABSTRACT Objective: To cross-culturally adapt into the Brazilian Portuguese and evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument for assessing the satisfaction of parents/guardians regarding their sons’/daughters’ orthodontic treatment. Methods: Translations of the instrument from English, pre-test and evaluation of validity and reliability of the Brazilian Portuguese version were performed. The questionnaire has 25 items distributed across 3 subscales (process, psychosocial effect and outcome). Eighty-three parents/guardians of children/adolescents who had completed orthodontic treatment participated. Descriptive statistics and floor and ceiling effects were calculated. Internal consistency, stability (interval of three weeks), convergent construct validity and discriminant construct validity were determined. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed dimensionality. Results: Among the 83 parents/guardians, 58 (69.9%) were mothers and 25 (30.1%) were fathers of children/adolescents. In the questionnaire’s total score and the three subscales scores, an acceptable percentage (≤15%) of participants achieved the maximum score (ceiling effect). In the total questionnaire score and in the three subscales scores, no participant achieved the minimum score (floor effect). Cronbach’s α coefficient for the total score was 0.72 (internal consistency). Intra-class correlation coefficient for the total score was 0.71 (stability). The questionnaire’s total score presented large Pearson correlation coefficient (>0.50) with the three subscales too (construct validity). Female parents/guardians had significantly higher scores in the psychosocial effect (p=0.013) and in the treatment outcome (p=0.037) subscales, compared to male parents/guardians (discriminant validity). EFA and CFA confirmed dimensionality in a three-factor solution. Conclusions: The final obtained version is valid and reliable to be used in Brazilian populations. Objective crossculturally cross culturally parentsguardians parents guardians sons/daughters sonsdaughters sons /daughters daughters sons’/daughters Methods English pretest pre test performed 2 process, process (process outcome. . outcome) Eightythree Eighty childrenadolescents children adolescents participated calculated consistency interval weeks, weeks , weeks) determined (EFA (CFA Results 8 5 69.9% 699 69 9 (69.9% 30.1% 301 30 1 (30.1% questionnaires s ≤15% 15 (≤15% effect. effect) Cronbachs Cronbach 072 0 72 0.7 internal consistency. consistency) Intraclass Intra class 071 71 stability. (stability) >0.50 050 50 (>0.50 validity. validity) p=0.013 p0013 p 013 (p=0.013 p=0.037 p0037 037 (p=0.037 threefactor solution Conclusions populations 69.9 6 (69.9 30.1 (30.1 ≤15 (≤15 07 7 0. (stability >0.5 05 (>0.5 p=0.01 p001 01 (p=0.01 p=0.03 p003 03 (p=0.03 69. (69. 30. (30. ≤1 (≤1 >0. (>0. p=0.0 p00 (p=0.0 (69 (30 ≤ (≤ >0 (>0 p=0. p0 (p=0. (6 (3 ( > (> p=0 (p=0 p= (p= (p

RESUMO Introdução: Protocolos de ensaios clínicos são documentos essenciais, que servem como base para o planejamento da pesquisa. As diretrizes do Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) objetivam aumentar a transparência e a integridade dos protocolos de ensaios clínicos. Objetivos: O presente trabalho descreve os principais aspectos do SPIRIT, destacando a importância do uso dessas diretrizes na Ortodontia. Resultados: O SPIRIT é composto por 33 itens e 1 diagrama, que foram aqui apresentados e explicados. Conclusão: O uso do checklist SPIRIT deve se tornar essencial, para aumentar a transparência e a integridade de ensaios clínicos na pesquisa ortodôntica, tornando-os mais confiáveis e menos tendenciosos, melhorando, dessa forma, a qualidade das futuras publicações nessa área.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Clinical trial protocols are essential documents that serve as a basis for research planning. The Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) statement aimed to increase the transparency and integrity of clinical trial protocols. Objectives: This paper described the main aspects of the SPIRIT, highlighting the importance of using this guideline in Orthodontics. Results: The SPIRIT is composed of 33 items and the diagram, which were presented and explained. Conclusion: The use of the SPIRIT checklist must become essential to increase the transparency and integrity of more reliable and less biased clinical trials in orthodontic research, improving the quality of future publications in this field.

Abstract: This study aimed to develop and validate the Malocclusion Impact Scale for Early Childhood (MIS-EC), a malocclusion-specific measure of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children aged 3-5 years and their parents/caregivers. A pool of items was analysed to identify those relevant to the assessment of the impact of malocclusion on OHRQoL. Dental professionals and mothers of children with and without malocclusion rated the importance of these items. The final version of the MIS-EC was evaluated in a cross-sectional study comprising 381 parents of children aged 3–5 years to assess construct validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Twenty-two items were identified from item pooling. After item reduction, eight items were chosen to constitute the MIS-EC, in addition to two general questions. The MIS-EC demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.79 for the Child Impact section and 0.53 for the Family Impact section), and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.94), floor effect was 55.7% and ceiling effect 0%. MIS-EC scores indicating worse OHRQoL were significantly associated with the presence of malocclusion (p < 0.05). The MIS-EC is reliable and valid for assessing the impact of malocclusion on the OHRQoL of preschool children and their parents/caregivers.

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a group of rare and inherited metabolic disorders caused by the accumulation of macromolecule glycosaminoglycans inside lysosomes. Affected individuals may have dental and craniofacial tissue alterations, facilitating the development of several oral diseases. Objectives To assess, with panoramic radiographic images, the frequency of dental and maxillomandibular incidental findings among MPS individuals and compare them with non-MPS individuals. Methodology A cross-sectional study evaluating a sample of 14 MPS individuals and 28 non-MPS individuals aged from 5 to 26 years was carried out. They were matched for sex and age on a 2:1 proportion. Panoramic radiographs were assessed for the presence/absence of the following dental and maxillomandibular alterations: dental anomalies of number (hypodontia/dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth); anomalies of form (microdontia, macrodontia, conoid teeth, taurodontism, and root dilaceration); anomalies of position (impacted tooth, inverted tooth, tooth migration, partially bony teeth, complete bony teeth); periapical alterations (furcation lesion, circumscribed bone rarefaction); other alterations (radiolucent bone lesions, radiopaque bone lesions, radiopacity in the maxillary sinus, condylar hypoplasia). Differences between groups were tested by the Fisher’s exact test and chi-square test (p<0.05). Results For intrarater agreement, Kappa values were 0.76 to 0.85. The presence of supernumerary teeth (p=0.003); conoid teeth (p=0.009); taurodontism (p<0.001); impacted teeth (p<0.001); partial bony teeth (p=0.040); complete bony teeth (p=0.013); and root dilaceration (p=0.047) were statistically more frequent in MPS individuals compared to non-MPS individuals. Bone rarefaction/furcation lesions (p=0.032), condylar hypoplasia (p<0.001), radiolucent bone lesions (p=0.001), and dentigerous cysts (p=0.002) were also more frequent in MPS individuals. Conclusion The presence of specific oral manifestations is more common in MPS individuals than non-MPS individuals.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Elderly men have been characterized as a group vulnerable to suicide, motivated by loneliness, loss of loved ones and feelings of uselessness to family members. OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the prevalence of different mental disorders among elderly men who attempted suicide. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review of observational studies developed as a result of a partnership between two postgraduate schools (Lagarto and Uberlândia). METHODS: An electronic search was performed in eight electronic databases, including “grey literature”, in January 2019. Observational studies that assessed mental disorders among men older than 60 years who attempted suicide were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS: Among the disorders evaluated, mood disorders had the highest prevalence (42.0%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 31.0-74.0%; I2: 0.0%; P = 0.763), followed by substance use-related disorders (41.0%; 95% CI: 8.0-74.0%; I2: 96.4; P < 0.001) and, lastly, schizophrenic disorders (5.0%; 95% CI: 0.0%-14.0%; I2: 80.3%; P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: It seems that mood disorders and substance use-related disorders are quite prevalent among elderly men with mental disorders who attempted suicide. It is important to consider the role of healthcare services in making early diagnoses of mental disorders among elderly men, in order to diminish the chances of suicide attempts among them. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: CRD42018105981.

Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic the use of cloth masks has increased dramatically due to the shortage of medical masks. However, the efficiency of this material is controversial. We aimed to investigate the efficiency of cloth masks in reducing transmission and contamination by droplets and aerosols for the general population and healthcare workers. Electronic databases were searched without year or language restrictions. Clinical and laboratorial studies were included. The risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using an adapted quality checklist for laboratory-based studies. ROBINS-I tool and Cochrane RoB 2.0 were used to evaluate non-randomized (n-RCT) and randomized clinical trials (RCT), respectively. The quality of the evidence was assessed through GRADE tool. From the eleven studies selected, eight were laboratory-based studies, one non-randomized and one RCT supported by laboratory data. Between the evaluated fabrics only three presented a filtration efficiency > 90%. Hybrid of cotton/chiffon (95%CI 95.2 to 98.8), hybrid of cotton/silk (95%CI 92.2 to 95.8) and cotton quilt (95%CI 94.2 to 97.8). However, cloth masks are not recommended for healthcare workers. A meta-analysis was not feasible due to a high methodological heterogeneity. The overall quality of evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Despite the lower efficiency compared to medical masks, laboratorial results may underestimate the efficiency of cloth masks in real life. Cloth mask efficiency is higher when made of hybrid fabrics (cotton/chiffon, cotton/silk) and cotton quilt, mainly with multiple layers.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o uso da linha vertical glabelar (GVL) como referência para a posição anteroposterior da maxila. Métodos: esse estudo transversal avaliou 129 pacientes (20,21 ± 1,99 anos), sendo 67 mulheres (20,16 ± 1,99 anos) e 62 homens (20,26 ± 2,06 anos). As fotografias de perfil foram realizadas com os pacientes em sorriso posado e em posição natural de cabeça. As distâncias lineares entre a porção mais convexa da face vestibular do incisivo central superior (FA) e a linha do limite anterior (GALL), e entre a FA e a GVL foram mensuradas e comparadas. Para a análise comparativa, utilizou-se o teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman avaliou a correlação. Além disso, foi realizada regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: a distância entre GALL e GVL foi de 0,54 ± 1,14mm (95% IC: 0,34-0,74). Uma forte correlação foi identificada entre as distâncias FA-GALL e FA-GVL (Spearman’s rho = 0,983 (95%IC: 0,976-0,988), p< 0,01). A distância FA-GVL contempla quase todas as variações de FA-GALL (R2 = 95,84%, p< 0,01). Essa distância pode ser calculada através da fórmula: FA-GALL= 0,5 + 0,9*(FA-GVL). Conclusão: os resultados encontrados sugerem que a GVL pode ser adotada como uma referência de fácil utilização na determinação da posição anteroposterior da maxila, quando comparada à GALL para a melhora do perfil facial nos casos em que os incisivos superiores estão corretamente posicionados.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of glabellar vertical line (GVL) as the anteroposterior maxillary position goal. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted assessing 129 participants (20.21 ± 1.99 years): 67 women (20.16 ± 1.99 years), and 62 males (20.26 ± 2.06 years). The facial profile photographs were taken with a posed smile in natural head position. The linear distance from the most facial convexity of the upper central incisor (FA) to the goal anterior-limit line (GALL) and also from FA to GVL were measured and compared. Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was applied. To determine the correlation between the distances, Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used. Simple and multiple linear regression were also performed. Results: The GALL-GVL separation was 0.54 ± 1.14 mm (95%CI: 0.34-0.74). A strong correlation between FA-GALL and FA-GVL distances (Spearman’s rho=0.983 [95%CI: 0.976-0.988], p< 0.01) was identified. The FA-GVL distance explains almost all the total variation of FA-GALL (R2=95.84%, p< 0.01). The FA-GALL distance can be predicted by using the formula: FA-GALL=0.5+0.9*(FA-GVL). Conclusion: These findings suggest that GVL could be used as an easier-to-use treatment goal to determine the maxillary anteroposterior position, compared to GALL, to improve facial harmony profile goals in cases where the maxillary incisors are properly positioned anteroposteriorly.

RESUMO Objetivo: correlacionar a idade esquelética, a estatura, as alturas corporais superior e inferior, e algumas características específicas do crescimento craniofacial, em uma amostra de indivíduos em crescimento, e delinear o crescimento craniofacial usando regressão multivariada. Métodos: esse estudo transversal retrospectivo foi feito com 447 meninos e meninas negros africanos, com idades entre 8 e 16 anos, atendidos na clínica odontológica de um hospital. A maturação esquelética, em anos, foi determinada a partir de radiografias de mão e punho, usando o atlas de Greulich e Pyle. As medidas craniofaciais representando o comprimento maxilar (Ar-ENA), o comprimento mandibular (Ar-Gn) e a altura facial anterior inferior (ENA-Me) foram calculadas a partir de cefalogramas laterais em oclusão habitual. Os comprimentos corporais foram medidos clinicamente, em centímetros. Resultados: correlações moderadas (r = 0,42 a 0,68) foram observadas entre a idade esquelética e as três medidas craniofaciais selecionadas. Também foram encontradas correlações estatisticamente significativas entre as medidas craniofaciais e as alturas corporais superior e inferior. O comprimento mandibular teve uma correlação mais forte com a altura corporal superior do que com a inferior. As análises de regressão múltipla para determinar os comprimentos maxilar e mandibular sugeriram que o sexo e as alturas corporais superior e inferior podem ser usados para determinar o comprimento maxilar, enquanto a idade esquelética e as alturas corporais superior e inferior podem ajudar a determinar o comprimento mandibular. Conclusões: com base na correlação relativamente forte entre a altura corporal superior e comprimento mandibular, pesquisas adicionais nessa área poderiam justificar seu uso como indicador para o período de modificação do crescimento mandibular.

ABSTRACT Objective: To correlate skeletal age, standing height, upper and lower body lengths, and selected craniofacial growth features in a sample of growing individuals, and to model craniofacial growth using multivariate regression. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study with 447 African black boys and girls, between the ages 8 and 16 years, who attended the dental clinic at one hospital. The skeletal maturational age was determined from hand-wrist radiographs using the Greulich and Pyle atlas. Craniofacial measurements representing maxillary length (Ar-ANS), mandibular length (Ar-Gn), and lower facial height (ANS-Me) were calculated from lateral cephalograms in habitual occlusion. Body lengths were clinically measured in centimeters. Results: Moderate correlations (r=0.42 to 0.68) were observed between skeletal age and the three selected craniofacial measurements. Statistically significant correlations were also found between the craniofacial measurements and both upper and lower body lengths. The mandibular length had a stronger correlation with the upper body length than with the lower body length. Multiple regression analyses to determine maxillary and mandibular lengths suggested that sex, upper and lower body lengths might be used to determine maxillary length; while skeletal age, upper and lower body lengths might help determine mandibular length. Conclusions: Based on the relatively strong correlation between upper body length and mandibular length, further research in this area may warrant its use as a predictor for mandibular growth modification timing.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the condition-specific instrument Impact of Fixed Appliances Measure (IFAM), assessing its validity and reliability for use among Brazilian children/adolescents. The IFAM was translated, back-translated, cross-culturally adapted, and pilot-tested. The Brazilian version of the IFAM (B-IFAM) was tested on 161 10-to-18-year-old children/adolescents. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α) and test-retest reliability by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Construct validity was conducted using Pearson correlation among the overall and subscales of the B-IFAM. Discriminant validity was evaluated by comparisons of B-IFAM's means and SD with children's/adolescents' sex (Student t-test). Internal consistency was 0.89 for overall score and 0.55–0.86 for subscales. ICC for test-retest reliability was 0.81 for overall score and 0.55–0.78 for subscales. The overall score of the B-IFAM presented large correlation coefficients with most subscales (r = 0.52–0.74), supporting construct validity. Discriminant validity demonstrated statistically significant difference in the overall score, aesthetics, and physical impact subscales among female and male children's/adolescents' (p < 0.05). In the conclusion, the B-IFAM overall score and some subscales demonstrated adequate psychometric properties regarding reliability and validity. The study achieved a specific-condition instrument feasible for use on Brazilian children/adolescents who wear fixed orthodontic appliances.