ABSTRACT Afforestation of sites disturbed after bauxite mining is the favorite technique to restore all ecosystem functions. The nature of the tree species used for revegetation of post-mining land can accelerate the recovery of soil organic matter and nutrient cycles. This study aimed to determine the litterfall production, decomposition rate and nutrient content from three types of forest cover ( Eucalyptus , Anadenanthera peregrina , mixed plantation of 16 native species) planted in a bauxite mining area in recovery. Litterfall production was evaluated monthly over 30 months, and the litter mass was assessed twice a year (dry and rainy periods). Total nutrient content was determined from samples grouped by period (dry and rainy). The annual average values for litterfall dry mass and litter mass were higher in Eucalyptus and mixed native. The period (dry or rainy) did not influence litterfall rates in A. peregrina , but Eucalyptus and mixed native presented higher amounts for litterfall during the rainy and dry periods, respectively. Litter accumulation in Eucalyptus was not affected by the season of the year, but mixed native and A. peregrina presented higher litter accumulation in the dry season. Apparent decomposition rates of A. peregrina and mixed native were higher in the rainy season, highlighting the A. peregrina with the highest values compared with the other forest covers. The mixed native presented the highest leaf content of P, K, Ca and Mg in both the litterfall and litter mass, while Eucalyptus had the lowest P, K, Ca, S and N content and the highest C content in the litterfall. Litterfall production is important in degraded areas to ensure the nutrient return to the soil. The data obtained suggest that the cultivation of a mixed of 16 native trees contribute for produce the higher annual litterfall yields, besides produces leaf litterfall of better nutritional quality in relation to P, K, Ca, Mg and S. Therefore, mixed of native trees can be a promising option for reactivation of nutrient cycling and organic matter formation in mined area of bauxite in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. functions postmining post cycles 1 3 months periods. periods . periods) rainy. A respectively covers P K yields Therefore Forest

ABSTRACT Phosphorus availability in soils is low due to its strong retention by inner-sphere complexation on minerals in the clay fraction with pH-dependent charges, such as goethite. On the other hand, sulfur has greater availability because it is retained mainly by electrostatic attraction. We evaluated the intensities of the inner-sphere complexation of orthophosphate and sulfate (H2PO4-/HPO42- and SO42- - generically treated as PO4 and SO4) under different experimental conditions (pH, goethite purity, and contact times) on synthetic goethite samples to establish the mechanisms and models involved in those bonds. Inner-sphere PO4 and SO4 were extracted using both HNO3 1 mol L-1 and USEPA 3051A methods. Inner-sphere complexation of PO4 and SO4 was highest at pH 5 in relation to pH 9. Attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra showed inner-sphere complexation bands of PO4 on goethite in the protonated binuclear bidentate (pH 5) and deprotonated binuclear bidentate (pH 9) forms. Inner-sphere complexation of PO4 was much more expressive than that of SO4. Phosphorus and sulfur oxyanions displace the diprotonated ferrol ligand (-OH2+0.5 in -FeOH2+0.5), while the -OH-0.5 in the -Fe-OH-0.5 group are only displaced by PO4. The -O-1.5 ligand in Fe-O-1.5 group is not displaced by PO4 or SO4. The high surface negative charge density of PO4 defined its higher activation energy for exchanging -OH2+0.5 and -OH-0.5 on the goethite surface in relation to SO4. The proposed model can be used to reduce inner sphere phosphate adsorption in soils and improve P fertilization efficiency for farming.

Abstract Introduction: In Mexico, neither the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) nor the Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System (BAROS) instruments have been used to assess quality of life (QoL) before and after bariatric surgery (BS). Objective: To describe changes in QoL using the SF-36 and BAROS questionnaires in patients with severe obesity before and after BS. Methods: Clinical and anthropometric data of patients undergoing bariatric surgery between 2015 and 2016 were collected. Statistical significance was considered with a p-value < 0.05. Results: 230 patients were analyzed, 98 before and 132 and after BS; most were females (81 %). Initial body mass index was 48 kg/m2 (44-53). SF-36-measured QoL showed an increase in the physical component score from 43 to 54.2 points (p < 0.001), and in the mental component, from 53.3 to 56.6 points after BS. With BAROS, 98.5 % showed good to excellent QoL results within the first three months after BS. Conclusion: When measured with the SF-36 and BAROS questionnaires, QoL of Mexican patients with severe obesity was found to improve after BS.

Resumen Introducción: En México no se han utilizado los instrumentos Shorth Form 36 Items (SF-36) ni Baryatric Assesment Reporting Outcomes System (BAROS) para evaluar la calidad de vida (CV) antes y después de la cirugía bariátrica (CB). Objetivo: Describir los cambios en la CV con los cuestionarios SF-36 y BAROS, en pacientes con obesidad severa antes y después de la CB. Métodos: Se recolectaron los datos clínicos y antropométricos de pacientes sometidos a cirugía baríatrica entre 2015 y 2016. Se consideró con significación estadística una p < 0.05. Resultados: Se analizaron 230 pacientes, 98 y 132 antes y después de la CB; la mayoría fue del sexo femenino (81 %). El índice de masa corporal inicial fue de 48 kg/m2 (44-53). La CV medida con el SF-36 demostró un incremento en la puntuación del componente físico de 43 a 54.2 (p < 0.001) y en el componente mental, de 53.3 a 56.6 después de la CB. Con BAROS, en 98.5 % se registraron resultados buenos a excelentes en la CV en los primeros tres meses. Conclusión: Al ser medida con los cuestionarios SF-36 y BAROS se definió que la CV de los pacientes mexicanos con obesidad severa mejora después de la CB.

ABSTRACT The effects of a diet supplemented with 5% marine fish oil, 5% refined palm oil, 5% soybean oil, and a combination of the three on reproductive parameters of females Rhamdia quelen was investigated. Spawning was artificially induced to evaluate rates of fertilization, hatching and larvae normality. Fatty acid profiles of the diets, ovaries and oocytes were determined. A higher spawning rate (%) was observed for diets containing fish oil (78.65 ± 3.60) and palm oil (77.15 ± 3.97), followed by oil mix (65.46 ± 4.57). The diet containing soybean oil was associated with significantly lower fertilization (60.14 ± 5.66; P < 0.05) than the palm and fish oil diets. Lower fertilization may be explained by a high level of n-6 fatty acids in the diet, which possibly accelerate the oocyte maturation. Satisfactory fecundity (P > 0.05) were observed for all tested diets, whit 289.77 ± 23.90 (palm oil) until 323.31 ± 38.45 oocytes g-1 body weight (fish oil). The treatments were not shown to influence oocyte size, larval size or rate of larva deformity. Oocyte fatty acid composition was like that of gonads. Docosahexaenoic (DHA; C22:6 n-3) fatty acid was preferentially deposited in ovaries and oocytes. Ratios of n3/n6, DHA/EPA, EPA/ARA, did not affect the reproductive performance of females. Therefore, regarding female reproductive performance, the vegetable lipid sources tested are suitable for being used in R. quelen diet, and palm oil, in particular, is considered an excellent alternative to fish oil.

Abstract Introduction: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the leading cause of outpatient hypercalcemia associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV) has been proposed as a non-invasive method for assessing endothelial function. Objective: To compare the endothelial dysfunction measured by FMV and diastolic dysfunction in patients with PHPT before and after parathyroidectomy. Method: We performed a quasi-experimental (before-after) study to evaluate diastolic function and FMV in patients with PHPT before and six months after parathyroidectomy. Results: Fifteen patients completed study: 12 women and 3 men; 73% presented lithiasis, 27% osteoporosis and 53% metabolic syndrome; 73% presented diastolic dysfunction before the surgery and 60% after the surgery (p = 0.09). Post-isquemia brachial diameter improved from 41 mm (before surgery) to 46 mm (after surgery; p = 0.020). After surgery, we also observed an increase in the brachial diameter pre vs. post-ischemia from 41 to 46 mm (p = 0.005). Before surgery, the change in the delta of brachial diameter pre and post-ischemia was 1 mm and up to 4 mm after surgery (p = 0.03). Conclusions: There is a minor endothelial dysfunction measured by FMV in patients who underwent surgery for PHPT at 6 months after surgery, as well as a trend towards improvement in diastolic dysfunction. Echocardiography can be useful in the preoperative evaluation in patients with asymptomatic PHPT.

Resumen Introducción: El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) es la principal causa de hipercalcemia ambulatoria y se ha asociado con un riesgo cardiovascular elevado. La vasodilatación mediada por flujo (VMF) es un método no invasivo que evalúa la función endotelial. Objetivo: Comparar la disfunción endotelial mediante VMF y la disfunción diastólica en pacientes con HPTP antes y después de la paratiroidectomía. Método: Mediante un estudio cuasiexperimental (antes-después) se evaluaron la función diastólica y la VMF antes y 6 meses después de realizar una paratiroidectomía. Resultados: Se incluyeron 15 pacientes con HPTP: 12 mujeres (80%) y 3 hombres (20%); el 73% presentaron litiasis, el 27% osteoporosis y el 53% síndrome metabólico; el 73% tenían disfunción diastólica antes de la cirugía y el 60% después de la cirugía (p = 0.09). Los diámetros braquiales post-isquemia mejoraron de 41 mm antes de la cirugía a 46 mm tras la cirugía (p = 0.020). Así mismo, los diámetros braquiales preisquemia vs. post-isquemia después de la cirugía mejoraron de 41 a 46 mm (p = 0.005). Antes de la cirugía, el cambio en la delta del diámetro braquial preisquemia y post-isquemia fue de 1 mm, y subió a 4 mm después de la cirugía (p = 0.03). Conclusiones: Existe una menor disfunción endotelial medida por VMF en pacientes posoperados por HPTP a los 6 meses de la cirugía. El estudio ecocardiográfico puede ser de utilidad en la evaluación preoperatoria de los pacientes con HPTP asintomáticos.

Currently, there is a growing concern over the presence of estrogens in the aquatic environment, where they can be introduced from wastewater after their incomplete elimination in the treatment plants. Wastewater systematically receives natural and synthetic estrogens, and thus a deeper understanding of the fate of them in the environment is extremely necessary. It was evaluated estrogen levels in the effluent from the Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plants (SWTPs) Penha and Ilha do Governador, both of type conventional continuous-flow activated sludge with extended aeration. The determination of some target compounds as natural estrogens was used as the evaluation parameter [estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and synthetic (17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)]. Individual samples were collected posterior treatment of each SWTP, and after laboratory procedures, the determination of estrogens was performed by a method based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 5.2 μg/l and from 0.5 to 5.6 for E1; 0.9 to 7.7 and 1.2 to 9.2 μg/l for E2; 2.1 to 6.9 and 1.7 to 4.8 μg/l for EE2 at SWTPs Penha and Ilha do Governador, respectively. The removal capacity of estrogens despite its effectiveness denotes that the systematic elimination by the population is high nowadays and urging mechanisms to mitigate the exaggerated consumption or to implement most effective complete removal.

En la actualidad, existe una preocupación creciente por la presencia de estrógenos en el medio acuático, donde pueden ser introducidos a partir de aguas residuales después de su eliminación incompleta en las plantas de tratamiento. Las aguas residuales sistemáticamente reciben estrógenos naturales y sintéticos, y por lo tanto una comprensión más profunda de la suerte de ellos en el medio ambiente es necesaria. Se evaluaron los niveles de estrógenos en los efluentes de las Plantas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PTARs) Penha e Ilha do Governador, ambos de tipo convencional de flujo continuo de lodo activado con aireación prolongada. Fue utilizado como el parámetro de determinación de algunos compuestos de interés como estrógenos naturales [estrona (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3)) y sintéticos (17α-etinilestradiol (EE2)]. Las muestras individuales se recogieron posteriormente al tratamiento de cada PTAR y después de los procedimientos de laboratorio se realizó la determinación de estrógenos basado en la extracción en fase sólida (SPE) y la cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detector de arreglo de diodos (HPLC-DAD). Las concentraciones fueron de: 0,7 a 5,2 μg/l y de 0,5 a 5,6 de E1; 0,9 a 7,7 y 1,2 a 9,2 μg/l para E2; 2,01 a 6,09 y 1,07 a 4,08 μg/l para EE2 en PTAR Penha y PTAR Ilha do Governador, respectivamente. La capacidad de eliminación de estrógenos fue eficaz, pero denota que la eliminación sistemática de la población es en la actualidad alta. Se recomienda instalar mecanismos para mitigar el consumo exagerado de estas sustancias o implementar una eliminación completa más eficaz.

Introducción: la radioquimioterapia es una opción de tratamiento curativo del carcinoma de cérvix, particularmente en pacientes de medio hospitalario uruguayo cuyo diagnóstico se realiza en estadios localmente avanzados. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los resultados terapéuticos y la toxicidad crónica de dicho tratamiento en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Método: se incluyeron 164 pacientes portadoras de carcinoma cérvico-uterino que completaron el tratamiento de radioquimioterapia entre junio de 2006 y noviembre de 2008. La radioterapia externa (RTE) consistió en irradiación pélvica (concomitante con cisplatino semanal) y braquiterapia (BT) útero-vaginal. Se calculó la dosis biológica efectiva para tumor, para recto y para vejiga. Se analizó la tasa de control locorregional y la sobrevida a cinco años, así como las complicaciones crónicas por el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: la sobrevida global obtenida fue de 67% a cinco años, mostrando diferencias significativas entre el estadio II (78%) y el estadio III (49%) (Log-rank test, p = 0,0002). La tasa de complicaciones crónicas grado 3-4, según RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group), fue de 1,8% para las urinarias y 3,7% para las digestivas. El control local inicial fue de 89% y la persistencia lesional de 10,3%; recidiva locorregional (RL) en todo el período: 19,5%; metástasis con o sin RL: 10,3%. Conclusiones: se confirma en nuestro medio la eficacia terapéutica de la radioquimioterapia en cáncer de cérvix. La mayoría de las recidivas o persistencias fueron por falta de control locorregional luego del tratamiento inicial. El tratamiento fue bien tolerado, con bajo porcentaje de complicaciones crónicas, comparable con referencias internacionales.

Resumo Introdução: a radio-quimioterapia é uma opção de tratamento curativo do carcinoma de cérvix, particularmente em pacientes do meio hospitalar uruguaio cujo diagnóstico é feito em estádios localmente avançados. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os resultados terapêuticos e a toxicidade crônica deste tratamento no Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Método: foram incluídas 164 pacientes portadoras de carcinoma cérvico-uterino que completaram o tratamento de radio-quimioterapia no período junho de 2006 - novembro de 2008. A radioterapia externa (RTE) foi feita por irradiação pélvica (concomitante com cisplatina semanal) e braquiterapia (BT) útero-vaginal. A dose biológica efetiva para tumor, reto e bexiga foi calculada. A taxa de controle loco-regional e a sobrevida aos cinco anos foram calculadas e também as complicações crônicas utilizando o método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: a sobrevida global obtida foi de 67% aos cinco anos, mostrando diferenças significativas entre o estádio II (78%) e o estádio III (49%) (Log-rank test, p = 0,0002). A taxa de complicações crônicas graus 3-4, de acordo com a RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group), foi 1,8% para as urinarias e 3,7% para as digestivas. O controle local inicial foi de 89% e a persistência da lesão de 10,3%; recidiva loco-regional (RL) em todo o período: 19,5%; metástases com ou sem RL: 10,3%. Conclusões: a eficácia terapêutica da radioquimioterapia no câncer de cérvix no nosso meio foi confirmada. A maioria das recidivas ou persistências foi devida a falta de controle loco-regional depois do tratamento inicial. O tratamento foi bem tolerado, com baixa porcentagem de complicações crônicas, comparável a referências internacionais.

Abstract Introduction: radiochemotherapy may be used to cure cervical cancer, particularly for patients treated in Uruguayan hospitals, whose diagnosis is made in locally advanced stages. The study aims to analyse therapy results and chronic toxicity of such treatment at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center (CHPR). Method: 164 carriers of cervical-uterine cancer who completed the radiochemotherapy treatment between June 2006 and November 2008 were included in the study. External radiochemotherapy consisted in pelvic irradiation (in combination with weekly cisplatin) and uterus-vaginal brachytherapy. Effective biological doses for tumor were calculated, for the rectum and the bladder. Locoregional control rate and survival after 5 years, as well as chronic complications, were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: global five-year survival rate was 67%, there being significant differences between stage II (78%) and stage III (49%) (Log-rank test, p = 0.0002). According to RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) Grade 3/4 chronic complications rate was 1.8% for urinary complications and 3.7% for digestive complications. Initial local control was 89% and lesion persistence was 10.3%, locoregional recurrence (LR) throughout the period was 19.5%; metastases with and without LR was 10.3% Conclusions: therapeutic effectiveness of radiochemotherapy for to treat cervical cancer is confirmed in our context. In most cases recurrence or persistence resulted from lack of locoregional follow-up after initial treatment. Treatment was well tolerated, with low percentage of chronic complications, what is comparable to international literature.

This is the first record of immature stages of species belonging to the subgenus Nyssorhynchus (Blanchard) in eutrophized breeding habitats. Larvae of Anopheles (Nys.) evansae (Brethes), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) rangeli (Gabaldon et al), Culex nigripalpus (Theobald) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) were collected in a rural eutrophized dam in Rio de Janeiro State, in Southeastern Brazil. Eutrophication was substantiated by the low diversity of mosquitoes, the high incidence of Cx. quinquefasciatus (42%) and of Daphinia sp. and, the high levels of both organic nitrogen (0.28 mg/l) and total phosphorus (0.02 mg/l).

OBJETIVO: Propor um índice de sustentabilidade da água de uso urbano com indicadores que possam fundamentar o desenvolvimento de ações planejadas. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 11 indicadores (incluindo aspectos relativos a água e esgoto) com base nos parâmetros do Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Saneamento (SNIS) para os anos-base 2000 e 2001. Para cada indicador foi atribuída uma nota e arbitrado um peso. A partir disso, foi calculado o índice de sustentabilidade da água urbana (ISAU), utilizando-se a fórmula ISAU = produto (Ii pi), onde Ii é a nota para cada indicador i, variando entre 0 e 100; e p i é o peso para cada indicador i, sendo sigmai n=1 p i = 1, onde n é o número de indicadores considerados. A pior qualidade da água é indicada por um valor igual a zero, e a melhor, por um valor igual a 100. RESULTADOS: O valor do índice de sustentabilidade da água urbana do Município do Rio de Janeiro foi de 58,99 e 59,57 para os anos de 2000 e 2001, respectivamente, valores que indicam qualidade boa da água. CONCLUSÕES: A melhora observada na qualidade da água no Rio de Janeiro possivelmente se deve à implantação, na década de 1990, de um programa de recuperação ambiental na região. O planejamento ambiental para uso racional e prevenção da destruição dos recursos hídricos é fundamental para a manutenção da sociedade.

OBJECTIVE: To propose an urban water sustainability index based on indicators that may serve as a foundation for developing planned actions concerning water resources. METHODS: Eleven indicators (covering aspects of water and sewage) were selected based on the parameters of Brazil's National Water and Sanitation Information System (Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Saneamento) for the years 2000 and 2001. A score and a weight were assigned to each indicator. Based on that, the urban water sustainability index (UWSI) was calculated, using the formula UWSI = product (Ii pi), where Ii is the score attributed to each indicator i, ranging from 0 to 100, and p i is the weight for each indicator sigmai n=1 p i = 1 ,where n is the number of indicators considered). The lowest water quality is indicated by an index value of 0, and the best by an index value of 100. RESULTS: The urban water sustainability index for the city of Rio de Janeiro was 58.99 in 2000, and it rose to 59.57 in 2001, indicating water of good quality in both those years. CONCLUSIONS: The improvement in the quality of the water resources between 2000 and 2001 in the city of Rio de Janeiro is possibly the result of the implementation, in the 1990s, of an environmental management program in the Rio de Janeiro region. Environmental planning that includes rational use of water resources and methods to prevent their destruction is crucial to sustaining society.