RESUMO Introdução: A obesidade infantil está aumentando e, como consequência, gera complicações de saúde decorrentes do comportamento sedentário e baixos níveis de aptidão física. Existem poucos estudos que envolvem crianças, perfis metabólicos e cardiorrespiratórios e futebol. Objetivo: O objetivo foi medir os efeitos de um programa de futebol recreativo reduzido de 12 semanas sobre o risco cardiometabólico e respostas individuais em meninos com sobrepeso ou obesos. Métodos: Treze meninos de 8 a 12 anos (34,9 ± 11,6% de gordura corporal) participaram de um programa de treinamento de futebol recreativo reduzido de 12 semanas com duas sessões de 80 minutos por semana em intensidades acima de 80% da frequência cardíaca máxima. As características antropométricas, a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, o perfil metabólico e as respostas individuais do pico de consumo de oxigênio (VO2pico), carga máxima de trabalho (Wmáx), glicemia e insulina em jejum, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, HDL-C, CT e TG foram medidos pré e pós-treinamento. Resultados: considerando as respostas individuais dos participantes, o treinamento recreativo de futebol foi eficaz para melhorar as variações da potência máxima e do tempo até a exaustão, bem como promover pelo menos uma alteração benéfica nos fatores de risco cardiometabólico em 84% das crianças com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Não houve diferenças entre as características antropométricas pré e pós-programa, perfis metabólicos ou VO2pico. Conclusões: Doze semanas de programas de futebol recreativo reduzido foram capazes de melhorar a potência máxima e a capacidade anaeróbica, bem como manter os níveis de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em meninos com sobrepeso e obesos. Nível de evidência I; Estudo prospectivo de alta qualidade (todos os pacientes foram inscritos no mesmo estágio da doença, com > 80% dos pacientes inscritos) .

ABSTRACT Introduction: Childhood obesity is increasing and, as a consequence, it generates health complications resulting from sedentary behavior and low levels of physical fitness. There are few studies involving children, metabolic and cardiorespiratory profiles, and soccer. Objective: The purpose was to measure the effects of a 12-week recreational small-sided soccer program on cardiometabolic risk and individual responses to cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese boys. Methods: Thirteen boys aged 8-12 years (34.9±11.6% body fat) participated in a 12-week recreational small-sided soccer training program with two 80-minute sessions per week at intensities over 80% of the maximal heart rate. Anthropometric characteristics, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic profile, individual responses to peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), maximal workload (Wmax), fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC, and TG were measured both pre- and post-training. Results: Considering the individual responses of the participants, recreational soccer training was effective in improving variations in maximum power and exhaustion time, as well as promoting at least one beneficial change in cardiometabolic risk factors in 84% of the overweight or obese children. There were no differences between pre- and post-program anthropometric characteristics, metabolic profiles, or VO2peak values. Conclusion: Twelve-week recreational small-sided soccer programs were able to improve maximal power and anaerobic capacity and maintain cardiometabolic risk factor levels in overweight and obese boys. Level of evidence I; High-quality prospective study (all patients were enrolled at the same stage of disease, with >80% of patients enrolled) .

RESUMEN Introdução: La obesidad infantil está aumentando y, como consecuencia, genera complicaciones de salud derivadas del comportamiento sedentario y de los bajos niveles de aptitud física. Existen pocos estudios sobre niños, perfiles metabólicos, cardiorrespiratorios y fútbol. Objetivo: El objetivo fue medir los efectos de un programa de fútbol recreativo reducido de 12 semanas sobre el riesgo cardiometabólico y respuestas individuales en niños con sobrepeso u obesos. Métodos: Trece niños de 8 a 12 años (34,9 ± 11,6% de grasa corporal) participaron en un programa de entrenamiento de fútbol recreativo reducido de 12 semanas con dos sesiones de 80 minutos por semana a intensidades superiores al 80% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima. Se midieron las características antropométricas, la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, el perfil metabólico y las respuestas individuales del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2pico), la carga de trabajo máxima (Wmax), la glucemia y la insulina en ayunas, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, HDL-C, CT y TG antes y después del entrenamiento. Resultados: Teniendo en cuenta las respuestas individuales, el entrenamiento de fútbol recreativo fue eficaz para mejorar las variaciones de potencia máxima y el tiempo hasta el agotamiento, así como para promover al menos un cambio beneficioso en los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico en el 84% de los niños con sobrepeso u obesidad. No hubo diferencias entre las características antropométricas, los perfiles metabólicos o el pico de VO2 antes y después del programa. Conclusões: Doce semanas de programas de fútbol recreativo reducido fueron capaces de mejorar la potencia máxima y la capacidad anaeróbica, así como de mantener los niveles de factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad. Nível de evidência I; Estudo prospectivo de alta qualidade (todos os pacientes foram inscritos no mesmo estágio da doença, com > 80% dos pacientes inscritos) .

Abstract Background: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the main risk factors for heart disease. Among the benefits linked to different modalities of physical exercise, post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is a key point for exercise prescription in this condition. Objective: To investigate and compare PEH in response to continuous aerobic exercise (CONT) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), matched by volume, in sedentary individuals. Methods: A randomized cross-over study, composed of sedentary, healthy male subjects submitted to two acute physical exercise protocols matched by volume, HIIE and CONT, on a treadmill. Hemodynamic measures for the evaluation of PEH were performed pre, immediately after exercise and every five minutes thereafter, during one hour of recovery. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements was used for comparisons between groups and Bonferroni post hoc test as appropriate. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Both exercise protocols promoted significant PEH, with reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). HIIE promoted a reduction of SBP and MAP at the 15th minute, whereas the same effect was observed at the 30th following CONT. Conclusion: Both HIIE and CONT, matched by volume, promote PEH of similar magnitude. However, PEH occurs earlier following HIIE, suggesting a better time / effectiveness ratio, and an additional beneficial effect of this modality.

ABSTRACT Objectives: The aims of this study are to investigate which of the seven selected predictive equation for estimating basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the best alternative to indirect calorimetry (IC) and to evaluate the dietary energy intake in patients with type 2 diabetes. Subjects and methods: Twenty-one patients with type 2 diabetes participated in this diagnostic test study. Clinical and laboratorial variables were evaluated as well as body composition by absorptiometry dual X-ray emission (DXA) and BMR measured by IC and estimated by prediction equations. Dietary intake was evaluated by a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Bland–Altman plots, paired t-tests, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results: Patients were 62 (48-70) years old, have had diabetes for 8 (2-36) yeas, and 52.4% were females. The mean body composition comprised a fat-free mass of 49.8 ± 9.4 kg and a fat mass of 28.3 ± 7.2 kg. The energy intake was 2134.3 ± 730.2 kcal/day and the BMR by IC was 1745 ± 315 kcal/day. There was a wide variation in the accuracy of BMR values predicted by equations when compared to IC BMR measurement. Harris-Benedict, Oxford, FAO/WHO/UNO equations produced the smallest differences to IC, with a general bias of < 8%. The FAO/WHO/UNO equation provided the best BMR prediction in comparison to measured BMR. Conclusion: In patients with type 2 diabetes, the equation of the FAO/WHO/UNO was the one closest to the BMR values as measured by IC.

Resumo Contexto O treinamento de força com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo (TFRFS) promove adaptações neuromusculares semelhantes às do treinamento de força tradicional utilizando pequenas cargas de treinamento. No entanto, sua repercussão sobre parâmetros antioxidantes e sobre a função vascular precisa ser mais bem compreendida. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito de uma sessão de exercício de força de baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo, em comparação ao exercício de força de alta intensidade e de baixa intensidade sem restrição do fluxo sanguíneo, sobre os níveis de subprodutos do oxido nítrico e a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes em jovens saudáveis. Métodos: Onze indivíduos jovens realizaram três sessões de exercício de força: baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo (BIRFS), alta intensidade (AI) ou baixa intensidade (BI). Foram avaliadas a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD) e dos metabólitos do óxido nítrico (NOx). Resultados: Não houve modificações nos níveis plasmáticos de NOx nas diferentes condições de exercício (p > 0,05). A atividade da SOD apresentou uma diminuição significativa na condição BIRFS (p < 0,05). A atividade da CAT diminuiu significativamente na condição BI (p < 0.05). Conclusões: A partir do presente estudo sugere-se que uma sessão de treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo não reduz a biodisponibilidade do óxido nítrico, bem como não induz desequilíbrio redox em indivíduos jovens saudáveis.

Abstract Background Strength training with blood flow restriction (STBFR) provokes similar neuromuscular adaptations to traditional strength training using low training loads. However, there is a need for better understanding of the repercussions for antioxidant parameters and vascular function. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction, compared with high intensity and low intensity strength training without blood flow restriction, on the levels of nitric oxide products and antioxidant enzyme activity in healthy young men. Methods: Eleven young men performed three strength exercise sessions: low intensity with blood flow restriction (LIBFR), high intensity (HI), and low intensity (LI). Activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was assessed and metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) were assayed before and after each session. Results: There were no changes to NOx plasma levels under the different exercise conditions (p > 0.05). However, SOD activity exhibited a significant reduction after the LIBFR condition (p < 0.05), while CAT activity reduced significantly after the LI condition (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that one session of low intensity strength training with blood flow restriction does not reduce bioavailability of nitric oxide or induce redox imbalance in healthy young men.

Resumo Estratégias que possam prevenir o aparecimento da aterosclerose são de extrema importância para a saúde pública. O aumento da lipemia pós-prandial tem sido investigado, dentre os fatores de risco modificáveis para o desenvolvimento dessa doença, pois pode induzir dano oxidativo e disfunção endotelial. Nesse sentido, o exercício físico é indicado na prevenção do desenvolvimento desses fatores de risco. Esta revisão tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento e comparar os estudos publicados na literatura acerca dos efeitos agudos e subagudos do exercício físico associado à lipemia pós-prandial sobre o estresse oxidativo e a função endotelial. A busca foi realizada nos idiomas português, espanhol e inglês, compreendendo trabalhos publicados até fevereiro de 2015. Com base nos estudos selecionados, conclui-se que os efeitos agudos e subagudos do exercício físico podem ser capazes de atenuar os parâmetros de risco cardiovascular após o consumo de refeição hiperlipídica.

Abstract It is extremely important for public health to identify strategies that can prevent development of atherosclerosis. There are several modifiable metabolic risks that can induce onset of this disease, but the most investigated of these risk is increased postprandial lipemia after a high fat meal because this factor can increase oxidative damage and endothelial dysfunction. Physical exercise is indicated for prevention of development of these risk factors. The objective of this study was to search the literature for published studies investigating the acute and subacute effects on oxidative stress and endothelial function of physical exercise associated with postprandial lipemia and compare their results. Articles published up to February 2015 in Portuguese, Spanish or English were included. After an extensive review, it was concluded that the acute and subacute effects of physical could be capable of attenuating parameters of cardiovascular risk after consumption of a high fat meal.

Background: evidences have shown a strongly association between metabolic syndrome (MS), cardiovascular diseases and chronic low-grade inflammation, being this last, related with the occurrence of sarcopenia and atherosclerosis. Despite several benefits, the effects of resistance training (RT) on inflammatory profile are controversial. Thereby, this study aims to investigate the effects of a RT on the inflammatory profile of men with MS risk factors. Methods: fifteen sedentary men (57.53 ± 7.07 years old) with 2 or more MS components underwent a RT for 14 weeks (3 times per week), with intensity ranging between 40 and 70% of one repetition maximum. The dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to body composition assessment and serum was collected to evaluate biochemical and inflammatory parameters before and after the RT. Results: despite the absence of changes in body weight, total muscular content and biochemical parameters, the individuals demonstrated a reduction on body fat content (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the RT resulted in lower circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin- 6 (p < 0.05), in higher levels of intelerukin-10 (p < 0.05) and in the stabilization of interleukin-1 beta and interferon-gamma concentrations. It was concluded that a moderate RT benefits inflammatory profile, contributing to a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Introducción: la evidencia muestra la relación entre síndrome metabólico (SM), enfermedades cardiovasculares e inflamación crónica de bajo grado, que está relacionada con la aparición de sarcopenia y aterosclerosis. A pesar de muchos beneficios, los efectos del entrenamiento de resistencia (ER) sobre la inflamación son controvertidos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar los efectos de 14 semanas de ER en el perfil inflamatorio de hombres con factores de riesgo para SM. Métodos: quince varones sedentarios (57,53 ± 7,07 años) con 2 o más componentes del SM fueron sometidos a un ER moderado durante 14 semanas (tres veces a la semana), con una intensidad que oscila entre 40 y 70% de una repetición máxima. La absorciometría dual de rayos X se utilizó para la evaluación de la composición corporal y el suero se recogió para evaluar los parámetros bioquímicos e inflamatorios antes y después de la ER. Resultados: a pesar del mantenimiento de la masa corporal, la masa muscular total y los parámetros bioquímicos, hubo una reducción en la grasa corporal (p < 0,05). Además, el ER disminuyó los niveles de factor de necrosis tumoral alfa e interleucina-6 circulante (p < 0,05), aumentó la concentración de interleucina-10 (p < 0,05) y mantuvo la interleucina-1 y el interferón-gamma. Se concluyó que 14 semanas de ER moderado provocan beneficios sobre el perfil inflamatorio, contribuyendo a la reducción del riesgo cardiovascular.