Abstract: The integration of artificial intelligence in Latin American universities has raised ethical challenges among faculty members. Understanding and addressing these challenges is crucial for a successful implementation of artificial intelligence in the educational context. This study was conducted using a descriptive-explanatory quantitative approach, incorporating the opinions of 665 university professors from Latin America. Data was collected through surveys, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.91. Analysis of the data revealed a range of ethical concerns among the educators regarding the utilization of artificial intelligence in education. These concerns vary in magnitude and nature, but they reflect a clear need to address and understand the ethical implications of artificial intelligence in the educational sphere. The adoption of artificial intelligence in Latin American higher education has raised ethical concerns. These concerns, while valid, should not be insurmountable barriers but points of reflection to optimize the integration of artificial intelligence in education. The study provides an essential overview for institutions, educators, and developers looking to implement AI in higher education, emphasizing the urgency of addressing these ethical challenges in an anticipatory and strategic manner.

Resumen: El Pediatric Index of Mortality 3 (PIM3) es una escala que estima el riesgo de mortalidad en niños ingresados a Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico (UCIP) en la primera hora del ingreso. Objetivo: validar la escala PIM3 en población pediátrica que ingresa a UCIP en alturas sobre los 2.500 metros sobre el nivel del mar (m.s.n.m.), y evaluar si el lactato y el índice Saturación de Oxígeno/Fracción inspirada de oxígeno (SpO2/FiO2) mejoran su capacidad de predicción de mortalidad. Pacientes y Método: Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico realizado en diez UCIP de Colombia entre noviembre de 2016 y junio de 2017. Se recolectaron variables para cálculo del PIM3, lactato sérico y el índice SpO2/FiO2. Se validó su capacidad de discriminación con el área bajo la curva ROC y la calibración mediante la prueba de bondad de ajuste de Hosmer Lemeshow. Resultados: Se incluyeron 2.803 registros de admisiones, con una mortalidad global de 4,8%, y razón estandarizada de mortalidad de 1,1 (IC95%; 1,00-1,3). El PIM3 mostró una baja calibración (p < 0,001) y una adecuada discriminación para la población aplicada (ROC 0,84; IC95% 0,83-0,86). La adición de lactato sérico y SpO2/ FiO2 permitieron una buena calibración (p = 0,75), y mantuvo una alta discriminación de mortalidad (ROC 0,86; IC95% 0,84-0,87). Conclusiones: El comportamiento de la escala PIM3 tiene adecuada discriminación, pero una baja calibración en niños admitidos a UCIP sobre los 2500 m.s.n.m.. Las variables lactato y SpO2/FiO2 mejoraron su habilidad predictiva.

Abstract: The Pediatric Index of Mortality 3 (PIM3) is a scale that estimates the risk of mortality in children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) within the first hour of admission. Objective: to validate the PIM3 scale in pediatric population admitted to PICU at altitudes over 2,500 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), and to evaluate whether lactate and the oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (SpO2/FiO2) index improve its ability to predict mortality. Patients and Method: A prospective multicenter study was carried out in 10 PICUs in Colombia between November 2016 and June 2017. Variables were collected for the calculation of PIM3, serum lactate, and SpO2/FiO2 index. Their discrimination capacity was validated with the area under the ROC curve and calibration using the Hosmer Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Results: 2,803 admissions were included, with an overall mortality of 4.8% and a standardized mortality ratio of 1.1 (95%CI 1.00-1.3). PIM3 showed low calibration (p < 0.001) and adequate discrimination for the studied population (ROC 0.84; 95%CI 0.83-0.86). The addition of serum lactate and SpO2/FiO2 allowed a good calibration (p = 0.75) and maintained a high discrimination of mortality (ROC 0.86; 95%CI 0.84-0.87). Conclusions: The performance of the PIM3 scale has adequate discrimination, but low calibration in children admitted to PICU at above 2500 m. a. s. l. Lactate and SpO2/FiO2 variables improved its predictive ability.

Resumen Evaluamos la composición microbiana del kéfir de agua durante un ano para determinar si la cantidad y el tipo de microorganismos cambiaban con el tiempo. Se aislaron colonias de bacterias y de levaduras con diferentes morfologías, y su actividad antimicrobiana se evaluó frente a Paenibacillus larvaey Ascosphaeraapis. También se realizó una caracterización química del kéfir. Nuestros resultados confirmaron que las bacterias y las levaduras eran más numerosas en los gránulos de kéfir en comparación con la parte líquida. Los recuentos de microorganismos disminuyeron, aunque una cantidad igualmente importante se encontró en el kéfir después de un año. Se aislaron del kéfir once cepas que inhibieron los mencionados patógenos de abejas. Los resultados genotípicos demostraron que estos aislamientos eran Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Lentilactobacillus buchneri y Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Por lo tanto, el kéfir de agua podría ser una fuente innovadora de potenciales cepas probióticas para contribuir a la nutrición y sanidad de las abejas.

Abstract We evaluated the microbial composition of water kefir grains and beverage overthe course of one year to determine whether the number and type of microorganisms changedover the time. Bacteria and yeast colonies with different morphologies were isolated fromwater kefir and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Paenibacillus larvae andAscosphaera apis. A chemical characterization of kefir was also carried out. Our results con-firmed that bacteria and yeasts were more numerous in kefir grains compared with those in thebeverage. The counts of microorganisms declined, although an important microbial community was still present in kefir after the long storage period. Eleven strains which inhibited bee pathogens were isolated from kefir. Genotypic results demonstrated that these isolates included Lentilactobacillus hilgardii, Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thus, water kefir may be an innovative source of potential probiotic strains for bee nutrition in order to control honeybee diseases.

Abstract: The Pediatric Index of Mortality 3 (PIM3) is a scale that estimates the risk of mortality in children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) within the first hour of admission. Objective: to validate the PIM3 scale in pediatric population admitted to PICU at altitudes over 2,500 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), and to evaluate whether lactate and the oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (SpO2/FiO2) index improve its ability to predict mortality. Patients and Method: A prospective multicenter study was carried out in 10 PICUs in Colombia between November 2016 and June 2017. Variables were collected for the calculation of PIM3, serum lactate, and SpO2/FiO2 index. Their discrimination capacity was validated with the area under the ROC curve and calibration using the Hosmer Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Results: 2,803 admissions were included, with an overall mortality of 4.8% and a standardized mortality ratio of 1.1 (95%CI 1.00-1.3). PIM3 showed low calibration (p < 0.001) and adequate discrimination for the studied population (ROC 0.84; 95%CI 0.83-0.86). The addition of serum lactate and SpO2/FiO2 allowed a good calibration (p = 0.75) and maintained a high discrimination of mortality (ROC 0.86; 95%CI 0.84-0.87). Conclusions: The performance of the PIM3 scale has adequate discrimination, but low calibration in children admitted to PICU at above 2500 m. a. s. l. Lactate and SpO2/FiO2 variables improved its predictive ability.

Resumen: El Pediatric Index of Mortality 3 (PIM3) es una escala que estima el riesgo de mortalidad en niños ingresados a Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico (UCIP) en la primera hora del ingreso. Objetivo: validar la escala PIM3 en población pediátrica que ingresa a UCIP en alturas sobre los 2.500 metros sobre el nivel del mar (m.s.n.m.), y evaluar si el lactato y el índice Saturación de Oxígeno/Fracción inspirada de oxígeno (SpO2/FiO2) mejoran su capacidad de predicción de mortalidad. Pacientes y Método: Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico realizado en diez UCIP de Colombia entre noviembre de 2016 y junio de 2017. Se recolectaron variables para cálculo del PIM3, lactato sérico y el índice SpO2/FiO2. Se validó su capacidad de discriminación con el área bajo la curva ROC y la calibración mediante la prueba de bondad de ajuste de Hosmer Lemeshow. Resultados: Se incluyeron 2.803 registros de admisiones, con una mortalidad global de 4,8%, y razón estandarizada de mortalidad de 1,1 (IC95%; 1,00-1,3). El PIM3 mostró una baja calibración (p < 0,001) y una adecuada discriminación para la población aplicada (ROC 0,84; IC95% 0,83-0,86). La adición de lactato sérico y SpO2/ FiO2 permitieron una buena calibración (p = 0,75), y mantuvo una alta discriminación de mortalidad (ROC 0,86; IC95% 0,84-0,87). Conclusiones: El comportamiento de la escala PIM3 tiene adecuada discriminación, pero una baja calibración en niños admitidos a UCIP sobre los 2500 m.s.n.m.. Las variables lactato y SpO2/FiO2 mejoraron su habilidad predictiva.

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Summary: The new Coronavirus SARS CoV-2 pandemic was declared at the beginning of March 2020 when the Uruguayan government appointed the National Contingency Plan for the COVID-19 disease caused by this virus. This plan included non-pharmacological preventive measures such as: hand hygiene, physical distancing, use of different types of masks according to the risk of who should wear them, in some periods, restrictions to mobility, educational activities or public shows, and movement by land, air or sea. Responsible freedom was strongly called for. In December 2020, the Vaccination Strategy was included as a primary prevention mechanism. On 3/1/2021, the COVID-19 2021 Vaccination Campaign began, it was non-mandatory, population-based, initially for people over 19 years of age, and for adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age and pregnant women since June. The National Honorary Scientific Advisory Group (GACH) together with the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (CNAV) of the Ministry of Public Health (MSP) that has vast experience in advising health authorities in scientific decisions on the introduction of vaccines, and an ad-Hoc Commission created for COVID-19 vaccines, brought together experts to advise on the vaccination strategy. The Honorary Commission for the Fight Against Tuberculosis and Prevalent Diseases (CHLA-EP), as the operational branch of the MSP’s Department of Immunizations, has participated with all stakeholders since December to implement the COVID-19 Population Vaccination Campaign without neglecting their tasks regarding the vaccination to prevent other infectious diseases. Methodology: a descriptive, retrospective study was carried out regarding the strategies implemented by the Immunization Operational Department (operational branch of the Ministry of Health’s Immunization Department), A. Calmette Laboratory, Honorary Commission, General Coordination and Administrative Departments between November, 2020 and July 2021. Data source: reports were issued or provided specially for this work by the Immunization Operational Department, A. Calmette Laboratory, by the Ministry of Public Health’s immunization Department, Human Resources, Material Resources, Support, Communication and Design Service, Peripheral Centers, Executive Board and General secretariat. Results: the results of the 4 periods are as follows: 1- Planning (Period November - December 2020), 2- Training, hiring of human resources and advice for the acquisition of qualitative and quantitative material resources (January - February 2021), 3- Opening of COVID-19 vaccination centers (Hubs), posts and launch of the COVID-19 Campaign (March 2021), 4- Overlap of the 2021 flu campaign (April-June) and maintenance of vaccine coverage (National Immunization Programme - PNI). 1- Planning: The characteristics of the different vaccines (dead virus vaccines, vector vaccines and in particular mRNA vaccines, with storage requirements of -70ºC, transfer and distribution requirements of -25ºC, and reconstitution and use of +2 + 8ºC) were taken into account in the different scenarios. Risk and costs analysis were performed. We interchanged data with different companies that provided this service, we participated in training activities with some of them, mainly in the design of a solid cold chain without failures (e.g. a Vac-Q-tec training activity). The transfer of vaccines to hubs, tertiary vaccination centers or peripheral vaccination centers was designed. The different destination site of the vaccines, the different possible scenarios were taken into account, both at local central level (Montevideo - Carrasco International Airport), but also at National level using the different air terminals. Similarly, strategies for the distribution of vaccines by land were planned involving different public or private actors based on the institutions’ experience, both regarding the vaccination campaign and in the PNI maintenance. We made a supply acquisition plan for the vaccine’s storage and distribution, for the vaccination itself, and for the purchase of supplies jointly with the Procurement Department of the Ministry of Economy and Executive Secretariat of the MSP. Six-people vaccination teams were created with clear roles and with the slogan of rapid, universal, free and safe vaccination for all. 2- Training: Courses and materials were organized for the staff to acquire updated knowledge about SARS CoV 2 and COVID-19, transmission mechanisms, use and planning of use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and of course, a detailed monitoring of the vaccines being developed. We carried out a thorough analysis of the vaccine companies to arrive in Uruguay, we focused on 3 of them (Pfizer BioNtech, CoronaVac, Oxford AZ). Training was carried out by roles (vaccinators, preppers, administrators, position referents, backups). Special emphasis was placed on the training of the care of the person to be vaccinated, registration of the vaccination act, end-to-end cold chain, disposal of used materials and filing out inspection forms. All the contents and materials were available on the Institution’s webpage. Human resources: human resources were allocated for the creation, signature and registration of the paperwork for 1,463 new contracts for teams across the country. These resources were allocated not only to vaccination itself, but also to actively participate in each of the vaccination posts. This meant that the work was multiplied by 6 for the tasks required during this period. The Department of Material Resources, went from packaging and distributing from 7 to 15 packages a month to 80 packages a month for each Peripheral/Vaccination Center. Material shipment quadrupled at the beginning of the campaign and it eventually grew by five and sixfold. Some of the key figures to highlight are: 3, 300,000 needle syringes, 8,800 liters of Eucalyptus Alcohol, 852,000 latex and nitrile gloves and 141,000 isolation gowns. 3. COVID-19 Vaccination Hubs, Posts and Campaigns. We gradually opened maximum response mass vaccination Hubs in Montevideo (8), Canelones (1) and Maldonado (1). Since it was had been decided to vaccinate 3 to 5 people every 15 minutes, the primary results at the Hospital de Clínicas Hub were 211,153 doses administered in 32 vaccination posts, and at Antel Arena Hub 615,637 doses were administered in its 15 vaccination posts. As of July 31, there were 144 COVID 19 vaccination posts throughout the national territory. The distribution was made nationwide: 3,229,320 Sinovac vaccine doses, 97,790 Oxford-Astra Zeneca vaccine doses, and 1,585,452 Pfizer-BioNtech vaccine doses. We devised 60 teams including a referent (identification, registration, control), a trainer, 2 vaccinators and vaccination driver for Homes for the Elderly at ELEPEM and people needing special care. They actively participated in the vaccination at ELEPEM, Shelters and Schools for Children with Special Needs and visited a total of 1679 Institutions and overall, 35,006 people were vaccinated. 4- Overlap of the 2021 flu campaign (April-June) and the maintenance of the COVID vaccine coverage (National Immunization Programme - PNI). Since 04/24/2021, the Anti-Flu Campaign began, and it overlapped the COVID-19 campaign described above, which meant reinforcing strategies and expanding actions to be able to carry out both campaigns simultaneously, always with the objective of maintaining the National Immunization Program. Vaccination was carried out at the ELEPEM, as it is performed annually by the commission and vaccination of COVID-19, influenza and PNI was performed on the territory. According to the data received on July 17 in the Ministry of Public Health Immunization Unit Report (week 12), there were 605,802 registered doses, of which at least 87,802 had been administered by the Institution. This difference regarding previous campaigns could have been caused by the intense work carried out during the COVID19 Vaccination Campaign. Within the framework of the inter-institutional activity “Barrio a Barrio” (Vaccination in all Neighborhoods), 7,225 people were vaccinated with the influenza vaccine at the CHLA-EP mobile vaccination bus in Montevideo. The CHLA-EP has contributed with logistics and vaccination with a 2-dose schedule for the 3 platforms and a booster dose for those who received virus vaccines. The CHLA-EP has contributed to achieving the target of the COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign between 1/3 and 8/29/21: 5,487,181 doses were applied, 2,065,269 people received 1 dose of vaccine and 2,496,290 of them received 2 doses and 333,662 have received booster doses. Conclusion: the planning, training, provision of human and material resources has enabled us to successfully carry out two historical simultaneous vaccination campaigns in hubs, vaccination centers, ELEPEM and all along the territory.

Resumo: A pandemia causada pela infecção pelo novo Coronavírus SARS CoV-2 determinou que no Uruguai no início de março de 2020 o governo elaborasse o Plano Nacional de Contingência para a doença COVID-19 causada por este vírus. Este plano incluía medidas preventivas não farmacológicas como: higiene das mãos, distanciamento físico, uso de diferentes tipos de máscaras dependendo do risco de quem as deve usar, em alguns períodos várias restrições à circulação de pessoas, atividades educativas ou espetáculos públicos e a trânsito por terra, ar ou mar). Foi feito um forte apelo à liberdade responsável. A partir de dezembro de 2020, decidiu-se incorporar uma Estratégia de Vacinação à prevenção primária. Em 01/03/2021 teve início a Campanha de Vacinação COVID-19 2021, não obrigatória, de base populacional, inicialmente para maiores de 18 anos e a partir de junho contempla adolescentes entre 12 e 17 anos e gestantes. O Grupo Honorário de Assessoramento Científico do Governo Nacional juntamente com a Comissão Nacional de Assessoramento de Vacinas (CNAV) do Ministério da Saúde Pública (MSP), que assessora autoridades de saúde em decisões científicas sobre a introdução de vacinas, e uma Comissão ad hoc criada para vacinas contra a COVID-19 reuniu especialistas do país para aconselhar sobre a estratégia de vacinação. A Comissão Honorária de Luta contra a Tuberculose e Doenças Prevalentes (CHLA-EP) como braço operacional do Departamento de Vacinação do MSP envolveu-se desde dezembro com todos os intervenientes na implementação da Campanha de Vacinação da População COVID-19, aliás de realizar as tarefas de vacinação para prevenir outras doenças infecciosas. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo das estratégias implementadas pelo Departamento Operacional de Imunizações (braço operacional do Departamento de Imunizações do MSP), Laboratório A. Calmette, Comissão Honorária, Coordenação Geral e departamentos administrativos: entre os meses de novembro de 2020 a julho de 2021. Fonte de dados: relatórios divulgados ou oferecidos especialmente para este trabalho pelo Departamento Operacional de Imunizações, Laboratório A. Calmette, Departamento de Imunizações do Ministério da Saúde Pública, Recursos Humanos, Recursos Materiais, Serviço de Apoio, Comunicação e Design, Centros Periféricos, Direção Executiva e Secretaria Geral. Resultados: são apresentados os resultados de 4 períodos: 1- Planejamento (novembro - dezembro de 2020), 2- Capacitação, contratação de recursos humanos e assessoria para aquisição de recursos materiais em qualidade e quantidade (janeiro - fevereiro de 2021), 3- Abertura de centros (Hubs), postos de vacinação COVID-19 e implementação da Campanha COVID-19 (março 2021), 4- Sobreposição da campanha da gripe 2021 (abril-junho 2021) e manutenção da cobertura vacinal (PNI) 1- Planejamento: As características das vacinas a receber eram vacinas de vírus mortos, vacinas vetoriais e em particular mRNA com requisitos de armazenamento de temperaturas de -70ºC, transferência e distribuição de -25ºC, e reconstituição e uso de +2 +8ºC nos diferentes cenários. Análise de risco e análise de custo foram realizadas. Realizaram-se intercâmbios com diferentes empresas que prestam este serviço, participando em ações de formação com algumas delas, essenciais na criação de uma cadeia de frio sólida e sem falhas (ex. ação de formação com Vac-Q-tec). Foi projetada a transferência de vacinas para os hubs, centros de vacinação terciários ou periféricos. Tendo em conta o local de chegada das vacinas, foram considerados os diferentes cenários possíveis, não só a nível central (Montevidéu - Aeroporto Internacional de Carrasco), mas também a nível nacional utilizando os diferentes terminais aéreas. Da mesma forma, foram planejadas estratégias de distribuição de vacinas por via terrestre envolvendo diferentes atores (públicos ou privados), com base na experiência da instituição, tanto na campanha de vacinação quanto na manutenção do PNI. A previsão de compra de insumos foi feita tanto para o armazenamento e distribuição da vacina, quanto para a própria vacinação, como também na tomada de decisão na compra de insumos, atuando em conjunto com o Departamento de Compras do Ministério da Economia e Gestão Secretário do MSP. Eles participaram da formação de equipes de 6 pessoas com funções especificas de vacinação com o slogan de vacinação rápida, universal, gratuita e segura. 2- Capacitação, contratação de recursos humanos e assessoria para aquisição de recursos materiais em qualidade e quantidade. Foram organizados cursos e materiais para que os funcionários adquirissem conhecimento atualizado sobre SARS CoV2 e COVID-19, mecanismos de transmissão, uso e planejamento de uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI) e também para o acompanhamento minucioso das vacinas em desenvolvimento. Fizemos a análise minuciosa das possíveis vacinas candidatas para chegar ao Uruguai, e focamos em 3 delas (Pfizer BioNtech, CoronaVac, Oxford AZ). O treinamento foi realizado por funções (vacinadores, treinadores, administradores, posição de referência, backup). Foi dado especial destaque à formação no cuidado da pessoa a vacinar, registo do ato vacinal, rede de frio em todos os seus pontos, eliminação de materiais utilizados e preenchimento de fichas de controlo. Todos os conteúdos e materiais foram disponibilizados na página web da Instituição. Recursos humanos: funcionários foram alocados para a preparação, assinatura e registro de 1.463 novos contratos para complementar as equipes em todo o país, estes recursos humanos estiveram dedicados não apenas à vacinação em si, mas a participar ativamente de cada um dos postos de vacinação. Isso significou que o trabalho se multiplicou por 6 para as tarefas exigidas durante esse período. O Departamento de Recursos Materiais, passou de embalar e distribuir de 7 para 15 embalagens por mês, passando para 80 embalagens para cada Periférico/Centro de Vacinação. A remessa habitual de materiais se quadruplicou e no início da campanha aumentou cinco e seis vezes. Alguns dos números a destacar são: 3.300.000 seringas com agulha, 8.800 litros de álcool de eucalipto, 852.000 luvas de látex e nitrílica e 141.000 túnicas. 3. Abertura de centros e postos de vacinação COVID-19 e lançamento da Campanha COVID-19. Isso gerou progressivamente o estabelecimento de centros de resposta máxima (Hubs) (vacinação em massa) 8 em Montevidéu, um em Canelones e um em Maldonado. Já que decidiu-se vacinar de 3 a 5 pessoas a cada 15 minutos, no Hub. O Hospital de Clínicas administrou 211.153 doses em seus 32 postos de vacinação e na Arena Hub Antel foram administradas 615.637 doses em seus 15 postos de vacinação. Até 31 de julho, havia 144 postos de vacinação contra a COVID 19 habilitados em todo o território nacional. A distribuição foi realizada, 3.229 foram distribuídos em todo o país, 320 doses de vacina Sinovac, 97.790 doses de vacinas AstraZeneca e 1.585452 de vacina Pfizer. Participaram no treinamento de 60 equipes de referência (identificação, registo, controle), treinador, 2 vacinadores e motorista para vacinação em estabelecimentos de longa permanência para idosos (ELEPEM) e pessoas com situações especiais em albergues e escolas especiais, visitando um total de 1.679 Instituições e vacinando a 35.006 pessoas. 4- Sobreposição da campanha de gripe de 2021 (abril a junho de 2021) e manutenção da cobertura vacinal (PNI). A partir de 24/04/2021 teve início a Campanha da Gripe 2021, sobrepondo-se à campanha COVID-19 descrita, o que implicou o reforço de estratégias e ampliação das ações para poder cumprir ambas campanhas em paralelo, sempre com o objetivo de não descurar o Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Foi realizada a vacinação no ELEPEM, conforme anualmente realizada pela comissão e a vacinação no território das vacinas COVID-19, influenza e PNI. De acordo com os dados recebidos até 17 de julho no relatório da Unidade de Imunizações dos Ministérios da Saúde Pública (semana 12), foram registradas 605.802 doses, das quais pelo menos 87.802 doses foram administradas pela Instituição. Essa diferença em relação às campanhas anteriores pode ser atribuída ao intenso trabalho realizado na estratégia de Vacinação COVID19. No âmbito da atividade interinstitucional Bairro a Bairro, 7.225 pessoas foram vacinadas com a vacina contra gripe no celular do CHLAEP de Montevidéu. O CHLA-EP tem contribuído desde a logística e vacinação com um esquema de 2 doses para as 3 plataformas e uma dose de reforço para quem recebeu vacinas de vírus mortos. O CHLA-EP contribuiu para atingir os números da Campanha de Vacinação COVID-19 entre 1/3 e 29/8/21: 5.487.181 doses aplicadas, 2.065.269 pessoas que receberam 1 dose de vacina e delas 2.496.290 têm 2 doses e 333.662 receberam doses de reforço. Conclusões: O planejamento, capacitação, disponibilização de recursos humanos e materiais permitiram a realização de duas campanhas de vacinação coexistentes nos hubs, vacinatórios, ELEPEM e no território, o que pode ser considerado um processo bem sucedido e histórico.

Resumo: Uma reforma psiquiátrica está em curso na América Latina e Caribe. Especificamente na Argentina, um modelo de saúde mental comunitária está sendo construído, ainda acontecendo internações psiquiátricas prolongadas, principalmente em hospitais neuropsiquiátricos. Faz-se necessário, portanto, o acompanhamento da reforma psiquiátrica. Uma das formas de fazê-lo é analisando as atitudes da sociedade frente à internação psiquiátrica prolongada como forma de tratamento da saúde mental. Assim, foi realizado um estudo observacional analítico na Província de Buenos Aires, Argentina, no ano de 2021, onde foram analisadas as atitudes de vizinhos de pessoas que tiveram internações psiquiátricas prolongadas e que receberam apoio habitacional. Foram aplicados questionários a vizinhos e não vizinhos, questionando as atitudes em relação à internação psiquiátrica prolongada como forma de tratamento, bem como a distância social em relação às pessoas que foram internadas, e também entrevistas específicas com informantes-chave de bairros onde vivem pessoas com problemas graves de saúde mental e que recebem apoio habitacional. Com base nas respostas de vizinho e não vizinhos, não foram identificadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas atitudes em relação à internação psiquiátrica prolongada como forma de tratamento, nem em relação à distância social em relação às pessoas que foram internadas. Os informantes-chave condicionaram sua avaliação da hospitalização prolongada e valorizaram o papel das equipes de apoio na viabilização da vida comunitária.

Resumen: La reforma psiquiátrica se encuentra en proceso en la región de América Latina y el Caribe. Específicamente en Argentina, el modelo de salud mental comunitaria está en construcción, siendo aún observable la presencia de internaciones psiquiátricas prolongadas, principalmente en hospitales neuropsiquiátricos. Resulta así necesario monitorear la reforma psiquiátrica, siendo una de las vías para ello el análisis de las actitudes de la sociedad hacia la internación psiquiátrica prolongada como modalidad de atención en salud mental. Así, se realizó un estudio observacional analítico en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, en el año 2021, en donde se analizaron las actitudes de vecinos de personas que tuvieron internaciones psiquiátricas prolongadas y que recibían apoyos a la vivienda. Se hicieron cuestionarios a vecinos y no vecinos, indagándose por las actitudes hacia la internación psiquiátrica prolongada como modalidad de tratamiento, así como la distancia social hacia personas que tuvieron internaciones psiquiátricas, y también entrevistas a profundidad con informantes clave de barrios en donde habitan personas con problemáticas severas de salud mental y que reciben apoyos a la vivienda. No se identificaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las actitudes en relación a la internación psiquiátrica prolongada como modalidad de tratamiento de vecinos y no vecinos, ni tampoco respecto a la distancia social hacia personas que tuvieron internaciones psiquiátricas. Los informantes clave condicionaron su valoración sobre la internación prolongada, y valoraron el rol de los equipos de apoyo para posibilitar la vida en comunidad.

Abstract: A psychiatric reform is underway in Latin America and the Caribbean. Specifically in Argentina, a model of community mental health is being built, and prolonged psychiatric hospitalizations are still taking place, especially in neuropsychiatric hospitals. Therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the psychiatric reform. One of the possible ways to monitor the reform is by analyzing society’s attitudes towards prolonged psychiatric hospitalization as a mean of mental health treatment. Thus, an analytical observational study was conducted at the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, in 2021, to analyze the behavior of neighbors of people who had prolonged psychiatric hospitalizations and who received housing support. Questionnaires were applied to neighbors and non-neighbors, addressing the behaviors toward prolonged psychiatric hospitalization as a mean of treatment, social distance toward people who were hospitalized, as well as specific interviews with key informants from neighborhoods where people with severe mental health disorders and who receive housing support live. Based on the answers of neighbors and non-neighbors, no statistically significant differences were identified in behaviors toward prolonged psychiatric hospitalization as a mean of treatment, nor for social distance in relation to people who were hospitalized. Key informants conditioned their assessment of prolonged hospitalization and valued the role of support teams in making community life viable.

Resumo: Uma reforma psiquiátrica está em curso na América Latina e Caribe. Especificamente na Argentina, um modelo de saúde mental comunitária está sendo construído, ainda acontecendo internações psiquiátricas prolongadas, principalmente em hospitais neuropsiquiátricos. Faz-se necessário, portanto, o acompanhamento da reforma psiquiátrica. Uma das formas de fazê-lo é analisando as atitudes da sociedade frente à internação psiquiátrica prolongada como forma de tratamento da saúde mental. Assim, foi realizado um estudo observacional analítico na Província de Buenos Aires, Argentina, no ano de 2021, onde foram analisadas as atitudes de vizinhos de pessoas que tiveram internações psiquiátricas prolongadas e que receberam apoio habitacional. Foram aplicados questionários a vizinhos e não vizinhos, questionando as atitudes em relação à internação psiquiátrica prolongada como forma de tratamento, bem como a distância social em relação às pessoas que foram internadas, e também entrevistas específicas com informantes-chave de bairros onde vivem pessoas com problemas graves de saúde mental e que recebem apoio habitacional. Com base nas respostas de vizinho e não vizinhos, não foram identificadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas atitudes em relação à internação psiquiátrica prolongada como forma de tratamento, nem em relação à distância social em relação às pessoas que foram internadas. Os informantes-chave condicionaram sua avaliação da hospitalização prolongada e valorizaram o papel das equipes de apoio na viabilização da vida comunitária. Resumo Caribe Argentina construído neuropsiquiátricos Fazse Faz se necessário portanto fazêlo fazê lo Assim Aires 2021 habitacional internadas informanteschave informantes chave 202 20 2

Abstract: A psychiatric reform is underway in Latin America and the Caribbean. Specifically in Argentina, a model of community mental health is being built, and prolonged psychiatric hospitalizations are still taking place, especially in neuropsychiatric hospitals. Therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the psychiatric reform. One of the possible ways to monitor the reform is by analyzing society’s attitudes towards prolonged psychiatric hospitalization as a mean of mental health treatment. Thus, an analytical observational study was conducted at the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, in 2021, to analyze the behavior of neighbors of people who had prolonged psychiatric hospitalizations and who received housing support. Questionnaires were applied to neighbors and non-neighbors, addressing the behaviors toward prolonged psychiatric hospitalization as a mean of treatment, social distance toward people who were hospitalized, as well as specific interviews with key informants from neighborhoods where people with severe mental health disorders and who receive housing support live. Based on the answers of neighbors and non-neighbors, no statistically significant differences were identified in behaviors toward prolonged psychiatric hospitalization as a mean of treatment, nor for social distance in relation to people who were hospitalized. Key informants conditioned their assessment of prolonged hospitalization and valued the role of support teams in making community life viable. Abstract Caribbean Argentina built place hospitals Therefore societys society s treatment Thus Province 2021 nonneighbors, nonneighbors non neighbors, non-neighbors hospitalized live viable 202 20 2

Resumen: La reforma psiquiátrica se encuentra en proceso en la región de América Latina y el Caribe. Específicamente en Argentina, el modelo de salud mental comunitaria está en construcción, siendo aún observable la presencia de internaciones psiquiátricas prolongadas, principalmente en hospitales neuropsiquiátricos. Resulta así necesario monitorear la reforma psiquiátrica, siendo una de las vías para ello el análisis de las actitudes de la sociedad hacia la internación psiquiátrica prolongada como modalidad de atención en salud mental. Así, se realizó un estudio observacional analítico en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, en el año 2021, en donde se analizaron las actitudes de vecinos de personas que tuvieron internaciones psiquiátricas prolongadas y que recibían apoyos a la vivienda. Se hicieron cuestionarios a vecinos y no vecinos, indagándose por las actitudes hacia la internación psiquiátrica prolongada como modalidad de tratamiento, así como la distancia social hacia personas que tuvieron internaciones psiquiátricas, y también entrevistas a profundidad con informantes clave de barrios en donde habitan personas con problemáticas severas de salud mental y que reciben apoyos a la vivienda. No se identificaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las actitudes en relación a la internación psiquiátrica prolongada como modalidad de tratamiento de vecinos y no vecinos, ni tampoco respecto a la distancia social hacia personas que tuvieron internaciones psiquiátricas. Los informantes clave condicionaron su valoración sobre la internación prolongada, y valoraron el rol de los equipos de apoyo para posibilitar la vida en comunidad. Resumen Caribe Argentina construcción neuropsiquiátricos Así Aires 2021 vivienda comunidad 202 20 2

ABSTRACT The objective of this research study was to determine the influence of the application of the conceptual mapping technique on the reading comprehension of the students of the V cycle of the I.E. Nº 50168 of Ccachín. This project belongs to the experimental type and the method was quasi-experimental. The population was made up of the children of the V cycle with a total of 30. For the processing of the data, the computerized program SPSS version 21 in Spanish was used, with which the data matrix was obtained and for the analysis and interpretation of the data Descriptive statistics and parametric inferential statistics of t-student were used. The results obtained after applying the technique of conceptual maps, in relation to reading comprehension, was that the students of the experimental group, 53.3% of students obtained level of reading comprehension and 46.7% level A. There were no students in level AD and C, while the students in the control group who followed reading with the traditional method, 60.0% reached level B and 40.0% level C. In addition, there were also no students who reached levels AD and A for reading comprehension.

RESUMEN El presente estudio de investigación tuvo como objetivo, determinar la influencia de la aplicación de la técnica de los mapas conceptuales en la comprensión lectora de los alumnos del V ciclo de la I.E. Nº 50168 de Ccachín. Este proyecto pertenece al tipo experimental y el método fue el cuasi-experimental. La población estuvo conformada por los niños del V ciclo con un total de 30. Para el procesamiento de los datos se utilizó el programa computarizado SPSS versión 21 en español con lo que se obtuvo la matriz de datos y para el análisis e interpretación de los datos se empleó la estadística descriptiva y la estadística inferencial paramétrica de t-student. Los resultados obtenidos después de aplicar la técnica de los mapas conceptuales, en relación con la comprensión lectora fue que los alumnos del grupo experimental, el 53,3% de alumnos obtuvieron nivel de comprensión lectora y el 46.7% nivel A. No hubo alumnos en el nivel AD y C, mientras que los alumnos del grupo de control que siguieron la lectura con el método tradicional, el 60,0% alcanzaron el nivel B y el 40,0% nivel C. Además, tampoco hubo alumnos que alcanzaran los niveles AD y A de comprensión lectora.

ABSTRACT The offshore Talara Basin is the western extension of the hydrocarbon producing onshore fields since the mid-1800s area of Peru and is also located above the subduction zone of the active continental margin of South America. The offshore portion was evaluated using high quality 3D seismic where mapping horizons are all unconformities within the Eocene as well as the unconformities at the top Paleocene and top Cretaceous. Possible source rocks are the Cretaceous black marine shales of the Campanian Redondo Formation, the limestones of the Albian Muerto Formation, and the marine shales of the Paleogene. The primary target offshore is expected to be deep-water turbidites of Paleocene/Eocene age with a depositional source from the northeast from highlands created by the compressional uplift of the Andes. The main seals offshore are expected to be shales of the upper Eocene Lagunitos Formation and shales in the Chacra Formation, which are also seals in the onshore Litoral field. Thermal maturation modeling shows that two hydrocarbon kitchens exist in the offshore portion of the Talara basin, one in the north and another in the south. The probable Cretaceous source rocks reached the onset of maturity (VR=0.63%) at a depth of 3,250 to 3,285 m (10,663-10,778 ft) between 30 and 39 Ma (Late Eocene to Oligocene). Importantly, the Cretaceous source rocks stay within the oil window once they enter it in the late Eocene. Satellite studies show a large offshore present-day oil seep in the southern part of the basin and 3D seismic shows direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs) imaged as flat spots and bottom simulating reflectors (BSR). Basin modeling suggests hydrocarbon migration pathways would have been updip (to the east) into the onshore traps and would therefore have first filled the offshore traps along the migration pathway. We conclude that the Talara Basin offshore offers excellent exploration opportunities in a proven productive area where multiple prospects have been mapped.

RESUMEN La cuenca Talara costa afuera es la extensión occidental de su parte continental que contiene los campos petroleros productores de hidrocarburos desde mediados del siglo XIX en Perú. Esta se encuentra sobre la zona de subducción en el margen activo de los Andes, donde la placa oceánica de Nazca está subduciendo bajo la continental de América del Sur. La porción marina de la cuenca se evaluó utilizando un relevamiento sísmico 3D de alta calidad donde los horizontes de mapeo interpretados son discordancias dentro del Eoceno, así como del Paleoceno superior y el Cretácico Superior. Las posibles rocas generadoras son las lutitas marinas negras del Cretácico de la Formación Redondo (Campaniano), las calizas de la Formación Muerto (Albiano) y las lutitas marinas del Terciario temprano. Se propone que el objetivo principal de la exploración petrolera en alta mar sean las turbiditas de aguas profundas del Paleoceno/Eoceno originadas por aportes desde las tierras altas del noreste, creadas por la elevación compresiva de los Andes. Se considera que los principales sellos en el sector costa afuera sean lutitas de la Formación Lagunitos del Eoceno superior y las lutitas de la Formación Chacra, que también son sellos en el campo terrestre Litoral. El modelo de maduración térmica muestra que existen dos cocinas de hidrocarburos en la parte costa afuera de la cuenca, una en el norte y otra en el sur. La fuente probable del Cretácico alcanzó el inicio de la madurez (VR=0,63%) a una profundidad de 3.250 a 3.285 m (10.663-10.778 pies) entre 30 y 39 Ma (Eoceno tardío al Oligoceno). Es importante destacar que las rocas generadoras del Cretácico permanecen dentro de la ventana de petróleo al ingresar en el Eoceno tardío. Los estudios satelitales muestran una gran emanación actual de petróleo en alta mar, en la parte sur de la cuenca y la sísmica 3D presenta indicadores directos de hidrocarburos (DHI) en imágenes como puntos planos y reflectores de simulación de fondo (BSR). El modelado de cuencas sugiere que las vías de migración de los hidrocarburos habrían sido ascendentes hacia el este, en dirección a las trampas en tierra y, por lo tanto, habrían llenado primero las trampas en alta mar a lo largo de la vía de migración. Se concluye que la cuenca Talara costa afuera ofrece excelentes oportunidades de exploración en un área productiva probada donde se han identificado múltiples prospectos.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION : The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the organization and functioning of the health system as a whole; however, it has been less described the situation of Mental Health Services (MHS) during the pandemic. It is hypothesized that in addition to responding to the regular demands, MHS will have to respond to the needs of the population emotionally affected by the pandemic. The objective of this study was to characterize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of MHS in Argentina. METHODS : It was a cross-sectional observational study. From May 8th to June 30th 2020,76 mental health workers from five jurisdictions were interviewed. Changes in demand, in the care process and in the structure of services were explored. The data analysis was mixed. RESULTS : There was a decrease in the availability of mental health services during the period studied. The demand changed and patients accessing services were more acute or critical. Mental health care was recenteredin neuropsychiatric hospitals. The therapeutic options were impoverished, with special affectation of group interventions. DISCUSSION : The situation of MHS shows the collateral impact of COVID-19 on the population's access to care for health needs not directly or mainly related to the COVID-19 infection.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN : La pandemia por la enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) impactó en la organización y el funcionamiento del sistema de salud en su conjunto; aunque es muy poco lo descrito sobre lo ocurrido en los servicios de salud mental donde, además de atender la demanda habitual, se debe atender a la población afectada emocionalmente por la pandemia. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el efecto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la provisión de servicios de salud mental en Argentina. MÉTODOS : Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal. Se entrevistó a 76 trabajadores de servicios de salud mental de cinco jurisdicciones del país, entre el 8 de mayo y el 30 de junio de 2020. Se indagó por cambios en la demanda, en el proceso de atención y en la estructura de los servicios. El análisis de datos fue mixto. RESULTADOS: La focalización de los servicios de salud en la pandemia implicó una reducción de la disponibilidad de atención en salud mental. La demanda de atención se modificó, con cambios en los motivos de contacto con los servicios, que pasaron a ser más críticos. Se observó una reconcentración de la atención en salud mental en los hospitales neuropsiquiátricos. La oferta de atención disminuyó y las intervenciones grupales se vieron especialmente afectadas. DISCUSIÓN : La situación de los servicios de salud mental muestra el impacto de la COVID-19 en el acceso de la población a la atención por necesidades no vinculadas de manera directa con la enfermedad.

Abstract The performance of available risk scores to predict cardiovascular risk (CVR) in the Argentinian population is unknown. Our aim was to compare the CVR predicted by several equations with the occurrence of cardiovascular events (CVE) in patients without known cardiovascular disease in an Argentinian hospital. Adults between 40 and 70 years were randomly selected, excluding those with prior history of major CVE, active cancer, lipid lowering treatment and absence of follow-up data. Framingham 2008, SCORE (low and high-risk populations), ATP III, World Health OrganizationAmerican B region (WHO-B) and Pooled Cohort equations (PC) risk scores were used to calculate 10-y CVR at time of enrollment. End of follow-up was 10 years ± 6 months, occurrence of fatal myocardial infarction or death from any cause. We used ROC curves to assess discrimination (AUC > 0.75 good discrimination), and Hosmer Lemeshow chi-square to evaluate calibration (Chi > 20 or p value < 0.05 poor calibration). We included 606 patients in our study, 336 women, average age 56.7 ± 8.4 year. Of those, 10 (1.7%) non-cardiovascular deaths, and 5 (0.8%) cardiovascular deaths were observed. 58 (9.8%) a non-fatal CVE were recorded. There was acceptable discrimination for Framingham, ATP-III, and both PC equations. The global calibration was only good with the ATP-III and PC equations. The observed frequency of CVE was low, and the CVR was overestimated by all equations. However, applying ATP-III or PC equations to assess CVR could be considered in our population.

Resumen El rendimiento de las ecuaciones existentes de predicción de riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) en población argentina es desconocido. Se comparó RCV estimado por dichas ecuaciones, con la ocurrencia de eventos cardiovasculares (ECV) en una población de pacientes sin enfermedad cardiovascular de un hospital argentino. Se incluyeron aleatoriamente adultos entre 40 y 70 años, excluyéndose quienes al momento del enrolamiento presentaban historia de ECV mayor, cáncer activo, o tratamiento hipolipemiante. Se calculó RCV a 10 años al momento de inclusión, utilizando ecuaciones de Framingham 2008, SCORE (para poblaciones de bajo y alto riesgo), ATP III, Organización mundial de la saludregión América B (OMS-B) y Ecuación de Cohorte Agrupada (ECA). El fin de seguimiento fue 10 años ± 6 meses, ocurrencia de infarto de miocardio fatal o muerte por cualquier causa. Se utilizaron curvas ROC para evaluar discriminación (ABC > 0.75 buena discriminación). La calibración se evaluó mediante chi-cuadrado de Hosmer Lemeshow (Chi > 20 o p < 0.05 pobre calibración). Incluimos 606 pacientes, 366 mujeres, edad promedio 56.7 ± 8.4 años. Se observaron 10 (1.7%) muertes de causa no cardiovascular, 5 (0.8%) causa cardiovascular. Se registraron 58 (9.8%) ECV no fatales. Hubo aceptable discriminación para ecuaciones de Framingham, ATP-III y ECA. La calibración global solo fue buena con las ecuaciones de ATP-III y ECA. La frecuencia observada de ECV fue baja, y hubo sobreestimación de RCV con todas las ecuaciones. Sin embargo, se podría sugerir la aplicación de las ecuaciones de ATP-III o ECA en esta población.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate, based on the human rights and community care frameworks, the quality of hospitalization psychiatric services in general hospitals. Methods: Multisite, descriptive observational study. There were analyzed four psychiatric hospitalization services, located in general hospitals of urban districts with different sizes in Argentina. Data collection included analysis of statistical records, non-participant observations of services, and interviews with service managers, service staff and users. The observation and interview guides were based on two international tools: Idea project interview guide, and QRTK of the WHO. Results were analyzed using two main categories: human rights-based care approach and community orientation of care delivery. Results: Regarding human rights-based care, legal capacity is the right that requires more improvement in services. About community orientation of care, different strategies were observed, with the work with the families as the most common. Conclusions: One aspect that requires further research is the specific type of psychiatric hospitalization service in the general hospital, given the fact that some differences in process and results were observed between general and specialized wards.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de atención en servicios de internación psiquiátrica de hospitales generales desde los enfoques de derechos y comunitario. Métodos: estudio multicéntrico, observacional descriptivo. Se seleccionaron cuatro servicios de internación psiquiátrica de hospitales generales ubicados en centros urbanos de distinta población en Argentina. En cada uno de ellos se analizaron los registros estadísticos, se realizaron observaciones no participantes y se entrevistó a gestores, trabajadores y usuarios. La guía de observación y entrevista se elaboró a partir de la revisión de instrumentos de la OMS y del proyecto Idea. Los resultados se analizaron a partir de las categorías de enfoque de derechos y orientación comunitaria de los servicios. Resultados: respecto del enfoque de derechos se observa que el que requiere mayor desarrollo es el de capacidad jurídica. En relación a la orientación comunitaria, se observa un mayor desarrollo de esta perspectiva a través de la implementación de diversas estrategias y el trabajo con las familias como la más común. Conclusiones: en términos de procesos y resultados de la atención se observan algunas diferencias entre los servicios que cuentan con sala especializada y los que no, y que estos últimos requieren de otros estudios para poder ser analizados.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate, based on the human rights and community care frameworks, the quality of hospitalization psychiatric services in general hospitals. Methods: Multisite, descriptive observational study. There were analyzed four psychiatric hospitalization services, located in general hospitals of urban districts with different sizes in Argentina. Data collection included analysis of statistical records, non-participant observations of services, and interviews with service managers, service staff and users. The observation and interview guides were based on two international tools: Idea project interview guide, and QRTK of the WHO. Results were analyzed using two main categories: human rights-based care approach and community orientation of care delivery. Results: Regarding human rights-based care, legal capacity is the right that requires more improvement in services. About community orientation of care, different strategies were observed, with the work with the families as the most common. Conclusions: One aspect that requires further research is the specific type of psychiatric hospitalization service in the general hospital, given the fact that some differences in process and results were observed between general and specialized wards.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de atención en servicios de internación psiquiátrica de hospitales generales desde los enfoques de derechos y comunitario. Métodos: estudio multicéntrico, observacional descriptivo. Se seleccionaron cuatro servicios de internación psiquiátrica de hospitales generales ubicados en centros urbanos de distinta población en Argentina. En cada uno de ellos se analizaron los registros estadísticos, se realizaron observaciones no participantes y se entrevistó a gestores, trabajadores y usuarios. La guía de observación y entrevista se elaboró a partir de la revisión de instrumentos de la OMS y del proyecto Idea. Los resultados se analizaron a partir de las categorías de enfoque de derechos y orientación comunitaria de los servicios. Resultados: respecto del enfoque de derechos se observa que el que requiere mayor desarrollo es el de capacidad jurídica. En relación a la orientación comunitaria, se observa un mayor desarrollo de esta perspectiva a través de la implementación de diversas estrategias y el trabajo con las familias como la más común. Conclusiones: en términos de procesos y resultados de la atención se observan algunas diferencias entre los servicios que cuentan con sala especializada y los que no, y que estos últimos requieren de otros estudios para poder ser analizados.

Abstract: Sea turtles are migratory species that occupy several marine and coastal habitats along their different life stages. The study of the spatial and temporal distribution of these vertebrates has been revolutionized with technological advances such as satellite telemetry, which in the last two decades has substantially increased its implementation. This technology attends the need of knowing and locating their critical habitats (such as inter-nesting, migrating, feeding and mating) as well as know their migratory movements for the understanding of their biology and protection through the deployment of satellite transmitters on sea turtle individuals. Because the cost of a satellite transmitter is high, its effective deployment on a sea turtle in a quickly, safely, and firmly way is of vital interest to the researcher to ensure that the transmitter persists for an extended time maximizing the information contribution and benefit the research. In this context, the objective of this contribution is to describe and document experiences applying standardized and verified methodological steps for deploying satellite transmitters on hard shell marine turtles. This contribution represents a documented and step-by-step viable description on the path to have clear and versatile basis as reference for the satellite transmitter deployments.

Resumen: Las tortugas marinas son especies migratorias que ocupan diversos hábitats marinos y costeros a lo largo de toda su vida. El estudio de la distribución espacial y temporal de estos vertebrados se ha visto revolucionado con el avance de tecnologías como la telemetría satelital que en las últimas dos décadas ha incrementado sustancialmente su implementación. Esta tecnología atiende la necesidad de conocer y ubicar sus hábitats críticos (como son áreas de inter-anidación, migración, alimentación y reproducción) así como conocer sus movimientos migratorios para el entendimiento de su biología y protección, mediante la colocación de transmisores satelitales a individuos de tortugas marinas. Dado que el costo de un transmisor satelital es alto, su eficaz colocación en una tortuga de manera rápida, segura y firme es de vital interés para el investigador para procurar que el transmisor permanezca por un tiempo prolongado maximizando el aporte de información que favorezca a la investigación. En este contexto, el objetivo de la presente contribución es describir y documentar experiencias en la aplicación de pasos metodológicos para una colocación estandarizada y probada de transmisores satelitales en tortugas marinas con caparazón duro. Esta contribución representa una descripción documentada paso a paso en el camino de establecer bases claras y versátiles como referencia para el proceso de colocación de transmisores satelitales.