RESUMO A leishmaniose é um dos mais importantes dilemas de saúde enfrentados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) devido à sua ampla disseminação e à grande diversidade de flebotomíneos que a transmitem. Este estudo teve como objetivo detectar a presença de parasitas de Leishmania nos flebotomíneos espalhados em campos de refugiados por meio da técnica PCR-RLFP. Um total de 437 flebotomíneos foi coletado e classificado em duas espécies: Phlebotomus papatasi e Phlebotomus sergenti. O DNA foi extraído das espécies de flebotomíneos das fêmeas e, em seguida, a reação de PCR foi amplificada por dois primers (LITSR, L5.8S) que transcreveram um gene parcial do espaçador transcrito interno (ITS)-1 para o parasita Leishmania com um comprimento de 320 pb. A PCR mostrou a presença de DNA de Leishmania em fêmeas de P. papatasi (10%) e P. sergenti (20%). Para determinar as espécies de Leishmania transmitidas pelas duas espécies de moscas anteriores, a técnica de RFLP-PCR foi realizada pela enzima HaeIII para o DNA de Leishmania extraído delas. A RFLP-PCR mostrou que as fêmeas de P. papatasi transmitiam Leishmania major e as fêmeas de P. sergenti transmitiam Leishmania tropica nos campos de refugiados. Pode-se concluir que a leishmaniose está amplamente distribuída nos campos de refugiados devido à presença de seu vetor. OMS (OMS transmitem PCRRLFP. PCRRLFP RLFP. RLFP PCR-RLFP 43 seguida LITSR, LITSR (LITSR L5.8S L58S LS L5 8S L S ITS1 ITS 1 (ITS)- 32 pb P 10% 10 (10% 20%. 20 20% . (20%) anteriores RFLPPCR RFLP delas Podese Pode se vetor 4 (ITS) 3 (10 2 (20% (ITS (1 (20 ( (2

ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis is one of the most important health dilemmas facing the World Health Organization (WHO), due to it being widespread and the great diversity of sand flies that transmit it. This study aimed to detect the presence of Leishmania parasites in the sand flies spread in Refugee camps by PCR- RLFP technique. A total of 437 sandflies were collected and classified into two species Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenti. DNA was extracted from the female fly species, then the PCR reaction was amplified by two primers (LITSR, L5.8S) that transcribed a partial internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 gene for Leishmania parasite with a length of 320 bp. PCR showed the presence of Leishmania DNA in females of both P. papatasi (10%) and P. sergenti (20%). To determine Leishmania species transmitted by the two previous fly species, the RFLP-PCR technique was performed by the HaeIII enzyme for Leishmania DNA extracted from them. RFLP-PCR showed that P. papatasi females transmitted Leishmania major and P. sergenti females transmitted Leishmania tropica in Refugee camps. It could be concluded that leishmaniasis is widely distributed in Refugee camps due to the presence of its vector. WHO, WHO , (WHO) 43 LITSR, LITSR (LITSR L5.8S L58S LS L5 8S L S ITS1 ITS 1 (ITS)- 32 bp P 10% 10 (10% 20%. 20 20% . (20%) RFLPPCR RFLP them vector (WHO 4 (ITS) 3 (10 2 (20% (ITS (1 (20 ( (2

RESUMO O cádmio (Cd) é um poluente ambiental que afeta vários tecidos e órgãos, inclusive o testículo. Muitos estudos demonstraram que a toxicidade do Cd causa comprometimento testicular por meio de estresse oxidativo e ação inflamatória. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo demonstrar a toxicidade testicular do Cd e a ação protetora da zeólita contra os efeitos deletérios do cádmio. Ratos machos adultos receberam Cd em uma dose de 30mg/kg/dia por 28 dias consecutivos com ou sem zeólita, que foi administrada em uma dose de 100mg/kg/dia por 28 dias. Foram avaliados o peso dos testículos, os espermatozoides (contagem, motilidade e anormalidades), a testosterona sérica e o hormônio luteinizante (LH), as enzimas testiculares fosfatase ácida (ACP) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP), as citocinas inflamatórias fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), interleucina-1beta (IL-1β) e fator nuclear Kappa B (NF-κB) e estresse oxidativo. Aqui, descobrimos que o cádmio causou alterações nas características dos espermatozoides, distúrbios nos hormônios sexuais, declínio nas enzimas testiculares, conteúdo elevado de malondialdeído (MDA), diminuição da glutationa (GSH), aumento do fator nuclear Kappa B (NF-κB) e níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) e interleucina-1beta (IL-1β) no homogenato do testículo. Em contraste, a zeólita alterou significativamente esses efeitos deletérios, e o mecanismo em potencial envolveu a regulação negativa do Fator Nuclear Kappa B (NF-κB), do Fator de Necrose Tumoral Alfa (TNF-α) e da interleucina-1beta (IL-1β), restaurando a glutationa (GSH) e reduzindo o malondialdeído (MDA). Além disso, a zeólita foi associada a uma maior taxa de gravidez. Nossos dados sugerem que o estresse oxidativo e a inflamação são responsáveis pela lesão testicular induzida por Cd e que a administração conjunta de zeólita exerce um efeito protetor por meio da via NF-κB /TNF-α/IL-1β. (Cd órgãos testículo inflamatória Portanto 30mgkgdia mgkgdia 30mg kg dia mg 2 100mgkgdia 100mg testículos contagem, contagem (contagem anormalidades, anormalidades , anormalidades) LH, LH (LH) ACP (ACP ALP, ALP (ALP) TNFα, TNFα TNF α interleucina1beta interleucinabeta interleucina 1beta beta IL1β ILβ IL 1β β (IL-1β NFκB NF κB (NF-κB Aqui sexuais MDA, MDA (MDA) GSH, GSH próinflamatórias pró (TNF-α contraste NFκB, IL1β, (GSH MDA. . disso gravidez /TNFα/IL1β. TNFαIL1β TNFαILβ /TNF α/IL 1β. /TNF-α/IL-1β (LH (ALP (MDA /TNFα/IL1β TNFαIL αIL

ABSTRACT Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant affecting various tissues and organs, including the testis. Many studies demonstrated that Cd toxicity causes testicular impairment through oxidative stress and inflammatory action. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate Cd's testicular toxicity and the protective action of zeolite against cadmium's deleterious effects. Adult male rats were given Cd at a dose of 30mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days with or without zeolite, which was given at a dose of 100mg/kg/day for 28 days. Testis weight, sperm (count, motility, and abnormalities), serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH), testicular enzymes Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline phosphatase(ALP), inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) , interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) , and Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) and oxidative stress were evaluated. Herein, we found that cadmium caused alterations in sperm characteristics, sex hormone disturbance, decline in testicular enzymes, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, decreased glutathione (GSH), increased Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) and pro-inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) levels in testis homogenate. In contrast, zeolite significantly amended these deleterious effects, and the potential mechanism involved the downregulation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), restoring glutathione (GSH) and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA). Also, zeolite was associated with an increased rate of pregnancy. Our data suggested that oxidative stress and inflammation are responsible for Cd-induced testicular injury and co-administration of zeolite exerts a protective effect via NF-κB /TNF-α/IL-1β pathway. (Cd organs Therefore Cds s cadmiums effects 30mgkgday mgkgday 30mg kg day mg 2 100mgkgday 100mg weight count, count (count motility abnormalities, abnormalities abnormalities) LH, LH (LH) ACP (ACP phosphataseALP, phosphataseALP ALP phosphatase(ALP) TNFα TNF α (TNF-α interleukin1beta interleukinbeta interleukin 1beta beta IL1β ILβ IL 1β β (IL-1β NFκB NF κB (NF-κB evaluated Herein characteristics disturbance MDA (MDA contents GSH, GSH proinflammatory pro homogenate contrast NFκB, IL1β, (GSH MDA. . Also pregnancy Cdinduced induced coadministration co administration /TNFα/IL1β TNFαIL1β TNFαILβ /TNF α/IL pathway (LH phosphatase(ALP TNFαIL αIL

Trypanosoma evansi is enzootic in camels in Egypt, and water buffaloes act as a reservoir for camel infection. Molecular techniques have contributed towards understanding the epidemiology of T. evansi. Trypanosoma evansi was detected in acute and chronic stages of the disease in male and female mice by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two primers. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment I, two groups consisting of 26 female and 26 male mice received 10(4) trypanosome by I/P inoculation for each mouse. In experiment II, 42 female and 42 male mice were inoculated I/P with 10² trypanosome/mouse. In addition, five mice were kept as uninfected control for each group. Mice were monitored daily for parasitaemia level during the pre-patent period using the micro-haematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and conventional PCR. The primer pairs, (Trypanosoma brucei) TBR1/2 and TeRoTat1.2 (T. evansi Rode Trypanozoon antigen type [RoTat] 1.2), detected the infection after 24 hours earlier than MHCT in both experiments. The course of infection that was detected by MHCT revealed three waves of parasitaemia in female mice and two waves in male mice in the chronic stage of infection. In addition, PCR was able to detect T. evansi in different organs in the chronic stage (i.e. disappearance of parasite from blood). Application of the two primer sets on blood samples from camels showed that all samples were positive by TBR1/2 primers and only 32 of 44 were positive by TeRoTat1.2 primers. Acutely and chronically Trypanosoma-infected mice were detected by PCR in blood and organs. TBR1/2 primers were more sensitive than TeRoTat1.2 primers in detecting Trypanosoma-infected mice, and more reliable in detecting field-infected camels and excluding carrier animals.