RESUMO Este artigo apresenta os resultados da análise estatística dos parâmetros microbiológicos, físicos e químicos relacionados à qualidade da água utilizada em campos de arroz no sul do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados durante três anos agrícolas consecutivos, dentro da estrutura de um programa abrangente de monitoramento. Os indicadores utilizados foram: potencial de hidrogênio, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, coliformes totais e fecais. Componente Principal e Análise Discriminante indicaram diferenças consistentes entre a água de irrigação e de drenagem, da mesma forma a variação temporal demonstrou uma clara redução na concentração da maioria das variáveis analisadas. O padrão desta redução não é o mesmo nas duas regiões - isto é, a importância de cada uma das diferentes variáveis nas duas localizações é alterada. Estes resultados sugerem que as variações na qualidade da água utilizada para a irrigação do arroz foi influenciada por alguns aspectos específicos de cada região do arroz no sul do Brasil - como ação antrópica ou as condições de solo/clima em cada bacia hidrográfica.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of the statistical analysis of microbiological, physical and chemical parameters related to the quality of the water used in rice fields in Southern Brazil. Data were collected during three consecutive crop years, within structure of a comprehensive monitoring program. The indicators used were: potential hydrogen, electrical conductivity, turbidity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, total and fecal coliforms. Principal Component and Discriminant Analysis showed consistent differences between the water irrigation and drainage, as the temporal variation demonstrated a clear reduction in the concentration of most of the variables analyzed. The pattern of this reduction is not the same in the two regions - that is, the importance of each of the different variables in the observed differentiation is modified in two locations. These results suggested that the variations in the water quality utilized for rice irrigation was influenced by certain specific aspects of each rice region in South Brazilian - such as anthropic action or soil/climate conditions in each hydrographic basin.

Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima 1936) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) cause important crop losses in southern Brazil. Control is possible by the use of the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis and extracts of Melia azedarach. This study aimed to evaluate the mortality, in vivo, of O. oryzae and S. frugiperda submitted to two isolates of B. thuringiensis and the aqueous extract of M. azedarach. The LC50 for O. oryzae due to bacteria was 5.40μg/mL (Bt 2014-2) and due to plant extract 0.90μg/mL. For S. frugiperda, the Bt 1958-2 bacterial suspension (1.10(10)UFC/mL) caused a 100% of corrected mortality, showing that the purified Cry proteins caused a CL10 of 268μg/mL five days after the treatments, and M. azedarach toxins caused a CL50 173μg/mL four days after the treatment. Corrected mortality for O. oryzae and S. frugiperda in the interaction between the bacterial and plant toxins were 11 and 6%, respectively. In the PCR analysis of B. thuringiensis isolates, DNA fragments were enlarged and corresponded to the cry1 and cry2 genes for Bt 1958-2. Thus, it could be concluded that the usage of Bt 2014-2 active against O. oryzae larvae; Bt 1958-2 for S. frugiperda and, for both the insect species, M. azedarach aqueous extract could be used.

The screening of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry proteins with high potential to control insect pests has been the goal of numerous research groups. In this study, we evaluated six monogenic Bt strains (Bt dendrolimus HD-37, Bt kurstaki HD-1, Bt kurstaki HD-73, Bt thuringiensis 4412, Bt kurstaki NRD-12 and Bt entomocidus 60.5, which codify the cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry1Ba, cry1C, cry2A genes respectively) as potential insecticides for the most important insect pests of irrigated rice: Spodoptera frugiperda, Diatraea saccharalis, Oryzophagus oryzae, Oebalus poecilus and Tibraca limbativentris. We also analyzed their compatibility with chemical insecticides (thiamethoxam, labdacyhalothrin, malathion and fipronil), which are extensively used in rice crops. The bioassay results showed that Bt thuringiensis 4412 and Bt entomocidus 60.5 were the most toxic for the lepidopterans, with a 93% and 82% mortality rate for S. frugiperda and D. saccharalis, respectively. For O. oryzae, the Bt kurstaki NRD-12 (64%) and Bt dendrolimus HD-37 (62%) strains were the most toxic. The Bt dendrolimus HD-37 strain also caused high mortality (82%) to O. poecilus, however the strains assessed to T. limbativentris caused a maximum rate of 5%. The assays for the Bt strains interaction with insecticides revealed the compatibility of the six strains with the four insecticides tested. The results from this study showed the high potential of cry1Aa and cry1Ba genes for genetic engineering of rice plants or the strains to biopesticide formulations.

Lagartas de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) sadias, parasitadas por Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead), infectadas por Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai e parasitadas e infectadas foram obtidas em laboratório e alimentadas com folhas de milho. Lagartas parasitadas e infectadas apresentaram menor consumo foliar (em média, 2,3 cm²) que as demais, apesar de o mesmo não ter diferido do consumo de lagartas apenas parasitadas. A mortalidade média das lagartas parasitadas e infectadas foi superior (96,5%) tanto à das parasitadas (78,4%) quanto à das infectadas (44,3%). Lagartas infectadas tiveram o período de alimentação (em média, 29,6 dias) similar ao das sadias, apesar de terem período larval mais longo. Indivíduos descendentes de casais de parasitóides, que emergiram de lagartas infectadas, não tiveram alteradas suas características biológicas. Portanto, o uso conjunto do parasitóide e da bactéria implica em maior mortalidade e menor consumo foliar de lagartas e não resulta em prejuízo para o parasitóide.

Larvae of healthy Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), parasitized by Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead), infected by Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai, and both parasitized and infected, were obtained in the laboratory and fed with corn leaves. Parasitized and infected larvae showed less leaf consumption (in average 2.3 cm²) than the others, but did not differ from only parasitized larvae. Mean mortality of larvae both parasitized and infected was higher (96.5%) than the only parasitized (78.4%) and only infected ones (44.3%). The feeding period of the infected larvae (in average 29.6 days) did not differ from that of the healthy ones, in spite of having a longer larval period. Offsprings from pairs of parasitoids that had emerged from infected larvae did not have the biological characteristics modified. Therefore, the combined use of the parasitoid and the bacterium results in higher mortality and less foliar consumption and does not result in damage to the parasitoid.

O efeito de Bacillus thuringiensis sobre o cupim Nasutitermes ehrhardti (Isoptera, Termitidae) foi avaliado em condições laboratoriais. Ensaios in vivo com 55 cepas do patógeno, cedidas pelo Instituto Pasteur de Paris foram realizados em condições controladas onde sete destas foram consideradas patogênicas, sendo que B. thuringiensis subsp. yunnanensis, B. thuringiensis subsp. huazhongiensis, B. thuringiensis subsp. brasiliensis, B. thuringiensis subsp. colmeri, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, provocaram mortalidade inferior a 72% em isópteros. Os isolados B. thuringiensis subsp. sooncheon e B. thuringiensis subsp. roskildiensis causaram 100% de mortalidade ao sétimo dia após a aplicação das bactérias. As CL50 para B. thuringiensis subsp. sooncheon corresponderam a 47x10(8); 66,2x10(6) e 5,1x10(5) células/ml. Os valores correspondem aos três, cinco e sete dias, respectivamente. Para B. thuringiensis subsp. roskildiensis, no terceiro dia a CL50 correspondeu a 30,8x10(5), no quinto dia a 48,4x10(6) e no sétimo dia a 16,8x10(4) células/ml. Os dados obtidos mostram que as duas subespécies com maior patogenicidade podem ser estudadas, considerando o controle do cupim N. ehrhardti.

The effects of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner on the termite Nasutitermes ehrhardti (Isoptera, Termitidae) were evaluated under laboratory conditions. From 55 Bt subspecies assayed in vivo under controlled conditions seven were found to be pathogenic in the subspecies yunnanensis, huazhongiensis, brasiliensis, colmeri and kurstaki (less than 72% of mortality), particularly sooncheon and roskildiensis (100% mortality at the seventh day after the bacteria application). The LC50 for subspecie sooncheon corresponded to 47x10(8),()66.2x10(6) and 5.1x10(5) cells/ml, at the third, fifth and seventh day, respectively. For the subspecie roskildiensis the LC50 corresponded to 30.8x10(5), 48.4x10(6) and 16.8x10(4) cells/ml, at the third, fifth and seventh day, respectively. The results show that the two most pathogenic subspecies effectively may be studied with regard to control the termite N. ehrhardti.