ABSTRACT Carbon flows into and out of the soil are important processes that contribute to controlling the global climate. The relationship between soil organisms and the climate is interdependent since the organisms that contribute to carbon and greenhouse gas fluxes are simultaneously affected by climate change and soil management. Temperature, soil moisture, pH, nutrient level, redox potential and organic matter quality are key elements affecting the microorganisms involved in organic carbon flows in the soil. Climate, topography (slope and position in the landscape), soil texture, soil mineralogy and land-use regulate those key elements and, thus, the C fluxes in the pedosphere. Soil microbes can increase carbon influx and storage by promoting plant growth, mycorrhizal establishment, and particle aggregation. Conversely, microorganisms contribute to carbon efflux from the soil via methanogenesis, rhizospheric activity, and organic carbon mineralization. Nevertheless, strategies and management practices could be used to balance out carbon emissions to the atmosphere. For example, carbon influx and storage in the soil can be stimulated by plant growth promoting microorganisms, greater plant diversity via crop rotation and cover crops, cultivating mycotrophic plants, avoiding or reducing the use of fungicides and adopting organic farming, no-tillage crop systems and conservative soil management strategies. Therefore, this review aimed to shed light on how soil microorganisms can contribute to increase C influxes to the soil, and its significance for climate change. Then, we also seek to gather the practical actions proposed in the scientific literature to improve carbon sequestration and storage in the soil. In summary, the review provides a comprehensive basis on soil microorganisms as key to carbon fluxes and helpers to lessen climate change by increasing carbon fixation and storage in agroecosystems via stimulation or application of beneficial microorganisms. Temperature moisture pH level Climate slope landscape, landscape , landscape) texture landuse land thus pedosphere establishment aggregation Conversely methanogenesis activity mineralization Nevertheless atmosphere example crops plants farming notillage no tillage Therefore Then summary

ABSTRACT Biodiesel was developed to solve vast economic and environmental problems related to the use of petroleum as fuel. However, large quantities of water are necessary for biodiesel production, generating a high volume of effluent waste. Therefore, it is important to treat this wastewater in order to meet the environmental legislations according to the Brazilian Resolution Number 430/2011 (CONAMA). This work aimed to treat this effluent by coagulation/flocculation (CF) and an electrochemical advanced oxidation process. The combination of CF techniques (pH = 6.5) and electrochemical oxidation (boron doped diamond - BDD - electrode with NaCl) led to 78.5% removal of total organic carbon. The evaluation of the toxicity with Raphidocelis subcapitata indicated that the treated samples (IC5072h = 1.66%) had higher chronic toxicity when compared to raw effluent samples (IC5072h = 0.17%). This indicates that the proposed treatment was effective to decrease the organic load and reduce the environmental impact of these effluents in water bodies.

RESUMO Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a presença e a concentração dos anti-inflamatórios diclofenaco e naproxeno em um córrego urbano localizado no município de Três de Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, que recebe efluente de uma estação de tratamento de esgoto; e verificar a influência da temperatura da água na ocorrência dos fármacos em águas superficiais. Foi realizado monitoramento dos anti-inflamatórios e dos parâmetros temperatura, pH e oxigênio dissolvido na água durante 12 meses consecutivos (outubro de 2008 a setembro de 2009). Foram coletadas amostras de água mensalmente em seis pontos, representando diferentes seções do córrego. As amostras foram submetidas ao processo de extração em fase sólida e analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Para verificar a influência da temperatura da água na ocorrência dos anti-inflamatórios diclofenaco e naproxeno nos ambientes aquáticos, utilizou-se um modelo de regressão logística do Statistical Analysis System versão 9.0. Os anti-inflamatórios diclofenaco e naproxeno foram detectados nos diferentes pontos monitorados no Córrego da Onça. Os demais parâmetros avaliados neste estudo foram comparados com os padrões de qualidade de água estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005. A maior concentração do diclofenaco foi detectada no ponto localizado à jusante da estação de tratamento de esgoto do município, enquanto a maior concentração de naproxeno foi registrada na foz do córrego. A temperatura da água influencia de forma inversamente proporcional a ocorrência dos dois anti-inflamatórios no córrego, ou seja, quanto maior a temperatura do corpo hídrico, menor a probabilidade de detecção dos fármacos diclofenaco e naproxeno.

ABSTRACT The aims of this study were to evaluate the presence and concentration of the anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and naproxen in an urban stream located in Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, that receives effluent from a wastewater treatment plant; and to evaluate the influence of water temperature in the occurrence of these drugs into surface waters. Monitoring of both anti-inflammatory and the parameters temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen was held in this water body during 12 consecutive months (October 2008 to September 2009). Water samples were collected monthly at six points representing different sections of the stream. The samples were subjected to solid phase extraction procedure and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. To check the influence of water temperature on the occurrence of the anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and naproxen in aquatic environments, it was used a logistic model of regression, the Statistical Analysis System version 9.0. The anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and naproxen were detected at different points in the Stream of Onça. The other parameters evaluated in this study were compared with the water quality standards established by the CONAMA Resolution 357/2005. The highest concentration of diclofenac was detected in the point located downstream of the wastewater treatment plant of the city, while the largest concentration of naproxen was recorded at the mouth of the stream. The water temperature influence, in an inversely proportional way, the occurrence of both anti-inflammatory in the stream, the higher the temperature the lower the water body probability of detection of drug diclofenac and naproxen.

Atividades antrópicas causam grandes impactos em ambientes aquáticos, provocando alterações na biodiversidade e no ambiente. Na tentativa de determinar níveis de poluição foram definidos parâmetros físicos e químicos, índice de estado trófico e testes de toxicidade com organismos. O Rio Piracicaba é um importante corpo d'agua que recebe despejos de xenobióticos de origem agropecuária, industrial e doméstica. Estes poluentes são lançados de forma direta ou são provenientes de córregos que deságuam nesse rio, como o córrego Itapeva. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar o fator de toxicidade para Daphnia magna (FTD), índice de estado trófico (IET), pH, condutividade, temperatura e oxigênio dissolvido no Rio Piracicaba e córrego Itapeva a partir de uma coleta mensal nos meses de maio a agosto de 2011. No Rio Piracicaba não foi encontrada toxicidade, e nos meses de maio, junho e agosto, os FTD foram de 1, 8 e 1, respectivamente. A IET variou de mesotrófico a eutrófico no Rio e no Córrego de ultraoligotrófico a mesotrófico. A condutividade média para o Córrego Itapeva foi de 479,5 μS.cm-1 e para o Rio Piracicaba foi de 219,8 μS.cm-1. O oxigênio dissolvido no Rio Piracicaba variou de 6,89 a 11,36 mg.L-1 e no Córrego Itapeva de 0,92 a 6,31 mg.L-1. Com base nos resultados, ambos os corpos hídricos apresentavam-se no momento como eutróficos, e o Córrego do Itapeva foi classificado como impróprio para a manutenção da vida aquática.

Anthropogenic activity has a great impact on aquatic environments, causing changes in biodiversity and the environment. In an attempt to determine pollution levels, we established physicochemical parameters, a trophic state index and toxicity assays. The Piracicaba River is an important water body that receives xenobiotic waste from industry, domestic activities and agriculture. These pollutants are released directly into the river or by streams like Itapeva Stream, which discharges into the river. The goals of this work were to analyze the toxicity factor for Daphnia magna (TFD), trophic state index (TSI), pH, conductivity, temperature and dissolved oxygen in the Piracicaba River and in the Itapeva Stream from one monthly collection in the months of May, June and August 2011. In the Piracicaba River was not found toxicity, while in May, June and August the TFD was 1, 8 and 1, respectively. The TSI varied from mesotrophic to eutrophic in the river and in the stream from ultraoligotrophic to mesotrophic. The medium of conductivity for the Itapeva Stream was 479.5 µS.cm-1 and for the Piracicaba River was 219.8 µS.cm-1. The dissolved oxygen in the Piracicaba River varied from 6.89 to11.36 mg.L-1 and in the Itapeva Stream from 0.92 to 6.31 mg.L-1. Based upon the results, both hydric bodies were eutrophic, and the Itapeva Stream was classified as unsuitable for maintaining aquatic life.

Recentemente o uso de material lignocelulolítico tem mostrado um importante avanço na produção de biocombustíveis. O bagaço e a vinhaça são resíduos oriundos do processamento da cana de açúcar e contem um alto teor de carbono, que geralmente é usado na co-geração de energia e ração animal. Três linhagens de Pleurotus e um ascomiceto, Trichoderma reesei, foram cultivados em bagaço pré-tratado e vinhaça. As atividades lignolíticas e celulolíticas foram analisadas, tanto quanto a produção de biomassa. Foi observado que o tratamento no bagaço com 2% H2O2 + 1.5% NaOH + autoclave resultou numa maior quebra da fibra, aumentando o teor de celulose em 1.2 vezes mais e diminuiu em 8.5 vezes o conteúdo de hemicelulose. Este tratamento também resultou numa alta atividade lignolítica pelos fungos utilizados. O ascomiceto T. reesei produziu lacase, peroxidase e manganês-peroxidase em todos os tratamentos, tendo uma atividade de manganês-peroxidase variando entre 1.9 a 4.8 vezes mais que nos basidiomicetos.

In this present work, three strains of Pleurotus and Trichoderma reesei were cultivated in media with pre-treated bagasse and vinasse. Cellulolytic and lignolytic activities and biomass production were analyzed. The treatment of the bagasse with 2% H2O2 + 1.5% NaOH + autoclave resulted in a greater fiber breakage increasing the cellulose level up to 1.2 times and decreasing 8.5 times the hemicellulose content. This treatment also resulted in a high lignolytic activity for all cultures utilized. T. reesei produced laccase, peroxidase and manganese-peroxidase in all the treatments, having its manganese-peroxidase activity raging from 1.9 to 4.8 times higher than the basidiomycetes.