Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a Preventive Oral Health Exam for Elderly People (EDePAM), using the e-Delphi technique, to diagnose oral health problems in people 65 or older. The e-Delphi technique was used with experts in multiple stages, and in a final workshop, where an agreement on an examination protocol was reached for diagnosing dental caries, oral mucosa lesions, periodontal diseases, and masticatory function disorders. Quantitative analyses of all the rounds of the e-Delphi method were conducted. It was agreed that the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) should be used together with a modified version of the Nyvad criteria to detect and assess caries lesions. It was also agreed that an assessment was needed of the different factors involved in determining caries risk, namely socioeconomic level, access to fluoride, level of dependence/functionality, salivary flow, history of head and neck cancer treatment, use of medications that decrease salivary flow, diet, use of removable dental prostheses, exposure of root surfaces, and caries history. Furthermore, patients would be required to undergo an examination of the oral mucosa, where any existing lesion should be described in terms of its clinical appearance, location, and risk potential. It was also agreed that an assessment of masticatory function should be performed using the Leake index, together with chewing-gum combined with a color scale to categorize masticatory performance. The number of pairs of occluding antagonist teeth was considered as the best predictor of masticatory function. The 2018 classification by the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) / European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) was accepted as the standard to assess periodontal status, and it was agreed that this assessment should include an evaluation of clinical attachment loss and bleeding on probing. The novel EDePAM was considered as appropriate for conducting a functional assessment of oral health by providing a comprehensive diagnosis of oral diseases.

Abstract Bruxism is a condition that is frequently observed in patients, and they often consult for physical consequences, such as teeth wear or destruction, orofacial pain, as well as for the decrease of the quality of life, of both patients and their loved ones. In the last decade, research on this phenomenon has increased significantly, as well as the consensus in terms of definition, classification and clinical management. Dentists are those who at present recognize this parafunctional activity and manage these problems, but it is important that professionals from other health areas, such as medical doctors, and specially otolaryngologists, can identify signs, symptoms and consequences of bruxism, helping in the detection of this condition. Thus, the objective of this review is to establish a state of the art about bruxism and encourage the formation of multidisciplinary teams that help to in the diagnosis and better management of this condition.

Resumen El bruxismo es una condición que se observa frecuentemente en los pacientes y estos a menudo consultan por sus consecuencias físicas, como pueden ser el desgaste o destrucción dentaria, el dolor orofacial, así como también por el deterioro de la calidad de vida tanto de ellos mismos como de las personas cercanas. En la última década han aumentado en forma importante las investigaciones en torno a esta condición, así como los consensos en cuanto a su definición, clasificación y manejo clínico. Los dentistas son quienes actualmente reconocen esta actividad parafuncional y manejan estos problemas, pero es importante que los profesionales de otras áreas de la salud, como médicos y en especial otorrinolaringólogos, puedan identificar los signos, síntomas y consecuencias del bruxismo, ayudando en la detección de esta condición. Así, el objetivo de esta revisión es establecer un estado del arte sobre bruxismo e incentivar la formación de equipos multidisciplinares que ayuden en el diagnóstico y la terapéutica de esta condición.