BACKGROUND: Statins are used as cholesterol-lowering drugs and may also have direct antimicrobial effects. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate synergic interactions between simvastatin and both amphotericin B and fluconazole, against environmental strains of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from captive birds’ droppings. DESIGNAND SETTING: Experimental study conducted at Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, in collaboration with Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil. METHODS: Statin susceptibility tests of Cryptococcus neoformans samples were performed as prescribed in standards. Interactions of simvastatin with amphotericin and fluconazole were evaluated using the checkerboard microdilution method. Presence of these interactions was quantitatively detected through determining the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). RESULTS: Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans were obtained from 30 of the 206 samples of dry bird excreta (14.5%) that were collected from pet shops and houses. Ten isolates were selected for susceptibility tests. All of them were susceptible to amphotericin and fluconazole. All presented minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > 128 µg/ml and, thus, were resistant in vitro to simvastatin. An in vitro synergic effect was shown through combined testing of amphotericin B and simvastatin, such that six isolates (60%) presented FICI < 0.500. Two isolates showed considerable reductions in MIC, from 1 µg/ml to 0.250 µg/ml. No synergic effect was observed through combining fluconazole and simvastatin. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that simvastatin should be considered to be a therapeutic alternative, capable of potentiating the action of amphotericin B. However, further studies are necessary to clarify the real effect of simvastatin as an antifungal agent.

Este estudou investigou evidências de comportamentos de apego em crianças com autismo. Participaram 10 meninos com autismo, 10 com síndrome de Down e 10 com desenvolvimento típico, equiparados pela idade, cuja média foi de, aproximadamente, 4 anos. Uma sessão de observação de brincadeira livre, com cinco episódios, foi utilizada para avaliar os comportamentos interativos da criança com a mãe e com uma pessoa não-familiar (o estranho). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos, quanto à maioria dos comportamentos de apego. Contudo, o grupo com autismo apresentou uma freqüência maior de comportamento de esquiva, do que os outros grupos, apenas no 1º episódio. As comparações intragrupos mostraram que as crianças com autismo interagiram mais com a mãe, do que com o estranho. Esses resultados demonstram a ocorrência de apego entre crianças com autismo e suas mães e as vantagens de se usar análises que considerem as peculiaridades desses comportamentos.

This study investigated the attachment behaviors in children with autism. Ten boys with autism, 10 boys with Down syndrome and 10 boys with typical development who were around 4 years old, participated in the study. A free-play session, which consisted of five episodes, was used to observe the interactive behaviors between the child and the mother, and also an unfamiliar person (the stranger). No significant differences were found among the three groups concerning most of the attachment behaviors. However, the children with autism presented a higher frequency of avoidant behavior, only in the first episode. The comparison of differences inside the group showed that children with autism interacted more with their mothers than with the stranger. These results show the attachment behavior among autistic children with their mothers and the advantages of using a coding system that takes into account the particularities of this behavior.

O conjunto de sinais e sintomas observados após um acometimento neurológico no hemisfério direito pode ser denominado de Síndrome do Hemisfério Direito &– SHD. Esse ensaio teórico tem por objetivo apresentar uma caracterização desse quadro neuropsicológico. A SHD é, então, caracterizada por déficits nas funções cognitivas atenção, percepção, memória, praxias e funções executivas, com a presença de anosognosia, heminegligência sensorial, prosopagnosia, alterações de memória visuo-espacial e de trabalho, dispraxia construtiva e disfunção executiva. Quanto às habilidades comunicativas, a SHD engloba alterações nos componentes discursivo, pragmático-inferencial, léxico-semântico e prosódico. Os déficits de processamento emocional incluem dificuldades de compreensão e produção de emoções a partir de expressões faciais ou emissões vocais e alterações neuropsiquiátricas. Há, no entanto, uma heterogeneidade na sua manifestação. Tendo em vista essa variabilidade de sinais e sintomas, mais estudos de caso e de grupo com indivíduos lesados de hemisfério direito devem ser conduzidos para um melhor entendimento da SHD.

The group of signs and symptoms observed after a right hemisphere damage can be called Right Hemisphere Syndrome &– RHS. This paper aims to present a description of the mentioned neuropsychological pathology. Cognitive deficits, such as disorders of attention and perception (anosognosia, hemineglect and prosopagnosia), memory (visual and spatial amnesia and working memory disorder), praxis (constructional disability) and executive functions (executive dysfunctions) characterize the RHS. When it comes to communicative abilities, the RHS is characterized by discoursive, pragmatic, lexical-semantic and prosodic deficits. Emotional disorders include inaccurate emotions comprehension and production from facial expressions and vocal intonation; besides these deficits, there are neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, a great heterogeneity in RHS manifestation is observed. For a deeper knowledge of RHS, it is necessary to promote more single case and group studies with the right brain damaged population.

L'ensemble des signes et symptomes observés après une atteinte cérébrale droite peut être nommé de Syndrome de l'Hémisphère Droit &– SHD. Cet article vise présenter une caractérisation de cette syndrome. Les altérations cognitives, comme des déficits de l'attention, perception, mémoire, praxies et fonctions executives, avec la présence de l'anosognosie, héminégligence spatiale, prosopagnosie, altérations de la mémoire spaciale et de travail, apraxie constructive et disfonctions executives, principalement les altéracions perceptives, sont celles les plus décrites. Séquelles dans toutes les fonctions cognitives et dans les processus communicatifs &– atteintes discursives, pragmatiques, lexico-sémantiques et prosodiques &– et émotionnels &– difficultés de la compréhension et production des expressions émotionnelles faciales et vocales &– sont considérées comme partie de la SHD même s'il y a une hétérogéneité quand elle se manifeste. Il devrait avoir plus d'études de cas et de groupe avec les cérébrolésés droits pour qu'on puisse meilleur comprendre la SHD.