ABSTRACT Microplastics are generated by the fragmentation of plastic that enters the oceans and is accidentally consumed by various species in the trophic chain. Otariids are considered bioindicators of the presence of microparticles in the environment; however, the level of impact in the coastal area of the Bio-bío region, Chile, is unknown. The aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of this polymer in faeces of sea lions (Otaria flavescenses), in the ‘La Poza’ sector, commune of Talcahuano, Bio-bío region. Stool samples were collected, freeze-dried, digested and subsequently filtered to identify microplastics. Microfibres of various colours were found, with a predominance of black. It is concluded that sea lions were indicators of the circulation of microplastics in their food chain in the sampling area.

RESUMEN Los microplásticos se generan por la fragmentación del plástico que ingresa a los océanos y es consumido accidentalmente por diversas especies que se encuentran en la cadena trófica. Los otáridos son considerados como bioindicadores de la presencia de micropartículas en el ambiente; sin embargo, se desconoce el nivel de afectación en la zona costera de la región del Bio-bío, Chile. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de este polímero en heces de lobos marinos (Otaria flavescens), en el sector ‘La Poza’, comuna de Talcahuano, región del Bio-bío. Se tomaron muestras de heces que fueron liofilizadas, digeridas y posteriormente filtradas para identificar microplásticos. Se encontraron microfibras de varios colores, con predominio del color negro. Se concluye que los lobos marinos fueron indicadores de circulación de microplásticos en su cadena trófica en la zona de muestreo.

Resumen La infección asociada a COVID-19 produce una patología de comportamiento aún desconocido, planteándole diversos desafíos al clínico. Para esta revisión narrativa se llevó a cabo una extensa búsqueda basada en artículos de revisión sobre la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y estudios que incluían estrategias de manejo con ventilación mecánica. El tratamiento basado en evidencia para la infección por SARS-CoV2 todavía está en desarrollo. Tenemos algunas herramientas basadas en nuestros conocimientos de experiencias en el pasado que indican que se debe usar un abordaje escalonado, sin descuidar otras medidas terapéuticas conjuntas para mejorar los desenlaces clínicos de una condición con una elevada mortalidad. Las actuales recomendaciones indican que los pacientes con falla respiratoria aguda por SARS-CoV-2 deben manejarse con medidas de protección con ventilación mecánica. Aún no tenemos una sólida evidencia sobre la individualización del tratamiento con ventilación mecánica, de acuerdo a los distintos fenotipos.

Abstract CoVID-19-associated infection leads to a pathology of yet unknown clinical behavior, confronting the clinician with various challenges. An extensive search was conducted based on review articles on SARS-CoV-2 infection and studies including mechanical ventilation management strategies in order to complete this narrative review. Evidenced-based treatment for SARS-CoV2 infection is still in the works. We have some tools from our knowledge from past experiences indicating that a step-wise management approach should be used, without neglecting other joint therapeutic measures for improved clinical outcomes of a condition with a high mortality. The current recommendations indicate that patients with severe acute respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2 should be managed with protective mechanical ventilation measures. No strong evidence is yet available on the individualization of mechanical ventilation therapy according to phenotypes.

Resumen En este trabajo analizamos los manuscritos de la correspondencia de la artista y escritora colombiana Emma Reyes con Germán Arciniegas. Tratamos de demostrar que en sus cartas existe una propuesta de escritura que tiene un efecto desestabilizador. En este sentido, reflexionamos sobre el ejercicio de memoria que implica sus epístolas. Luego, presentamos su visión del lenguaje. Más adelante, mostramos la articulación entre lo expresado y la forma de expresión, donde opera una tensión entre lenguaje y memoria. Concluimos que la propuesta de su escritura impacta a los lectores por su «incorrección» y posibilita una reflexión sobre el poder del lenguaje.

Abstract In this paper we analyze the correspondence between the Colombian artist and writer Emma Reyes and Germán Arciniegas. We try to demonstrate that her proposal in her letters has a destabilizing effect. In this sense, we reflect on the exercise of memory that her epistles imply. Then, we present her vision of language. Later, we show the articulation between what is expressed and the form of expression, where a tension operates between language and memory. We conclude that the proposal of her writing impacts readers by its «incorrectness» and enables a reflection on the power of language.

Resumo Foram identificados os ectoparasitas de 18 rolinhas-cinzentas de vida livre, Columbina passerina insularis (Columbiformes: Columbidae), capturadas no Parque Zoológico Nacional de Havana, Cuba. Os ectoparasitas coletados pertencem à duas espécies de piolhos (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera): Columbicola passerinae (77,1%) e Physconelloides eurysema (50%), bem como à quatro espé cies de ácaros de pena (Astigmata: Falculiferidae): Pterophagus lomatus (83,3%), Byersalges talpacoti (50%), Byersalges phyllophorus (72,2%) e Hyperaspidacarus tridentatus (27,7%). Pterophagus lomatus, B. phyllophorus e H. tridentatus representam novos registros para Cuba.

Abstract Ectoparasites of 18 free-living Cuban Ground Doves, Columbina passerina insularis (Columbiformes: Columbidae), captured in the National Zoological Park, Havana, Cuba, were identified. The collected ectoparasites included two species of lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera): Columbicola passerinae (77.1%), and Physconelloides eurysema (50%), as well as four species of feather mites (Astigmata: Falculiferidae): Pterophagus lomatus (83.3%), Byersalges talpacoti (50%), Byersalges phyllophorus (72.2%), and Hyperaspidacarus tridentatus (27.7%). Pterophagus lomatus, B. phyllophorus, and H. tridentatus represent new records for Cuba.

ABSTRACT Routine blood analysis indicated the presence of Mycoplasma-like bodies in a guigna (Leopardus guigna). Evidence of infection with Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum was found in blood samples using PCR and DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of Mycoplasma. Mycoplasma spp. are documented in cats but their role in the transmission of Mycoplasma to guigna populations requires investigation.

Resumo A triquinelose é uma doença causada por nematoides do gênero Trichinella. Dez espécies foram descritas. A identificação das espécies a partir das larvas só foi possível com ferramentas moleculares. O abate doméstico de suínos e o consumo de animais de caça, sem inspeção veterinária, são as principais fontes de infecção humana. A caça de carnívoros nativos é proibida no Chile por questões de conservação e pelo fato de que esses animais favorecem o controle de pragas. A caça ilegal de um puma (Puma concolor) aconteceu em setembro de 2020. No Chile, a identificação molecular de larvas de Trichinella, obtida pelo exame de sequências nucleares (segmento de expansão V) e mitocondriais (citocromo C oxidase subunidade I) são descritas. Tanto a amplificação da região do segmento de expansão V quanto a análise filogenética de um segmento de um fragmento da sequência da subunidade I da Citocromo c-oxidase, confirmaram que as larvas pertenciam a T. spiralis. O caso aqui descrito representa a primeira evidência de caça ilegal de um mamífero protegido infectado com Trichinella no Chile, destacando a perspectiva de “Saúde Única” para enfrentar esta doença na interfase rural-silvestre.

Abstract Trichinellosis is a zoonosis caused by nematodes of the Trichinella genus, of which 10 species have been described. Species identification when larvae is found is only possible using molecular tools. Meat from pigs and game animals not subjected to veterinary inspection are the main sources of human infections. The hunting of native carnivores is prohibited in Chile due to conservation issues and the fact that those animals favor pest control. The illegal hunting of a cougar (Puma concolor) occurred in September 2020. Herein, the molecular identification of Trichinella larvae, by analyzing nuclear (expansion segment V) and mitochondrial (cytochrome C oxidase subunit I) sequences are described. Both the amplification of the expansion segment V region and the phylogenetic analysis of a segment of a fragment of the cytochrome c-oxidase subunit I sequence confirmed that the larvae belonged to T. spiralis. The case described herein represents the first evidence of illegal hunting of a protected mammal infected with Trichinella in Chile, highlighting the ‘One Health’ perspective to face this disease in the rural-sylvatic interphase.

Resumen Las dificultades del aprendizaje constituyen una de las principales causas de fracaso escolar; su aparición temprana puede evidenciarse en las habilidades gnósico-práxicas que soportan los procesos de lectura y escritura. Objetivo: Describir las habilidades gnósicas y práxicas en niños escolares, de 9 a 12 años de edad, asociadas a la presencia o no de dificultades en la lectura y/o la escritura. Participantes: 53 niños de una institución pública del municipio de Sabaneta-Colombia, divididos en dos grupos, uno compuesto por 16 niños con dificultades en la lectura y/o escritura y, el otro, por 37 niños sin dificultades en estos procesos. Resultados: La comparación intergrupos evidenció diferencias estadísticas (valor p y tamaño del efecto) significativas en aspectos cruciales para el proceso de lectura y escritura: la formación de imágenes visoconstruccionales y la velocidad, la planeación y la coordinación motora, evaluadas a partir de las tareas gnósico-práxicas de Sucesión de números y letras (WISC-IV) y Tapping (BANETA). Adicionalmente, se hallaron diferencias estadísticas en las subpruebas de Esterognosia, y correlaciones significativas entre Tapping y la velocidad al escribir palabras (BANETA). Conclusión: Las habilidades gnósico-práxicas no son plenamente los procesos predominantes en las diferencias intergrupos, si bien las habilidades motoras se vinculan con los procesos de aprendizaje y las dificultades que en ellos puedan presentarse, como lo sugieren las correlaciones dadas entre la subprueba de velocidad motora y el proceso de escritura. Adicionalmente, la velocidad de procesamiento y la memoria operativa se presentan como procesos transversales a las habilidades gnósico-práxicas y de lectura y escritura.

Abstract Learning disabilities constitute one of the main causes of school failure; their early manifestation may be evidenced in the gnosis-praxis skills that support reading and writing processes. Objective: To describe the performance of gnosis-praxis skills in school children (aged from 9 to 12 years old), associated to the existence or not of reading and/or writing difficulties. Participants: 53 children of a public school in Sabaneta - Colombia, divided into two groups, one consisting of 16 children with difficulties in reading and/or writing and, the other, by 37 children without difficulties in these processes. Results: The intergroup comparison showed significant statistical differences , in crucial aspects for reading and writing process: the visoconstructional image formation, speed, planning and motor coordination, obtained from the gnosis - praxis tasks of Letter-Number Sequencing (WISC-IV) and Tapping (BANETA). Additionally, statistical differences were found in the subtests of Stereognosis (BANETA) and significant correlations between Tapping and the speed rate in writing words. Conclusion: Gnosis - praxis skills are not the predominant processes in intergroup differences, even though motor skills are linked to learning process and the difficulties they may arise, as suggested by the correlations given between the motor speed subtest and the writing process. In addition, processing speed and operational memory are shown as crosscutting processes in gnosis-praxis, reading and writing skills.

RESUMEN Este trabajo se propone establecer la relación de la tributación territorial de la ciudad de Manizales con los procesos de mitigación de riesgo medioambiental durante la serie cronológica 2014-2017. Se reflexiona cómo Manizales, durante su desarrollo histórico, se ha venido enfrentando a distintos riesgos a causa de su ubicación geográfica vulnerable desde su planeamiento urbano. Los riesgos propios de la ubicación geográfica de la ciudad presentan importantes dilemas. Por esta razón es importante determinar si se necesita destinar más de los recaudos impositivos o destinar nuevos impuestos para responder a la mitigación de los riegos medioambientales de la ciudad. La principal conclusión es que la asignación directa del presupuesto es una herramienta insuficiente para afrontar los riesgos medioambientales. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: H23, H71, Q51 CONTENIDO: Introducción; 1. Impuestos municipales en la ciudad de Manizales; 2. Metodología; 3. Análisis de resultados; 4. Conclusiones; Referencias.

ABSTRACT This work's purpose is to establish the relationship between the territorial taxing of the city of Ma- nizales with the processes of environmental risk mitigation during the chronological series of 2014 to 2017. This article reflects on how Manizales, during its historical development, has been facing different risks because of its vulnerable geographical location since its urban planning. The inherent risks of its geographical location are a source of important dilemmas. For this reason, it is important to assign more tax resources and designate new taxes towards the mitigation of the environmental risks of the city. The main conclusion is that this direct assignment of the budget is an insufficient tool for facing the environmental risks. JEL CLASSIFICATION: H23, H71, Q51 CONTENT: Introduction; 1. Municipalities taxes in the city of Manizales; 2. Methodology; 3. Results analysis; 4. Conclusions; Bibliography.

RESUMO Este trabalho propõe estabelecer a relação da tributação territorial da cidade de Manizales, Colômbia, com os processos de redução do risco meio ambiental durante o período de 2014 a 2017. Reflete-se como Manizales, durante seu desenvolvimento histórico, enfrentou diferentes riscos por causa de sua localização geográfica vulnerável a partir de seu planejamento urbano. Os riscos próprios da localização geográfica da cidade apresentam importantes dilemas. Por isso, é importante determinar se é necessário destinar mais das arrecadações obrigatórias ou destinar novos impostos para atender a mitigação dos riscos meio ambientais da cidade. Conclui-se, principalmente, que a designação direta do orçamento é uma ferramenta insuficiente para enfrentar os riscos meio ambientais. JEL RATING: H23, H71, Q51 CONTEÚDO: Introdução; 1. Impostos municipais na cidade de Manizales; 2. Metodologia; 3. Análise de resultados; 4. Conclusões; Bibliografia.

Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar un grupo de pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de bronquiolitis obliterante postinfecciosa (BOPI) en un hospital universitario de Bogotá. Métodos: Se revisaron 2635 historias clínicas compatibles con BOPI, aplicando los criterios de inclusión y exclusión predefinidos. Así se obtuvieron 19 casos con los cuales se desarrolló un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Resultados: La edad media de presentación de la infección respiratoria baja grave desencadenante fue de 18 meses, hospitalización promedio de 14,5 días, el 21,5 % requirió atención en la unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico, con ventilación mecánica en el 10 % de estos casos. El 30 % de los pacientes tuvo aislamiento microbiológico, el 10,5 % correspondió a virus sincitial respiratorio y aislamiento mixto en un 5 %. Todos los pacientes tuvieron tomografía de tórax a partir del cual se encontró un patrón en mosaico de atenuación en el 89,4 % de los casos. Conclusiones: La población de estudio fue semejante en cuanto a las características clínicas y radiológicas descritas en otras series de casos en el ámbito mundial.

Abstract Aim: To characterize a group of pediatric patients diagnosed with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) at a university hospital in Bogotá. Methods: A total of 2,635 PIBO-compatible clinical histories were reviewed. Pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and 19 cases were retrieved and used to develop an observational, descriptive, and retrospective study. Results: The mean age for developing acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) was 18 months. The average hospitalization was 14.5 days, 21.5 % of patients required attention at a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and mechanical ventilation was applied for 10 % of these cases. A total of 30 % of the patients had microbiological isolation, 10.5 % corresponded to a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and 5 % corresponded to a mixed isolation (adenovirus and RSV). All patients had chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans, which revealed a mosaic pattern of attenuation in 89.4 % of all cases. Conclusions: The sample showed clinical and radiological characteristics similar to those described in other case series worldwide.

Abstract Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) have been isolated from domestic and wild cats. For wild cats, the isolation of AMSCs has been reported in the black-footed cats (Felis nigripes) and guigna (Leopardus guigna). Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) isolated from cougar adipose tissue have been used to restore elbow functionality in the cougar (Puma concolor) but multipotent characteristics of these cells have not been described. The present study describes for the first time the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue of cougar. AMSCs and fibroblasts from six months female cougar were isolated and cultured in DMEM/F12, supplemented with FBS 10% + 1% Antibiotic/Antifungal + 2.4 mM L-Glutamine + 2.4 mM pyruvate up to passage 5. Expression of pluripotent and surface marker genes was evaluated at mRNA level. Mesodermal differentiation (adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic) was described. AMSCs expressed mRNA of pluripotent genes Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 and Klf4 and surface markers Cd44, Cd90, Cd105 and MHCII. Fibroblasts showed similar mRNA expression with the exception of Sox2. AMSCs obtained from cougar exhibit multipotency features similar to domestic cats MSC, nevertheless, other analyses are required. AMSCs from cougar could be a source of interest for treatment of individuals that remain in captivity or arrive to wildlife rehabilitation centers.

Resumen Introducción: el Síndrome Metabólico (SM) se considera una epidemia mundial, el aumento global de su prevalencia se ha extendido en los países tanto industrializados como en vía de desarrollo, es el resultado de una mayor proporción de obesidad y sedentarismo en la población. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de SM en conductores de transporte intermunicipal de Tunja en el año 2017. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal a una muestra de 115 conductores de transporte intermunicipal en la ciudad de Tunja, se evaluaron índices antropométricos, glicemia, triglicéridos, HDL y se aplicó el cuestionario internacional de actividad física IPAQ. La presencia de SM se identificó de acuerdo con los criterios de NCEP/ATP III, se calculó la razón de prevalências y se determinó significancia mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher y U de Mann- Whitney. Resultados: se encontró una prevalencia de SM del 10.4 % (12/115; IC 95 % 4.6-15.7) y se hallaron diferencias significativas entre los pacientes con y sin SM en relación con la hipertensión (p = 0.03), niveles de glucosa (p = 0.0004), triglicéridos (p = <0.001), HDL (p = 0.00004), perímetro abdominal (p = 0.008) e índice de masa corporal (p = 0.001). Conclusión: en esta población de conductores, la hipertrigliceridemia fue el criterio más frecuente entre los que tenían síndrome metabólico, y se observó una tendencia hacia el sobrepeso y la obesidad, que determina la importancia de la generación de programas de información, educación y comunicación dirigidos a estas poblaciones que promuevan la alimentación saludable y la actividad física.

Abstract Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome (SM) is considered a global epidemic. The increase of its prevalence is widely extended in both industrialized and developing countries and is the outcome of a rise in the proportion of obesity and sedentary lifestyle in the population. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of SM and associated factors in transport drivers of Tunja in the year 2017. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 115 inter-municipal transportation drivers in the city of Tunja, evaluating anthropometric indexes, glycemia, triglycerides, HDL and the IPAQ international physical activity questionnaire was applied. The presence of SM evaluatio followed the NCEP/ATP III criteria, the prevalence ratio was found, and Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to determine the significance. Results: A prevalence of 10.4% (12/115; IC 95% 4.6-15.7) was found with significant differences between the patients with and without SM in relation with hypertension (p = 0.03), glucose levels (p = 0.0004), triglycerides (p < 0.001), HDL (p = 0.00004), abdominal perimeter (p = 0.008) and body mass index (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In this population of drivers, hypertriglyceridemia was the altogether criteria among those with metabolic syndrome as well as an observed trend towards overweight and obesity, which determines the importance of generating information, education and communication programs aimed at these populations to promote healthy eating and physical activity.

Resumo Introdução: a Síndrome Metabólica (SM) considera-se uma epidemia mundial, o aumento global de sua prevalência se tem estendido nos países tanto industrializados quanto em via de desenvolvimento, é o resultado de uma maior proporção de obesidade e sedentarismo na população. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a prevalências da SM em motoristas de transporte intermunicipal de Tunja no ano 2017. Materiais e métodos: se realizou um estudo analítico de corte transversal a uma amostra de 115 motoristas de transporte intermunicipal da cidade de Tunja; avaliaram-se índices antropométricos, glicemia, triglicérides, HDL e aplicou-se o questionário internacional de atividade física IPAO. A presença de SM se identificou de acordo aos critérios de NCEP/ATP III, calculara-se a razão de prevalências e determinou-se significância mediante a prova exata de Fisher e U de Mann - Whitney. Resultados: encontrou-se uma prevalência de SM do 10.4% (12/115; IC 95 % 4.6-15.7), achando diferenças significativas entre os pacientes com e sem SM em relação com a hipertensão (p = 0.03), níveis de glucose (p= 0.0004), triglicérides (p = <0.001), HDL (p = 0.00004), perímetro abdominal (p = 0.008) e índice de massa corporal (p = 0.001). Conclusão: nesta população de condutores de hipertrigliceridemia foi o critério mais frequente entre os que tinham síndrome metabólica, e observou-se uma tendência ao sobrepeso e a obesidade, que determina a importância da geração de programas de informação, educação e comunicação dirigidos a estas populações que promovam a alimentação saudável e a atividade física.

Resumen Introducción: la colonoscopia es el examen estándar de oro para evaluar la mucosa del colon. De la limpieza del colon en la preparación intestinal para colonoscopia depende el hallazgo de pólipos, que pueden ser adenomatosos con potencial maligno y con la posibilidad de degenerarse en cáncer de colon. Objetivo: comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de tres tipos de preparaciones para la limpieza del colon: dosis única de polietilenglicol (PEG) 4 litros (4 L) y dosis divididas: PEG 4 L dividido (2 L + 2 L) y PEG 2 L dividido (1 L + 1 L) de volumen bajo. Métodos: en pacientes con una colonoscopia electiva de una clínica universitaria, se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado y ciego (para el médico que evaluó la limpieza del colon). Se asignaron 74 pacientes para cada grupo. El parámetro principal de eficacia fue la preparación integral de calidad adecuada medida con la escala de Boston, y los parámetros secundarios fueron el porcentaje de eventos adversos, la tolerabilidad y la tasa de detección de pólipos. Resultados: la preparación completa de todo el colon fue significativamente de mayor la calidad en la alternativa de 4 L divididos (2 L + 2 L), seguida de la otra alternativa dividida (1 L + 1 L) y menor en la dosis única (79,7 %, 75,7 % y 63,5 %, respectivamente, p = 0,019); también se encontraron diferencias en la detección de pólipos (13,5 %, 24,3 % y 9,5 %, p = 0,037) y sin diferencias en la presentación de al menos un evento adverso (p = 0,254) ni en la tolerabilidad (p = 0,640). Conclusiones: las dos preparaciones de dosis dividida tienen una mayor eficacia en la limpieza del colon en comparación con la dosis única de 4 L y en la detección de pólipos, mientras que no se evidencian diferencias en las preparaciones para la ocurrencia de eventos adversos y la tolerabilidad. La dosis de PEG 2 L dividido puede ser una muy buena opción para las preparaciones de colonoscopia electiva.

Abstract Introduction: Colonoscopy is the gold standard for evaluation of the colonic mucosa. Colon cleansing in preparation for colonoscopy depends on finding of polyps which can be adenomatous with malignant potential and the possibility of degenerating into colon cancer. Objective: This study’s objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of three types of preparations for colon cleansing: a single four liter dose of polyethylene glycol (PEG) vs. two 2 liter doses of PEG vs. two low volume (1L + 1L) doses of PEG. Methods: This is a randomized controlled clinical trial of patients who underwent elective colonoscopy at a University clinic. It was blinded for the doctor who evaluated colon cleansing. Seventy four patients 74 patients were randomized into each group. The main parameter of effectiveness was integral preparation of adequate quality measured on the Boston scale. Secondary parameters were the percentage of adverse events, tolerability and detection rate of polyps. Results: Complete preparation of the entire colon was achieved significantly more often with 4 liters divided into two 2 liter doses followed by the other divided alternative (1 L + 1 L). It was achieved least frequently with in the single dose: 79.7%, 75.7% and 63.5%, respectively, p = 0.019. Differences were also found in the detection of polyps (13.5%, 24.3% and 9.5%, respectively, p = 0.037). ) There were no differences in presentation of at least one adverse event (p = 0.254) or in tolerability (p = 0.640). Conclusions: The two divided dose preparations had higher colon cleansing and polyp detection efficacies than did the single 4L dose while there were no differences in occurrence of adverse events and tolerability. The divided PEG 2L dose could be a very good option for elective colonoscopy preparation.

Resumen Los efectos del calentamiento global en las zonas urbanas hacen preponderante el estudio de especies arbóreas en diferentes condiciones de estrés abiótico, como el anegamiento. En este estudio se analizó el comportamiento fisiológico de seis especies nativas con cuatro niveles de anegamiento, determinando el estado hídrico, el comportamiento fotosintético y la pérdida de electrolitos. De acuerdo a los parámetros evaluados, se recomienda establecer Quercus humboldtii y Ficus tequendamae en zonas con altas precipitaciones y con tendencia al anegamiento debido a la tolerancia que se evidenció. Esto permite que estas zonas en Bogotá mantengan el arbolado urbano bajo escenarios de cambio climático. La estabilidad de las membranas celulares y la eficiencia máxima fotosintética del fotosistema II pueden ser usados como marcadores de tolerancia a condiciones de anegamiento en árboles.

Abstract The global warming effects in urban areas make preponderant the study of tree species at different conditions of abiotic stress, such as waterlogging. Therefore, it is important to conduct research to select species tolerating these environmental conditions and to find physiological markers for these selection processes. In this study, we analyzed the physiological behavior of six native species with four levels of waterlogging, determining the hydric state, the photosynthetic behavior and loss of electrolytes. According to the parameters evaluated, it is recommended to establish Quercus humboldtii and Ficus. tequendamae in areas with high rainfall and with a tendency to waterlogging. This recommendation arises due to the evident tolerance, allowing these areas in Bogota to maintain urban trees under climate change scenarios. The stability of the cell membranes and the maximum photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II can be used as markers for tolerance under waterlogging conditions in trees.

Abstract: Adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) had been isolated and used for cell therapy in domestic cats. For wild cats, the isolation of AMSCs has only been reported in the black-footed cat (Felis nigripes). AMSCs obtained from wild cats may be useful to treat injuries of endangered cat species that remain in captivity or arrive at wildlife rehabilitation centers. Additionally, AMSCs might allow improvement of cloning techniques or assist in derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Endangered wild cats such as the guigna (Leopardus guigna), an endemic and endangered species from Chile and Argentina, might benefit greatly from the development of novel treatments or techniques that can be applied for its conservation. The objective of this study was to characterise putative AMSCs from guigna in terms of their main biological attributes, particularly, growth kinetics, differentiation ability and surface marker expression. Results obtained from this characterisation were compared with AMSCs isolated from domestic cats. AMSCs were isolated from peritoneal adipose tissue of female cats and subcutaneous tissue from a female guigna. Migration potential, colony-forming unit assay, mesodermal differentiation and surface marker expression (CD45, CD44, CD90, MHCI and MHCII) were evaluated. Domestic cat and guigna AMSCs displayed similar growth properties in culture. Both AMSC types showed mesodermal differentiation potential, in vitro homing potential and similar surface marker expression. These results indicate that AMSCs from subcutaneous tissue of guigna could have potential use as regenerative treatment for this species and might be considered for use in other biotechnological applications.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate and compare sensitivity and specificity of ANB, Wits, APDI and AF-BF to diagnose sagittal skeletal malocclusions, in children between 6 to 12 years old, using ROC curves, a widely accepted method for the analysis and evaluation of diagnostic tests. Material and Methods: A descriptive-comparative study of diagnostic tests was conducted. From a population of 3,000 children, a non-probabilistic sample of 209 was selected. The clinical classification of the patients as class I, II or III, made by a group of experts based on the visual inspection of models and photographs, was chosen as the gold standard. After calibration (ICC>0.94) the variables were measured in cephalograms. Eight ROC curves were plotted (I vs II, and I vs III for each one of the variables). The area under the curve was measured and compared (Ji-square test). Cut points were established. Results: To discriminate Class I from II, ANB showed the largest area under the curve (AUC) (0.876) and the cut point (best sensitivity and specificity) was at 5.75°. To discriminate class I from III, Wits showed the largest AUC (0.874) with a cut point of -3.25 mm. There were no statistical differences between the AUC for the four variables (p=0.48 y p=0.38 for class I-II and I-III). Conclusion: ANB and Wits performed better for the diagnosis of class II and III, respectively. Cut points in children were different from those reported in adults.