Abstract In the realm of modern cardiology, the integration of computer-interpreted electrocardiograms (CI-ECGs) has marked the beginning of a new era of diagnostic precision and efficiency. Contemporary electrocardiogram (ECG) integration systems, applying algorithms and artificial intelligence, have modernized the interpretation of heart rhythms and cardiac morphology. Due to their ability to rapidly analyze and interpret ECG recordings CI-ECGs have already profoundly impacted clinical practice. This review explores the evolution of computer interpreted ECG technology, evaluates the pros and cons of current automatic reporting systems, analyzes the growing role of artificial intelligence on ECG interpretation technologies, and discusses emerging applications that may have transformative effects on patient outcomes. Emphasis is placed on the role of ECGs in the automatic diagnosis of occlusion myocardial infarctions (OMI). AI models enhance accuracy and efficiency in ECG interpretation, offering insights into cardiac function and aiding timely detection of concerning patterns for accurate clinical diagnoses. The shift to AI-driven diagnostics has emphasized the importance of data in the realm of cardiology by improving patient care. The integration of novel AI models in ECG analysis has created a promising future for ECG diagnostics through a synergistic fusion of feature-based machine learning models, deep learning approaches, and clinical acumen. Overall, CI-ECGs have transformed cardiology practice, offering rapid, accurate, and standardized analyses. These systems reduce interpretation time significantly, allowing for quick identification of abnormalities. However, sole reliance on automated interpretations may overlook nuanced findings, risking diagnostic errors. Therefore, a balanced approach in integrating automated analysis with clinical judgment is necessary. computerinterpreted CIECGs CI (CI-ECGs (ECG morphology practice technology technologies outcomes OMI. OMI . (OMI) diagnoses AIdriven driven care featurebased feature based approaches acumen Overall rapid analyses significantly abnormalities However findings errors Therefore necessary (OMI

Resumen Los bloqueos interauriculares son una variedad de anomalías en la conducción interauricular. El síndrome de Bayes es una entidad clínica basada en la asociación entre bloqueo interauricular avanzado y taquiarritmias supraventriculares, siendo la fibrilación auricular la más frecuente. Debido a sus efectos negativos sobre la función electromecánica de la aurícula izquierda, tanto el bloqueo interauricular como el síndrome de Bayes se asocian a fenómenos tromboembólicos, provocando complicaciones cardiovasculares y neurológicas. En cuanto a la afectación neurológica, los pacientes con estas condiciones tienen una mayor incidencia de eventos isquémicos, deterioro cognitivo y demencia. Estas observaciones generaron la pregunta de si el uso de la terapia de anticoagulación temprana (antes de la documentación de la fibrilación auricular) podría prevenir eventos tromboembólicos en pacientes con diagnóstico de bloqueo interauricular. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo resumir la evidencia más reciente que describe la asociación del bloqueo interauricular y el síndrome de Bayes con eventos neurológicos. También se discutirán posibles opciones terapéuticas tempranas para prevenir estas consecuencias clínicas indeseables.

Abstract Interatrial blocks (IABs) are a variety of abnormalities in the interatrial conduction. Bayes’ syndrome is a clinical entity based on the association between advanced IABs and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, being atrial fibrillation (AF) the most frequent. Due to its negative effects on left atrial electromechanical function, both IABs and Bayes’ syndrome are associated with thromboembolic phenomena, causing cardiovascular and neurological complications. In regard to neurological involvement, patients with these conditions have an increased incidence of ischemic events, cognitive impairment, and dementia. These observations triggered the question whether the use of early anticoagulation therapy (before the documentation of AF) could prevent thromboembolic events in patients with IABs diagnosis. This review aims to summarize the most recent evidence describing the association of IABs and Bayes’ syndrome with neurological events. Potential early therapeutic options to prevent these undesirable clinical consequences will be also discussed.

Resumo Fundamento A esquistossomose é uma doença tropical negligenciada que pode levar a complicações cardiovasculares. No entanto, o envolvimento cardiovascular na esquistossomose ainda precisa ser totalmente elucidado, devido ao número limitado de casos e ausência de evidência confiável, uma vez que a doença ocorre tipicamente em locais sem infraestrutura adequada para uma coleta de dados robusta. Objetivo Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo avaliar as implicações cardiovasculares da esquistossomose, incluindo no diagnóstico e tratamento, e propor um algoritmo para rastrear as manifestações cardiovasculares. Métodos Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática nos bancos de dados MEDLINE/PubMed e LILACS, com busca por artigos sobre o comprometimento cardiovascular na esquistossomose. Resultados Trinta e três artigos foram considerados para esta revisão: seis artigos de revisão, uma revisão sistemática, um ensaio clínico, 14 estudos observacionais, sete relatos de casos, e quatro séries de casos. O comprometimento cardiovascular inclui um amplo espectro de condições clínicas, tais como isquemia do miocárdio, disfunção ventricular, miocardite, hipertensão arterial pulmonar, e pericardite. Conclusões As complicações cardíacas da esquistossomose podem causar incapacidade em longo prazo e morte. O monitoramento clínico, exame físico, eletrocardiograma precoce, e ecocardiograma devem ser considerados como medidas chave para detectar o envolvimento cardiovascular. Dada a ausência de um tratamento eficaz das complicações, são necessários saneamento e educação nas áreas endêmicas para a eliminação desse problema de saúde mundial.

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis is a Neglected Tropical Disease which may lead to cardiovascular (CV) complications. However, the CV involvement in schistosomiasis has yet to be fully elucidated due to the limited number of cases and lack of reliable evidence, as schistosomiasis typically occurs in locations without adequate infrastructure for robust data collection. Objective This systematic review aims to assess cardiovascular implications of schistosomiasis, including in the diagnosis and treatment, and propose an algorithm for screening of CV manifestations. Methods A systematic review was performed in the MEDLINE/PubMed and LILACS databases of articles on the CV involvement in schistosomiasis. Results Thirty-three records were considered for this review: six review articles, one systematic review, one clinical trial, 14 observational studies, seven case reports, and four cases series. CV involvement includes a wide spectrum of clinical conditions, such as myocardial ischemia, ventricular dysfunction, myocarditis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and pericarditis. Conclusions Cardiac complications of schistosomiasis may cause long-term disability and death. Clinical monitoring, physical examination, early electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram should be considered as key measures to detect CV involvement. Due to the lack of effective treatment of complications, sanitation and education in endemic areas are necessary for the elimination of this global health problem.

Abstract As one of the neglected tropical diseases, leishmaniasis is defined as a parasitic communicable disease that is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting especially populations living in poverty. It has a profound negative impact on developing economies. It represents a group of heterogeneous syndromes with a wide spectrum of severity ranging from self-resolving cutaneous injuries to disseminated visceral compromise. Visceral leishmaniasis represents its most severe form, can affect almost all organs, and can have fatal consequences, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Cardiac involvement seems to be rare but has not been deeply studied. Consequently, there are no clear recommendations for the screening of cardiac manifestations in these patients. However, cardiovascular complications could be potentially lethal. In addition, there are valuable reports on the potential cardiotoxicity caused by drugs used in the treatment of this condition, so knowledge of its side effects could have important implications. This article is a part of the "Neglected Tropical Diseases and other Infectious Diseases affecting the Heart" project (the NET-Heart Project); its purpose is to review all the information available regarding cardiac implications of this disease and its treatment and to add knowledge to this field of study, focusing on the barriers for diagnosis and treatment, and how to adopt strategies to overcome them.

Resumen Como una de las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas (ETD), la leishmaniasis se define como una enfermedad parasitaria transmisible y muy prevalente en regiones tropicales-subtropicales afectando especialmente a poblaciones que viven en la pobreza. Tiene un profundo impacto negativo en las economías en vías de desarrollo. Representa un grupo heterogéneo de síndromes clínicos con un amplio espectro de severidad que va desde lesiones cutáneas que resuelven espontáneamente hasta compromiso visceral diseminado. La leishmaniasis visceral representa su forma más grave, puede afectar a casi todos los órganos del ser humano y suele tener consecuencias fatales, especialmente en pacientes inmunosuprimidos. La afectación cardíaca parece ser rara, pero nunca se ha estudiado en profundidad. En consecuencia, no existen recomendaciones claras para el cribado de las manifestaciones cardíacas en estos pacientes; sin embargo, las complicaciones cardiovasculares pueden ser potencialmente letales. Además, existen publicaciones sobre la potencial cardiotoxicidad provocada por los fármacos utilizados en el tratamiento de esta afección, por lo que el conocimiento de sus efectos secundarios podría tener importantes implicancias. Como parte del proyecto "Neglected Tropical Diseases and other Infectious Diseases affecting the Heart" (Proyecto NET-Heart), el propósito de este artículo es revisar toda la información disponible sobre el compromiso cardiovascular de esta enfermedad y su tratamiento y agregar conocimientos a este campo de estudio, centrándose en las barreras para el diagnóstico y tratamiento y cómo adoptar estrategias para superarlas.

Abstract There is a clear association between novel coronavirus 2 infection and the diagnosis of venous thromboembolic disease, as a cosequence of the development of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to the activation of the coagulation cascade. It occurs in 90% of patients with severe forms of the infection, evidencing the presence of pulmonary endovascular micro and macro thrombosis. This suggests a possible clinical benefit of thromboprophylaxis according to the patient's clinical risk. The suspicion of venous thromboembolic disease in the context of this pandemic represents a diagnostic challenge due to the co-existence of similarities between both conditions in several different aspects. It should be noted that the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism does not exclude the possibility of simultaneous viral infection. The evaluation of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism in the context of the pandemic should be optimized in order to implement a rapid diagnosis and treatment to reduce the associated morbidity and mortality. This will help reducing infectious risk for health-care professionals and other patients.

Resumen Existe una clara relación entre la infección por el nuevo coronavirus 2 y el diagnóstico de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa, como consecuencia del desarrollo de un síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica debido a la activación de la cascada de la coagulación. Se presenta en el 90% de los pacientes con formas graves de la infección, lo que revela la presencia de microtrombosis y macrotrombosis intravascular pulmonar. Esto sugiere un posible beneficio clínico de la aplicación de una tromboprofilaxis adecuada al riesgo clínico de cada paciente. Asimismo, la sospecha de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en el contexto de esta pandemia representa un reto diagnóstico debido a la existencia de similitudes entre ambas alteraciones en varios aspectos. Debe tenerse en cuenta que el diagnóstico de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo no excluye la posibilidad de infección viral. La valoración de pacientes con sospecha de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo en el contexto de la pandemia debe ser eficaz para establecer un diagnóstico y tratamiento con rapidez, a fin de reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad adjuntas, sin que ello eleve el riesgo de infección para los profesionales de la salud y otros pacientes.

Abstract Neglected tropical diseases (NTD) are a group of diseases with high prevalence in tropical and subtropi cal countries. They are associated to poverty and underdevelopment. Due to its high morbimortality, these conditions are considered a health crisis. The impact of these diseases can be worsened by the poor socioeconomic status of the affected countries, most of them under-developed, which affects the health care provided to patients. The morbidity of these diseases is explained by the wide organic impairment that they produce. The cardiovascular system is par ticularly affected, which explains the high morbimortality of NTD. In this article, we review the key issues of a project elaborated by Emerging Leaders of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology (SIAC), about the cardiovascular impact of NTD: the NET-Heart Project (Neglected Tropical Diseases and other Infectious Diseases affecting the Heart).

Resumen Las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas (ETD) constituyen un conjunto de afecciones altamente prevalentes en regiones tropicales y subtropicales, asociadas a pobreza y subdesarrollo. Constituyen una verdadera crisis sanitaria, incapacitando y llevando a la muerte a millones de personas anualmente. Esto se ve potenciado por las dificultades socioeconómicas que cursan estos países, mayormente en vías de desa rrollo, lo cual repercute en la calidad de la asistencia sanitaria que pueden proveer a la población. La morbilidad de estas enfermedades se explica por la amplia afectación orgánica que generan. El aparato cardiovascular resulta particularmente afectado, lo que explica en gran medida la morbimortalidad de las ETD. En el presente artículo se revisan los aspectos fundamentales de un proyecto llevado a cabo por los Líderes Emergentes de la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiología (SIAC), cubriendo diferentes aspectos del impacto sobre el aparato cardiovascular de las ETD: el Proyecto NET-Heart (del inglés, Neglected Tropical Diseases and other Infectious Diseases Affecting the Heart).

SUMMARY: During the last thirty years, shelterwood cuts has been the most applied regeneration method in Nothofagus pumilio (lenga) forests. This treatment was implemented without any consideration of the landscape, and without considering yield gradients (e.g. stand site qualities), environmental restrictions (e.g. soil water availability) or potential natural disturbance factors (e.g. wind exposure). The objective was to evaluate the dynamics of the remnant forest structure and the natural regeneration 10 years after harvesting across the landscape considering different environmental gradients. Sampling plots were established in nine stands distributed across Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (north, east and south areas) where forestry activity has been concentrated during the last years. The selected areas presented differences in the rainfall regime (402 to 446 mm yr-1) and site qualities of the stands (2.6 to 3.3). Forest structure was similar among the studied areas, nevertheless harvesting intensity was variable (30 % to 57 %) generating different remnant basal areas (BA) (22 to 47 m² ha-1) and woody debris accumulation in the forest floor (167 to 230 m³ ha-1) after harvesting, or in combination with local wind-throws. The current forest structure presented differences in BA (6 to 34 m² ha-1) and established regeneration (49 to 110 thousand ha-1) that varied in height (0.6 to 1.0 m) and growth (4.1 to 12.8 cm yr-1) according to the area and the received damage due to abiotic and biotic factors. We can conclude that forests located along the considered landscapes and environmental gradients differentially responded to the proposed silvicultural treatments, where climate influenced over the post-harvest canopy stability and the established regeneration. For this, it is mandatory to define different silvicultural strategies throughout the landscape.

RESUMEN: El método de regeneración más aplicado en bosques de Nothofagus pumilio (lenga) es la corta de protección. Este tratamiento se implementó sin consideración del paisaje o gradientes de productividad (ej. calidad de sitio), restricciones ambientales (ej. humedad del suelo) o factores de disturbio (ej. viento). El objetivo fue evaluar la dinámica de la estructura forestal remanente y la respuesta de la regeneración luego de 10 años de cosecha en el paisaje considerando gradientes ambientales. Se establecieron parcelas en nueve rodales en distintos sectores de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (norte, este y sur) donde se concentra la actividad forestal. Las zonas seleccionadas presentan diferencias en el régimen hídrico (402 a 446 mm año-1) y calidades de sitio (2,6 a 3,3). La estructura forestal fue similar entre zonas, pero las intensidades de corta fue variable (30% a 57%) generando diferentes áreas basales (AB) remanentes (22 a 47 m2 ha-1) y residuos forestales (167 a 230 m3 ha-1) luego de la cosecha o por volteos de viento. La estructura forestal actual presenta diferencias en AB (6 a 34 m2 ha-1) y regeneración instalada (49 a 110 miles ha-1) variando en altura (0,6 a 1,0 m) y crecimiento (4,1 a 12,8 cm año-1) por zona y daños recibidos (abióticos y bióticos). Concluimos que los bosques responden diferencialmente a los tratamientos silvícola en los paisajes y gradientes ambientales analizados, donde el clima influye en la estabilidad del dosel y la regeneración. En consecuencia, se hace necesario establecer estrategias silvícolas diferenciales a lo largo del paisaje.

Representatives of the Argentine Society of Infectious Diseases (SADI) and the Argentine Society of Intensive Therapy (SATI) joined together to issue specific recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of intravascular catheter related infections (CRI). The methodology used was the analysis of the literature published in the last 10 years, complemented with the opinion of experts and local data. This document aims to promote effective measures to reduce the risk of CRI and to offer basic tools for diagnosis optimization based on clinical and microbiological criteria, orientation on empirical and targeted antibiotic schemes, posology, and administration of antibiotics in critical patients. It also offers a diagnostic and treatment algorithm for use in the care activity, as well as considerations on the dosage of antibiotics. The joint work of both societies highlights the concern for the management of CRI and the importance of ensuring improvement in daily practices. Through this recommendation, local guidelines are established to optimize the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of CRI in order to reduce morbidity and mortality, days of hospitalization, costs, and antimicrobial resistance.

Representantes de la Sociedad Argentina de Infectología (SADI) y la Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva (SATI) se reunieron para trabajar en la elaboración de recomendaciones concretas de diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de las infecciones asociadas a catéteres venosos centrales (IAC). La metodología utilizada fue el análisis de la bibliografía publicada en los últimos 10 años complementada con la opinión de expertos y datos locales. En este documento se pretende ofrecer herramientas básicas de optimización de diagnóstico sobre la base de criterios clínicos y microbiológicos, orientar acerca de los esquemas antibióticos empíricos y dirigidos, la posología y la administración de antibióticos en pacientes críticos, y promover las medidas efectivas para reducir el riesgo de IAC. Asimismo, se ofrece un algoritmo de diagnóstico y tratamiento para uso en la actividad asistencial y consideraciones sobre la dosificación de antibióticos. Este trabajo conjunto de infectólogos e intensivistas pone en evidencia la preocupación por el manejo de las IAC y la importancia de velar por la mejora en las prácticas cotidianas. A través de esta recomendación se establecen pautas locales para optimizar el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la prevención de las IAC con el objeto de disminuir la morbimortalidad, los días de internación, los costos y la resistencia antimicrobiana.

Resumen Los avances en el tratamiento oncológico han generado un aumento de la expectativa de vida en este grupo de pacien tes. Consecuentemente, las complicaciones relacionadas al tratamiento oncológico se han convertido en un tema crucial, siendo la toxicidad cardiovascular una de las más temidas.1 La radioterapia sobre el tórax, utilizada fundamentalmente en el linfoma de Hodgkin, el cáncer de mama y de pulmón puede generar potenciales efectos colaterales como la enfermedad coronaria, afecciones a nivel pericárdico, miocardio patía, trastornos de la conducción y valvulopatías. Se presenta a continuación el caso de un paciente de 43 años que desarrolló múltiples manifestaciones de cardiotoxicidad inducida por radioterapia.

Abstract Advances in cancer therapy have led to an increase in life expectancy in this group of patients. Consequently, complications related to cancer treatment have become a crucial issue, with cardiovascular toxicity being the most feared. Radiation therapy on the thorax, used primarily in Hodgkin’s lymphoma, breast and lung cancer can generate potential side effects such as coronary disease, pericardial conditions, cardiomyopathy, conduction disorders and valvulopathies. The case of a 43-year-old patient who developed multiple manifestations of cardiotoxicity induced by radiotherapy is presented below.

Envenenamento por monóxido de carbono associada com disfunção transitória da função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo Relato de caso O envenenamento por monóxido de carbono (CO) é uma forma comum de intoxicação no mundo moderno. Embora os efeitos neurológicos do CO estejam bem estabelecidos, informações sobre as características cardiovasculares desta condição são limitada a casos de séries ou relatórios. Apresentamos o caso de uma jovem sem fatores de risco nem antecedentes cardiovasculares conhecidos ou com doença que apresentou deterioração transitória da função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo após intoxicação por CO grave. Depois de receber tratamento padrão para intoxicação por CO, o paciente evoluiu favoravelmente e recebeu alta sem complicações.

Carbon monoxide poisoning associated with transient deterioration of left ventricular systolic function Case report Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a common form of intoxication in the modern world. While the neurological effects of CO are well established, information on the cardiovascular features of this condition is limited to cases series or reports. We present the case of a young woman with no known risk factors or cardiovascular disease who presented with transient deterioration of left ventricular systolic function after severe CO intoxication. After receiving standard care for CO poisoning, the patient evolved favorably and was discharged without complications.

La intoxicación por monóxido de carbono (CO) es una forma común de envenenamiento en el mundo moderno. Sus consecuencias neurológicas están bien establecidas mientras que las manifestaciones cardiovasculares se limitan a la publicación de casos aislados o series de pacientes. Se presenta el caso de una mujer joven sin factores de riesgo ni antecedentes cardiovasculares conocidos que presentó deterioro transitorio de la función sistólica del ventrículo izquierdo tras una intoxicación severa por CO. Tras recibir el tratamiento convencional, la paciente evolucionó favorablemente y egresó sin presentar complicaciones.

A hipertensão pulmonar tromboembólica crônica tem um tratamento curativo, a endarterectomia pulmonar (EP), a opção terapêutica estabelecida. No entanto, angioplastia com balão de artérias pulmonares pode ser considerado uma alternativa viável em pacientes inoperáveis ou aqueles que persistem com a hipertensão pulmonar após EP. Relatamos o primeiro caso de angioplastia pulmonar com balão no centro da Argentina.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension presents a curative treatment, with pulmonary endarterectomy being the established therapeutic option. However, balloon angioplasty to pulmonary arteries may be considered an alternative therapeutic option for patients with inoperable or residual disease after surgery. Herewith, we report the first case of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension treated with balloon pulmonary angioplasty in Argentina.

La hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica presenta un tratamiento curativo, siendo la endarterectomía pulmonar (EP) la opción terapéutica establecida. Sin embargo, la angioplastia con balón a arterias pulmonares puede ser considerada una alternativa viable en pacientes inoperables o en aquellos que persisten con hipertensión pulmonar tras una EP. Se reporta a continuación el primer caso de angioplastia con balón a arterias pulmonares realizada en un centro de Argentina.

The insect-host plants associations for 48 species of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) from Buenos Aires province (Argentina) are summarized, including the previous records given in the literature, 12 associations in native plants (11 species of Cerambycidae in 6 species of plants) and 50 associations in exotic plants (18 Cerambycidae in 16 species of plants). To them are added the previous associations given for the Province of the Espinal, and the data now gathered of 6239 specimens (34 of Prioninae, 4564 of Cerambycinae, and 1641 of Lamiinae) belonging to 42 species of Cerambycidae reared from 108 species of plants. This last data includes 329 associations: 91 (27,6%) of them were found in native plants (36 species of Cerambycidae in 24 species of plants), and 240 (72,4%) in exotic plants (69 spp.) and some native plants (15 spp.) cultivated outs of its natural range (29 species of Cerambycidae in 84 species of plants). With the amount of localities of each insect- host plant association, the total number of associations increases to 501 records, 199 (39,8%) in native plants and 302 (60,2%) in exotic plants.

Se enumeran las asociaciones insecto-planta hospedadora para 48 especies de Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina), incluyendo los registros dados previamente en la literatura, 12 asociaciones en plantas nativas (11 especies de Cerambycidae en 6 especies de plantas) y 50 asociaciones en plantas exóticas (18 Cerambycidae en 16 especies de plantas). A ello se suman las asociaciones previamente dadas para la Provincia del Espinal y los datos ahora obtenidos de 6239 especímenes (34 de Prioninae, 4564 de Cerambycinae y 1641 de Lamiinae) pertenecientes a 42 especies de Cerambycidae criados de 108 especies de plantas. Estos últimos comprenden 329 asociaciones: 91 (27,6%) de ellas fueron encontradas en plantas nativas (36 especies de Cerambycidae en 24 especies de plantas) y 240 (72,4%) en plantas exóticas (69 spp.) y algunas plantas nativas (15 spp.) cultivadas fuera de su área natural (29 especies de Cerambycidae en 84 especies de plantas). Con la cantidad de localidades de cada asociación insecto-planta, el número total de asociaciones se incrementa a 501 registros, 199 (39,7%) en plantas nativas y 302 (60,3%) en plantas exóticas.