RESUMO Entender o comportamento dos herbicidas no solo pode contribuir para adequação da dose correta para o controle das plantas daninhas eficiente com menor impacto ambiental. Nesta pesquisa, buscou-se avaliar os fatores envolvidos nos processos de sorção, dessorção, meia-vida e lixiviação do sulfometuron-methyl em três classes de solo: Cambissolo Háplico (CX), Latossolo Vermelho (LV) e Neossolo Quartzarênico (RQ). Os ensaios de sorção e dessorção foram realizados pelo método “batch equilibrium”. Os estudos de degradação e formação de metabólitos foi estimado pelo tempo de meia-vida ao final de 180 dias. O potencial de lixiviação foi estimado por meio do ensaio em colunas de PVC preenchidas com solo. As análises foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida de ultra performance acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas para quantificação do herbicida. A maior sorção do sulfometuron-methyl no LV (2,81) está relacionada ao baixo pH (4,7) e à composição mineralógica, principalmente pela maior concentração de óxidos de Fe e Al, deste solo, influenciando na menor dessorção do herbicida em LV (0,59). Tal resultado contribuiu para maior persistência do herbicida nesse solo reduzindo as moléculas disponíveis na solução para a degradação. Estes resultados contribuíram para o maior tempo de meia-vida (19 dias) no LV comparado aos demais solos. Entre os solos estudados, o RQ indicou o maior risco de transporte do sulfometuron-methyl pelo Índice de GUS (2,2), em decorrência da sua maior dessorção (0,34). Os resultados demonstraram que, os processos estudados são dependentes dos atributos físicos, químicos e mineralógicos das diferentes classes de solos.

ABSTRACT Understanding the behaviour of herbicides in the soil can contribute to adapting the correct dose for efficient weed control with less environmental impact. In this study, we sought to evaluate the factors involved in the sorption, desorption, half-life and leaching processes of sulfometuron-methyl in three soil classes: Cambissolo Háplico (CX) (Inceptisol), Latossolo Vermelho (LV) (Oxisol) and Neossolo Quartzarênico (RQ) (Entisol). The sorption and desorption tests were performed using the “batch equilibrium" method. The studies of degradation and formation of metabolites were estimated from the half-life at the end of 180 days. Leaching potential was estimated by testing PVC columns filled with soil. Analyses were performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer for herbicide quantification. The higher sorption of sulfometuron-methyl in LV (2.81) is related to the low pH (4.7) and mineralogical composition, mainly due to the higher concentration of Fe and Al oxides in this soil, influencing the lower desorption of the herbicide in LV (0.59). This result contributed to more remarkable herbicide persistence in this soil, reducing the molecules available in the solution for degradation. These results contributed to the longer half-life (19 days) in LV compared to the other soils. Among the studied soils, RQ had the highest risk of transport of sulfometuron-methyl based on the GUS Index (2.2) due to its greater desorption (0.34). The results showed that the studied processes are dependent on the physical, chemical and mineralogical attributes of the different classes of soils.

Abstract Introduction: in individuals with chronic kidney disease, sarcopenia is prevalent and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and the occurrence of cardiovascular complications. Objective: to verify the relationship between sarcopenia and inflammation in hemodialysis patients. Methods: a cross-sectional study with 209 patients in five hemodialysis units. Demographic, socioeconomic, body composition, clinical laboratory, and functional data were collected. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (grip strength < 27 kg for men and < 16 kg for women; DEXA muscle mass < 7.0 kg/m² for men and < 5.5 kg/m² for women). Inflammation was assessed by C-reactive protein. Results: mean age was 51.9 ± 15.0 years, with a predominance of males (59.3 %). The prevalence of sarcopenia was 29.1 % and that of inflammation was 50.2 %. A Poisson regression analysis showed that sarcopenia was associated with increased hsCRP values (PR: 1.06; 95 % CI: 1.01-1.10; p-value = 0.005); BMI (PR: 0.74; 95 % CI: 0.65-0.84; p-value < 0.001); age (PR: 1.02; 95 % CI: 1.00-1.03; p < 0.001); male (PR: 5.75; 95 % CI: 3.20-10.34; p-value < 0.001); presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) (PR: 1.87; 95 % CI: 1.27-2.74; p-value < 0.001); % body fat (PR: 1.07; 95 % CI: 1.04-1.09; p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: the prevalence of sarcopenia can be considered high in this study, as well as inflammation. Being inflamed, presence of DM, being male, increasing age, and % body fat were risk factors for sarcopenia. On the other hand, increased BMI had a protective role.

Resumen Introducción: en individuos con enfermedad renal crónica, la sarcopenia es prevalente y está asociada a un aumento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad, y a la aparición de complicaciones cardiovasculares. Objetivo: verificar la relación entre sarcopenia e inflamación en pacientes en hemodiálisis. Métodos: estudio transversal de 209 pacientes en cinco unidades de hemodiálisis. Se recopilaron datos demográficos, socioeconómicos, de composición corporal, laboratorio clínico y funcional. La sarcopenia se diagnosticó conforme al Grupo de Trabajo Europeo sobre Sarcopenia en Personas Mayores (fuerza de agarre < 27 kg para hombres y < 16 kg para mujeres; masa muscular DEXA < 7.0 kg/m² para hombres y < 5.5 kg/m² para mujeres). La inflamación se evaluó mediante la proteína C-reactiva. Resultados: la edad media fue de 51,9 ± 15,0 años, con predominio de varones (59,3 %). La prevalencia de la sarcopenia fue del 29,1 % y la de la inflamación del 50,2 %. El análisis de regresión de Poisson mostró que la sarcopenia se asociaba con un aumento de los valores de hsCRP (PR: 1,06; IC del 95 %: 1,01-1,10; valor de p = 0,005); IMC (PR: 0,74; IC del 95 %: 0,65-0,84; valor p < 0,001); edad (PR: 1,02; IC 95 %: 1,00-1,03; p < 0,001); hombre (PR: 5,75; IC 95 %: 3,20-10,34; valor p < 0,001); presencia de diabetes mellitus (DM) (PR: 1,87; IC 95 %: 1,27-2,74; valor p < 0,001); % de grasa corporal (PR: 1,07; IC 95 %: 1,04-1,09; valor p < 0,001). Conclusión: la prevalencia de la sarcopenia puede considerarse alta en este estudio, así como la inflamación. Tener inflamación, la presencia de DM, ser hombre, la mayor edad y el % de grasa corporal resultaron ser factores de riesgo de sarcopenia. Por otro lado, el aumento del IMC tuvo un papel protector.

RESUMO O objetivo foi avaliar a associação entre o estado nutricional e a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) em remanescentes quilombolas. Estudo transversal, realizado em 32 comunidades remanescentes de quilombolas, no município de Alcântara - MA. Os indicadores nutricionais (IN) utilizados foram: índice de massa corporal (IMC); circunferência da cintura (CC); relação cintura-quadril (RCQ); relação cintura-estatura (RCEst); índice de conicidade (Índice C) e tecido adiposo visceral estimado (TAVe). A TFG foi estimada a partir da fórmula do CKD-EPI creatinina-cistatina C. O teste Shapiro Wilk foi utilizado para avaliar a normalidade das variáveis quantitativas. Para comparar os IN segundo sexo foi aplicado o teste qui-quadrado. Os testes Anova ou Kruskal-Wallis foram usados para verificar a associação entre os IN e a TFG. Dos 1.526 remanescentes quilombolas estudados, 89,5% eram da cor preta ou parda, 51,2% eram mulheres, 88,6% pertenciam às classes econômicas D e E e 61,2% eram lavradores ou pescadores. A investigação clínica revelou 29,2% de hipertensos, 8,5% de diabéticos e 3,1% com TFG reduzida. O IMC revelou 45,6% dos remanescentes quilombolas com excesso de peso. Quando comparadas aos homens, as mulheres apresentaram maior prevalência de excesso de peso pelo IMC (56,6% vs. 33,8%; p <0,001) e obesidade abdominal CC (52,3% vs. 4,3%), RCQ (76,5% vs. 5,8%), RCEst (82,3% vs. 48,9%) e TAVe (27,1% vs. 14,5%) (p<0,001). Comparando as médias dos IN segundo a TFG observou-se que, quanto maior o valor médio dos IN, menor a TFG (p<0,05). A TFG foi reduzida com o aumento dos valores médios dos indicadores nutricionais de obesidade abdominal, independentemente do sexo.

SUMMARY The objective was to evaluate the association between nutritional status and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in remaining quilombolas. Cross-sectional study carried out on 32 remaining quilombola communities in the municipality of Alcântara-MA. The nutritional indicators (IN) used were: body mass index (BMI); Waist circumference (WC); Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR); conicity index (CI) and estimated visceral adipose tissue (VAT). GFR was estimated from the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C formula. The Shapiro Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of the quantitative variables. In order to compare the second IN sex, the chi-square test was applied. The Anova or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to verify the association between IN and GFR. Of the 1,526 remaining quilombolas studied, 89.5% were black or brown, 51.2% were women, 88.6% belonged to economic classes D and E and 61.2% were farmers or fishermen. Clinical investigation revealed 29.2% of hypertensive patients, 8.5% of diabetics and 3.1% with reduced GFR. The BMI revealed 45.6% of the remaining quilombolas with excess weight. When compared to men, women presented a higher prevalence of overweight by BMI (56.6% vs 33.8%, p <0.001) and abdominal obesity CC (52.3% vs 4.3%), WHR (76,5% vs 5.8%), WHtR (82.3% vs 48.9%) and VAT (27.1% vs 14.5%) (p <0.001). Comparing the means of IN according to the GFR, it was observed that the higher the mean value of the IN lower the GFR (p <0.05). The GFR reduced with increasing mean values of nutritional indicators of abdominal obesity, regardless of sex.

Introduction: This study's objective was to evaluate the antioxidant and toxic effects of E. edulis on cardiac and renal tissues of Wistar rats fed with cafeteria diet. Methods: Catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in cardiac muscle and renal tissue of 60 animals, which were randomly assigned for 10 equal groups. Half of the rats were fed with cafeteria diet and the other half with commercial chow, combined or not to E. edulis lyophilized extract, E. edulis deffated lyophilized extract or E. edulis oil. Data were evaluated using ANOVA, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test. Results: Data showed a significant increase of CAT activity in cardiac tissue of animals from the groups fed with cafeteria diet associated to E. edulis lyophilized extract at 5%, E. edulis lyophilized extract at 10% and E. edulis deffated lyophilized extract at 10%. In addition, the same result was found in animals from the groups fed with commercial chow and commercial chow combined with E. edulis lyophilized extract at 10% in comparison to the group fed exclusively with cafeteria diet. GST and SOD enzyme activity showed significant increase in the heart tissue of animals nourished with commercial chow when compared to the groups fed with cafeteria diet. On the other hand, there were no significant differences enzymatic levels in renal tissues. Conclusion: The oil and the extract of E. edulis had an important role promoting an increase of antioxidant enzymes levels in cardiac muscle, which prevent the oxidative damage resulting from the cafeteria diet in Wistar rats. There were no evidenced signs of lipid peroxidation in renal or in cardiac tissue of the animals studied, indicating that the E. edulis use did not promote any increase in malondialdehyde cytotoxic products formation. This show that both E. edulis oil and extracts evaluated in this study were well tolerated in the studied doses.

Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos antioxidantes y tóxicos de E. edulis en los tejidos cardiacos y renales de ratas Wistar alimentadas con dieta de cafetería. Métodos: catalasa (CAT), glutatión-S-transferasa (GST), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y malondialdehído (MDA) se midieron en el músculo cardiaco y el tejido renal de 60 animales, que fueron asignados aleatoriamente para 10 grupos iguales. La mitad de las ratas fueron alimentadas con dieta de cafetería y la otra mitad con ración comercial, combinados o no con E. edulis extracto liofilizado, E. edulis GMD obtenidas de extracto liofilizado o aceite de E. edulis. Los datos se evaluaron mediante ANOVA, seguido por el test de Student-Newman-Keuls. Resultados: los datos mostraron un aumento significativo de la actividad de CAT en el tejido cardiaco de los animales de los grupos alimentados con dieta de cafetería asociada a E. edulis extracto liofilizado en un 5%, E. edulis extracto liofilizado en un 10% y E. edulis GMD obtenidas de extracto liofilizado de 10%. Además, el mismo resultado se encuentra en los animales de los grupos alimentados con chow chow comercial y comercial combinado con extracto liofilizado E. edulis en 10% en comparación con el grupo alimentado exclusivamente con dieta de cafetería. La actividad de GST y la enzima SOD mostró un aumento significativo en el tejido del corazón de los animales alimentados con pienso comercial en comparación con los grupos alimentados con dieta de cafetería. Por otro lado, se observaron diferencias significativas en los niveles enzimáticos en los tejidos renales. Conclusión: el aceite y el extracto de E. edulis tuvieron un papel importante al promover un aumento de los niveles de enzimas antioxidantes en el músculo cardiaco, que previenen el daño oxidativo resultante de la dieta de cafetería en ratas Wistar. Los signos de la peroxidación lipídica evidenciados en los riñones o en el tejido cardiaco de los animales estudiados indican que el uso de E. edulis no promovió ningún aumento en la formación de productos citotóxicos malondialdehído, un marcador reconocido de la acción de los radicales libres.

The ixodid Amblyomma aureolatum is suspected to play a role in the epidemiology of wild life-cycle hemoparasites, which frequently infect dogs in rural and hunting areas in Brazil. Little is known about its bionomics. The objective of the present study was to evaluate some bionomic aspects of A. aureolatum ticks in Brazil. One engorged female, collected from a dog (Canis familiaris) in São Sebastião das Águas Claras, State of Minas Gerais, was used to establish a colony in the laboratory. Subsequently its parasitic stage progeny were fed on domestic dogs and laboratory animals. The free-living stages were incubated at 27ºC ± 2°C and minimum 70% relative humidity in a BOD incubator. The egg incubation period ranged from 31 to 34 days; the parasitic period of larvae ranged from 4 to 6 days and ecdysis to nymphs occurred from day 19 up to day 22. The parasitic period of nymphs ranged from 5 to 8 days and the period of ecdysis to adults from 31 to 33 days. The parasitic period of adults ranged from 11 to 15 days, the pre-oviposition period from 6 to 12 days, and the oviposition period from 9 to 38 days. The total duration of the life cycle ranged from 116 to 168 days.

A produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) por leucócitos polimorfonucleares (LPMNs) durante a fagocitose é essencial para a defesa do organismo contra microrganismos invasores. Entretanto, em algumas doenças ocorre a deposição de imunocomplexos, o que leva à produção e liberação excessiva dessas EROs, e conseqüente lesão nos tecidos hospedeiro. Neste trabalho avaliamos o efeito de substâncias naturais (quercetina e 7-aliloxicumarina) sobre a produção de EROs por LPMNs de coelho, estimulados com imunocomplexos de imunoglobulina G (ICIgG), empregando o ensaio de quimioluminescência (QL) dependente de luminol (QL lum) e de QL dependente de lucigenina (QL luc). A interação entre ICIgG e LPMNs, mediada pelo receptor de membrana Fcgama, foi observada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, pela intensa marcação dos ICIgG com partículas de ouro coloidal. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as substâncias analisadas inibiram a QL lum e a QL luc e que tais efeitos não parecem estar relacionados com a inibição da fagocitose, conforme observado no ensaio por microscopia eletrônica.

The generation of reactive oxygen species (EROs) by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (LPMNs) during phagocytosis plays a key role in the organism defense against invading microorganisms. However, in some diseases the immune complexes deposition occurs, that causes an increase in the production and release of EROs. Consequently, the host tissue is damaged. In this work we studied the effect of natural compounds (quercetin and 7-allyloxycoumarin) on EROs generation by rabbit (LPMNs) stimulated with immunecomplexes (IC) of chicken egg albumin (antigen) and class G immuneglobulins (IgG) - ICIgG. The EROs production was measured by chemiluminescence assay (QL) enhanced by luminol (QL lum) or by lucigenin (QL luc). The interaction between ICIgG (conjugated with colloidal gold) e LPMNs, mediated by Fcgamma membrane receptor, was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that the studied compounds inhibited QL lum and QL luc. They also suggest that such effects are not related to phagocytosis inhibition, as observed by the electron microscopy assay.