Abstract An adult female of Pelecorhynchus kroeberi (Lindner, 1925) is newly recollected after more than 100 years and it is herein redescribed, including, for the first time, illustrations of genitalia. The specimen was collected in the Región de Aysén, Provincia de Aysén (46°40′11.9″S, 74°00′54.0″W), in the extreme south of Chile, and the specimen is deposited in the Entomological Collection of Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile.

Abstract A catalogue of the Pyrgotidae (Diptera) from Chile is provided. All valid names are presented, comprising three species in two genera for the country. All references known to us from the taxonomic and biological literature, to the included names, are provided, including information about name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type locality, distribution, and references.

Background: The Chilean allocation system for liver transplantation (LT) uses the MELD/PELD score to prioritize candidates on the waiting list. Aim: To assess if the Chilean allocation system for LT is equitable for pediatric candidates compared to their adult counterparts. Material and Methods: We used the Public Health Institute's registry between October 2011 and December 2017. We analyzed candidates with chronic hepatic diseases listed for LT. The primary outcome was the cadaveric liver transplantation (CLT) rate. Secondary outcomes were death or disease progression in the waiting list and living donor liver transplant (LDLT) rate. Results: We analyzed 122 pediatric and 735 adult candidates. Forty one percent of pediatric candidates obtained a CLT compared to 48% of adults (p = NS). Among patients aged under two years of age, the access to CLT on the waiting list there was 28% of CLT, compared to 48% in adults (p = 0.001). Fifty-seven percent of candidates aged under two years were listed for cholestatic diseases, obtaining a CLT in 18% and requiring a LDLT in 49%. The median time in the waiting list for CLT was 5.9 months in pediatric candidates and 5.1 in adults, while the median time to death in the waiting list was 2.8 and 5.6 months, respectively. The mortality rate at one year in candidates under two years old was 38.1% compared to 32.5% in adults. Conclusions: Pediatric candidates with chronic liver diseases, especially under two years of age, have greater access difficulties to CLT than adults. Half of the pediatric candidates die on the waiting list before three months. The mortality among candidates under two years of age in the waiting list is excessively high.

Resumen El cabrito del frambueso (Aegorhinus superciliosus), es un curculiónido nativo de Chile y parte de Argentina. En Chile, habita la zona centro-sur y es considerado una plaga importante, ya que afecta a las plantaciones de frutales arbustivos de avellano europeo (Corylus avellana) y arándano (Vaccinium corymbosum), causando cuantiosos daños económicos a la industria frutícola de la zona. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la variabilidad genética de las poblaciones de A. superciliosus asociadas a Maytenus boaria. Ejemplares adultos de A. superciliosus fueron recolectados en las poblaciones de Máfil, Futrono, La Unión y Frutillar. Su clasificación y almacenamiento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Investigación en Biotecnología Animal (LINBA) de la Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. El análisis molecular se realizó mediante Marcadores Intermicrosatelitales (ISSR). Los resultados arrojaron una alta similitud génica entre todas las poblaciones de estudio. Se observó una correlación positiva entre la variabilidad genética y la distribución geográfica. Las poblaciones distribuidas más al sur (Futrono- La Unión- Frutillar) presentaron entre si una elevada similitud génica, situación asociada a la abundante presencia de M. boaria el cual permite el flujo génico a lo largo del territorio donde se realizó el estudio. El bajo nivel de variabilidad genética en las poblaciones de A. superciliosus del sur de Chile, está probablemente asociado al gran número de huéspedes encontrados en los ecosistemas agrícolas y forestales, que tienen la capacidad de colonizar grandes áreas en esta zona del país. Estas condiciones contribuyen a incrementar el flujo génico de A. superciliosus, transformando a este insecto en la mayor y más peligrosa plaga de arándanos en Chile.

Abstract The raspberry weevil (Aegorhinus superciliosus) is a curculionid native of Chile and part of Argentina. This insect is considered to be a pest to both European hazel (Corylus avellana) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) fruit plantations in south-central Chile and has caused considerable economic damage to the local fruit industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability within A. superciliosus populations associated with Maytenus boaria. Adult A. superciliosus specimens were collected from Máfil, Futrono, La Unión and Frutillar populations. Their classification and storage was carried out at the Animal Biotechnology Research Laboratory (LINBA) of the Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Molecular analysis was assessed through ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats). Results showed high genetic similarities across all studied populations. A positive correlation was observed between genetic variability and geographic distribution. The southernmost populations (Futrono, La Unión and Frutillar) expressed high interspecific genetic similarities, associated with the abundance of M. boaria, which allows for genetic flow throughout the studied area. The low level of genetic variability in A. superciliosus populations in southern Chile is likely to be correlated with the large number of hosts found in agricultural and forest ecosystems which have the capacity to colonize extensive areas in this part of the country. These conditions contribute to an increase in the genetic flux of A. superciliosus, thus transforming this insect into one of the most significant and most harmful blueberry pests in Chile.

Abstract Calvertius tuberosus (Curculionidae) lives exclusively on Araucaria araucana trees (commonly known as pehuen) in southern Chile. In this study, morphometric and molecular genetic analyses of Andean and coastal populations of C. tuberosus were performed to evaluate evolutionary divergence associated with the discontinuity of the Araucaria forest between the coastal and Andean regions. Specimens of C. tuberosus were collected in Nahuelbuta National Park, Villa Las Araucarias, and Malalcahuello National Reserve and were classified and stored at the Animal Biotechnology Researching Laboratory (LINBA), University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Thirteen morphometric parameters and the expression patterns of ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) markers were analyzed. Morphometric data revealed high phenotypic similarity between coastal populations. The genetic analysis revealed a high similarity between coastal populations (genetic identity, 93%), which were differentiated from the Andean population (genetic identity, 84%). This study contributes new genotypic and phenotypic data for the C. tuberosus populations in forest ecosystems of A. araucana, and clarifies the associations between these characteristics and the geographic distributions of populations.

Abstract: The family Calliphoridae includes around 1,500 species belongs to 150 genera, 126 of them are recorded in the Neotropical and Andean regions. In Chile, the Calliphoridae family comprises 20 species belonged to four subfamilies and twelve genera, three of them are endemic to Chile. A key to all genera and species of blow flies recorded in Chile are provided. The low diversity of blow flies of Chile compared to other countries south of the United States is discussed.

Resumen: La familia Calliphoridae incluye alrededor de 1.500 especies en 150 géneros, 120 de las cuales están citadas para las Regiones Neotropical y Andina. Actualmente, los Calliphoridae de Chile comprenden 20 especies, clasificadas en cuatro subfamilias y 12 géneros con 3 especies endémicas. Se entrega una clave para reconocer géneros y especies de Chile. Se discute la baja diversidad de especies de Calliphoridae comparada con otros países al sur de Estados Unidos.

Abstract A list of fourthy species cited from Chile is given and new records are included; for nine species distributions are based on specimens deposited in the National Diptera Collection from the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Santiago, Chile). New combinations are established: Psychodocha pseudocompar (Tonnoir, 1929) comb. nov.; Psychodocha simillima (Tonnoir, 1929) comb. nov.; Desmioza equalis (Tonnoir, 1934) comb. nov. The synonymy and validity of some species are discussed, suitable and important references are added. Distribution of all included species and some biological data is given.

Resumen Se entrega una lista de cuarenta especies citadas para Chile, incluyendo nuevos registros; en el caso de nueve especies se incluyen distribuciones basadas en material depositado en la Colección Nacional de Diptera del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Santiago, Chile). Se establecen las siguientes nuevas combinaciones: Psychodocha pseudocompar (Tonnoir, 1929) comb. nov.; Psychodocha simillima (Tonnoir, 1929) comb. nov.; Desmioza equalis (Tonnoir, 1934) comb. nov. Se discute sobre la distribución geográfica y validez de algunas especies y se agregan las referencias que respaldan los aspectos taxonómicos, biológicos y de distribución geográfica de cada especie.

The Araucanía region is a berry producing area where important behavioral aspects of species in the genus Aegorhinus, a pest that affects crops, are still unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution, abundance and richness of these species in agroecological zones of La Araucanía Region and to determine the hosts in which they were found. The sites where these species were found were represented on a map divided into grids of 25 x 25 km. Eight species of Aegorhinus were found in the area, and Aegorhinus nodipennis and Aegorhinus superciliosus were the most abundant. The diversity was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener index, and the equitability was determined using the Pielou index. The agroecological zone with the greatest diversity of the region corresponded to mountain ranges; however, the central plain registered the highest abundance of individuals. This study introduces new hosts for six of the eight species found in the region.

En la región de La Araucanía, área productora de berries, aún se desconocen aspectos relevantes del comportamiento de los integrantes del género Aegorhinus, considerados plagas importantes en estos cultivos, por lo que este estudio tuvo como objetivos determinar la distribución, riqueza y abundancia de estas especies en las zonas agroecológicas de La Araucanía y sus hospederos. Los puntos donde se encontraron estas especies fueron representados en un mapa dividido en cuadrículas de 25 km x 25 km. Se registraron ocho especies de Aegorhinus, siendo Aegorhinus superciliosus y Aegorhinus nodipennis las especies más abundantes. La diversidad se analizó a través del índice de Shannon-Wiener; y la equiparabilidad con el índice de Pielou. La zona agroecológica con mayor diversidad para la región correspondió a la cordillera, sin embargo en el llano central se registró la mayor abundancia de individuos. En este trabajo se dan a conocer nuevos hospederos para seis de las ocho especies encontradas en la región.

The administration of microencapsulated drug in a matrix acid poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) by intramuscular (IM) in humans has been approved by the FDA for various applications though it is not clear what effect they have on the morphological parameters of muscle tissue. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological changes in the skeletal muscle tissue with their use. We used 12 adult female Sprague Dawley rats (Rattus novergicus) that were injected into their right gastrocnemius muscle belly with: sterile vehicle solution (G1, n = 4), 0.5 mg PLGA microparticle (G2, n = 4) and 0.75 mg PLGA microparticle (G3, n = 4), both dissolved in a sterile vehicle solution. At 14 days post injection the number and diameter of muscle fibers, the level of inflammation and histology appearance in terms of organization of muscle fibers, cellular distribution, tissue morphology and the presence of polymer waste were determined and the results between the groups compared. The administration of the compound in a single dose did not alter the morphometric parameters (number and diameter of muscle fibers) despite generating a mild inflammation in the tissue associated with the presence of polymeric residues, suggesting that the PLGA microparticles were well tolerated by the muscle tissue at concentrations tested (0.5 and 0.75 mg).

La administración de fármacos encapsulados en micropartículas de ácido poli-láctico/glicólico (PLGA) por vía intramuscular (IM) ha sido aprobada por FDA para su uso en seres humanos con variadas aplicaciones, no estando claro el efecto que tienen sobre los parámetros morfológicos del tejido muscular. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los cambios morfológicos en el tejido muscular esquelético. Se utilizaron 12 ratas (Rattus novergicus) hembras de la cepa Sprague Dawley, las cuales fueron inyectadas en el vientre del músculo gastrocnemio derecho con: solución vehículo estéril (G1, n=4) y con micropartículas 0,5 mg (G2, n=4) y 0,75 mg de PLGA (G3, n=4) ambas disueltas en solución vehículo estéril. A los 14 días post inyección se determinó el número y diámetro de fibras musculares, el nivel de inflamación y el aspecto histológico en términos de organización de fibras musculares, así como la distribución y morfología celular del tejido conjuntivo y presencia de residuos poliméricos, comparándose los resultados entre los grupos de estudio. La administración del compuesto en una sola dosis no modificó los parámetros morfométricos (número y diámetro de las fibras musculares), a pesar de generar una inflamación leve en el tejido, asociado a la presencia de residuos poliméricos, lo que sugiere que microesferas de PLGA son bien toleradas por el tejido muscular en las concentraciones probadas (0,5 and 0,75 mg).

Ormiscodes amphimone (Fabricius) is a phytophagous moth species known to severely defoliate woody species in Chile and Argentina. Here we document new records of O. amphimonehost associations emphasizing the role of Nothofagus pumilio as its primary host in our study area. This new record for Argentina is highly significant given the economic importance of N. pumilio as a timber resource and the potential of O. amphimone to generate extensive outbreaks.

The elderly in Chile and in the world, is a growing population, characterized by their motor skills suffer a progressive and natural deterioration highlight the balance as a loss most affected by facilitating falls and therefore severe trauma injuries, such as hip fracture. This work seeks re-educate balance and postural control in older adults through the use of virtual reality. The study populations included 20 older individuals (mean= 69 years). All participants gave written, informed consent to participate in the study. The subjects were training with a intervention model of tree times a week during 8 weeks with 20 minutes per session. Two test were applied: bipedal stance and Tándem stance, and was performed four times, before the intervention at 3, 6 and 8 weeks of the training. In bipedal stance there were significant changes in the area and velocity of displacement of the center of pressure (DCoP) in open eyes phase. The area that represent about a 30 % of the beginning values, and the velocity equivalent to 4% to the beginning values (p <0.01). In Tándem stance there were significant changes in the area of DCoP in open eyes phase with a decrease of 28% (p<0.01). The training with virtual reality (Nintendo Wii Fit) generate a significant decrease in older individuals in balance. Parameters like the area in open eyes phase in both test and the mean velocity in open eyes phase of bipedal stance test and in closed eyes for Tándem stance test.

La tercera edad tanto en Chile como en el mundo es una población creciente, que se caracteriza por que sus habilidades motoras sufren un deterioro progresivo y natural, destaca la pérdida del balance como una más afectadas; facilitando las caídas y por consiguiente lesiones traumáticas graves, como es la fractura de cadera. Este trabajo persigue reeducar el balance y control postural en los adultos mayores a través del uso de realidad virtual. El estudio se llevo a cabo en el Laboratorio de Biomecánica de la Universidad de Talca. Participaron 20 sujetos adultos mayores (edad promedio 69 años). Se utilizo un modelo de intervención de 8 semanas con una frecuencia de 3 veces a la semana, 20 minutos cada sesión. Se evaluó el balance y control postural a partir de una plataforma posturográfica estática (Estandar y Tándem) antes de comenzar la intervención, a las 3, 6 y 8 semanas de tratamiento. El área y velocidad promedio disminuyeron de manera significativa en la fase de vista al frente en la prueba de apoyo Bipodal o Estandar lo que representa una disminución del 30% respecto de los valores iniciales. La velocidad promedio se redujo un 4% respecto al inicio (p<0,01). En la prueba Tándem, él área de desplazamiento del centro de presión (COP) disminuyo de manera significativa en la fase de vista al frente, lo que significa una disminución progresiva del 28% (p<0,01). El entrenamiento con RV (Nintendo Wii Fit) contribuye de manera significativa en mejorar el balance y el control postural en los adultos mayores. Aspectos observados en la variables posturograficas tales como: área de desplazamiento del COP en vista al frente para la prueba Estándar y Tándem, en la velocidad promedio de excursión del COP para la fase de vista al frente en la prueba Estandar y ojos cerrados para Tándem.

Sob certas condições ambientais, diversas espécies de gafanhotos que habitam áreas de campos, como as áreas entre vales do deserto transicional do Chile, podem experimentar surtos populacionais. Uma dessas espécies é Elasmoderus wagenknechti (Liebermann), espécie endêmica. Nós estudamos dois surtos que ocorreram em 1996 e 1999. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram (1) estimar alguns parâmetros demográficos associados aos eventos acima indicados, e (2) comparar os parâmetros entre os eventos. Os parâmetros estudados foram densidade (indivíduos/m²), razão sexual, fertilidade da fêmea (i.e., ovos/fêmea), e a relação entre a fertilidade e o tamanho corporal da fêmea. O intervalo da densidade do evento foi estimado entre 0,2 e 0,4 indivíduos/m² em 1996, e entre 0,5 e 0,6 indivíduos /m² em 1999. Foram encontradas diferenças (análise de variância) na densidade entre os locais para o mesmo evento, e entre os eventos. As fêmeas foram mais numerosas que os machos em alguns locais estudados (e.g., Lomas del Sauce). Foi estimado um intervalo médio de 27-39 ovos/fêmea, existindo diferenças entre os locais no evento de 1996, mas não no evento de 1999. Para fêmeas de longitude corporal de 30-35 mm. foi detectada uma relação linear entre número de ovos/fêmea e tamanho corporal. Em conclusão, a magnitude do evento na área de estudo é específica do local; além do que para os parâmetros demográficos examinados existe uma acentuada variabilidade entre locais e entre os eventos.

Under certain environmental conditions, several species of grasshoppers inhabiting rangeland areas (e.g., inter-valleys) of the Chilean transitional desert can irrupt demographically. One of them is Elasmoderus wagenknechti (Liebermann), an endemic species. We studied two outbreaks occurred in 1996 and 1999. The objectives of the research were to (i) estimate some demographic parameters associated with the aforementioned events, and (ii) compare between them the population parameters. The parameters we studied were density (ind/m²), sexual proportion, female fertility (i.e., eggs/female), and the relationship eggs/female versus female size. Density (ind/m²) ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 in 1996 and from 0.5 to 0.6 in 1999. ANOVA-tests registered differences in density among study sites and between years. In some of the study sites, females were more abundant than males (e.g., Lomas del Sauce). Females fertility ranged from 27 to 39 eggs per female, with significant differences among sites in 1996 but not in 1999. For females of 30-50 mm body size, a linear relationship was detected between egg number/female and body size. It is concluded that the E. wagenknechti outbreaks are site-specific in the study area and that the demographic parameters examined show a high variability among sites and between events.

In the rangeland areas of the Chilean transitional desert (25-32° Lat S), there is a group of orthopterous species that, under certain environmental conditions, irrupt demographically. One of these species is Elasmoderus wagenknechti (Liebermann) (Orthoptera: Tristiridae), an endemic and eremic species to Chile. The objective of this work was to document, from a meteorological point of view, the irruptive events (outbreak onward) occurred in some sites of the Combarbalá area (31°10' S, 71°00' W) in the years 1970, 1996, and 1999. Our working hypothesis was that both rainfall and temperature could have played a role in triggering these outbreaks. To document the hypothesis, we examined the thermal and rainfall patterns of the outbreak year as well as those shown by the 2 previous ones. AOV-tests revealed differences in grasshopper densities among sites for a same outbreak year and between years. Average densities were estimated between 10-50 ind/m² in 1970; in 1996 and 1999, in turn, these values were much lower (0,17-0,37 ind/m² and 0,49-0,58 ind/m², respectively), probably due to heavy chemical control. Regarding our hypothesis, although the annual maximum values of temperature slightly tended to be reached earlier in the summer season in the years previous to the outbreak, no evident deviations were detected between this thermal behaviour and the historical thermal pattern of the area. Annual rainfall registered during the outbreak years and the year before was lower than the 30-years mean value. The recorded rainfall of the second year before was, however, inconsistent. It was drier in the 1970 and 1996 outbreaks, but moister in the 1999-outbreak. Some deviations were observed between the 30-years monthly historical pattern and the monthly rainfall pattern of the outbreak years. The meteorological data available to date support the idea that relatively high summer temperatures, recorded rainfall lower than the historical mean value, and deviations from the monthly rainfall pattern may induce E. wagenknechti outbreaks. This evidence may be obscured because heavy chemical control applied early in the season.

En los sectores de interfluvios de la región desértica transicional de Chile (25-32° Lat. S.) existe un conjunto de especies de ortópteros que, bajo ciertas condiciones ambientales, irrumpen demográficamente. Una de estas especies es Elasmoderus wagenknechti (Liebermann) (Orthoptera: Tristiridae), especie endémica y erémica a Chile. El objetivo del trabajo fue documentar, desde un punto de vista meteorológico, los eventos irruptivos (brotes en adelante) ocurridos en el área de Combarbalá (31°10'S, 71°00'O) en los años 1970, 1996 y 1999. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo fue que tanto la precipitación como la distribución de la temperatura en los años de ocurrencia del brote pueden jugar un papel en el gatillamiento de ellos. Para documentar esta hipótesis, examinamos los patrones térmico y pluviométrico del año del brote así como aquellos mostrados por los dos años previos al mismo. Análisis de varianza mostraron diferencias en densidad entre sitios del área afectada en un mismo año así como diferencias entre años. Las densidades promedios se estimaron entre 10-50 ind/m² en 1970. Estos valores fueron mucho más bajos en 1996 y 1999 (0,17-0,37 ind/m² y 0,49-0,58 ind/m², respectivamente), probablemente debido al fuerte control químico aplicado al comienzo de la estación. En relación a nuestra hipótesis, aunque los máximos anuales de temperatura tendieron ligeramente a desplazarse al comienzo de la estación de verano en los años previos al brote, no se observaron desviaciones claras entre esta conducta térmica y el patrón histórico del área. Para los tres eventos examinados, la precipitación anual registrada en el año del evento y aquella del primer año anterior fue inferior al promedio histórico del área (30 años). La conducta de la precipitación del segundo año anterior al brote fue inconsistente. Fue menor en los brotes de los años 1970 y 1996, pero claramente superior en el brote de 1999. La distribución mensual de la precipitación del año del brote mostró diferencias con el patrón mensual histórico. La información meteorológica disponible a la fecha apoya la idea que temperaturas relativamente altas en verano, año con menor precipitación respecto de la media y desviaciones de la distribución de la precipitación mensual respecto de su patrón histórico, pueden gatillar la ocurrencia de brotes de E. wagenknechti. Esta evidencia puede quedar enmascarada como consecuencia del fuerte control químico que se aplica a comienzos de la estación.

Adult of Huequenia livida (Germain, 1898) (Cerambycidae) were captured in a Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. murrayana (Balf.) Engelm. plantation located in Lago Puelo ( Chubut , Argentina ). This is the first mention of the development of H. livida on a host species different than Araucaria spp. This contribution also adds a new host species and family to the list of host plants described for this Cerambycidae in Chile .

La presencia de adultos de Huequenia livida (Germain, 1898) (Cerambycidae) fue detectada en una plantación de Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. murrayana (Balf.) Engelm. en la localidad de Lago Puelo (Chubut, Argentina). Este es el primer registro del desarrollo de H. livida en una especie hospedadora distinta de Araucaria spp. Esta contribución agrega una nueva especie y una nueva familia al listado de plantas hospedadoras descriptas para este Cerambycidae en Chile.