Resumen: La pandemia de COVID-19 impactó significativamente los sistemas de salud de todo el mundo, sobre todo en el manejo de enfermedades crónicas, como el cáncer. Este estudio explora los efectos de la COVID-19 en las tendencias de mortalidad por cáncer en Brasil, Chile y Perú. Las tasas de mortalidad mensuales estandarizadas por edad en diferentes locales de fallecimiento (hospital/clínica o domicilio) se estimaron utilizando estadísticas vitales y base de datos de certificados de defunción. Se realizó un análisis de serie temporal interrumpida para cada país, teniendo como punto de intervención la fecha de implementación del lockdown. Las tasas generales de mortalidad por cáncer redujeron tras la implementación de las restricciones, con una disminución significativa en Brasil. En total, el 75,3% de los óbitos ocurrieron en hospitales en Brasil, el 55,4% en Perú y el 45,7% en Chile. Tras la implementación del lockdown, las muertes domiciliarias aumentaron en todos los países, y las muertes hospitalarias solo redujeron de forma correspondiente en Chile. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la COVID-19 afectó significativamente las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer y el local del fallecimiento en América Latina. Resumen COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 mundo crónicas Brasil hospital/clínica hospitalclínica hospital clínica domicilio defunción país lockdown restricciones total 753 75 3 75,3 554 55 4 55,4 457 45 7 45,7 países Latina COVID1 1 COVID- 75, 5 55, 45,

Resumo: A pandemia de COVID-19 impactou significativamente os sistemas de saúde ao redor do mundo, especialmente no manejo de doenças crônicas, como o câncer. Este estudo explora os efeitos da COVID-19 nas tendências de mortalidade por câncer no Brasil, Chile e Peru. As taxas de mortalidade mensais padronizadas por idade em diferentes locais de morte (hospital/clínica ou domicílio) foram estimadas usando estatísticas vitais e bancos de dados de atestados de óbito. Uma análise de série temporal interrompida foi realizada para cada país, tendo como ponto de intervenção a data de implementação do lockdown. As taxas gerais de mortalidade por câncer reduziram após a implementação das restrições, com uma queda significativa no Brasil. No total, 75,3%, 55,4% e 45,7% dos óbitos no Brasil, Peru e Chile, respectivamente, ocorreram em hospitais. Depois da implementação dos lockdowns, as mortes em domicílio aumentaram em todos os países, e as mortes hospitalares diminuíram de forma correspondente apenas no Chile. Nossos resultados sugerem que a COVID-19 afetou significativamente as taxas de mortalidade por câncer e o local de morte na América Latina. Resumo COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 mundo crônicas Brasil hospital/clínica hospitalclínica hospital clínica óbito país lockdown restrições total 753 75 3 75,3% 554 55 4 55,4 457 45 7 45,7 respectivamente hospitais lockdowns países Latina COVID1 1 COVID- 75,3 5 55, 45, 75,

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted healthcare systems worldwide, especially on the management of chronic diseases such as cancer. This study explores the effects of COVID-19 on cancer mortality trends in Brazil, Chile, and Peru. The monthly age-standardized mortality rates in different places of death (hospital/clinic or home) were estimated using vital statistics and death certificate databases. An interrupted time series analysis was performed for each country, using the date of lockdown implementation as the intervention point. Overall cancer mortality rates reduced after the implementation of pandemic restrictions, with a significant decrease in Brazil. In total, 75.3%, 55.4%, and 45.7% of deaths in Brazil, Peru, and Chile, respectively, occurred in hospitals. After lockdowns were implemented, at-home deaths increased in all countries, and in-hospital deaths correspondingly decreased only in Chile. Our results suggest that COVID-19 has significantly affected rates of cancer mortality and place of death in Latin America. Abstract COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 worldwide Brazil Chile Peru agestandardized age standardized hospital/clinic hospitalclinic hospital clinic home databases country point restrictions total 753 75 3 75.3% 554 55 4 55.4% 457 45 7 45.7 respectively hospitals implemented athome at countries inhospital America COVID1 1 COVID- 75.3 5 55.4 45. 75. 55.

Resumen: La pandemia de COVID-19 impactó significativamente los sistemas de salud de todo el mundo, sobre todo en el manejo de enfermedades crónicas, como el cáncer. Este estudio explora los efectos de la COVID-19 en las tendencias de mortalidad por cáncer en Brasil, Chile y Perú. Las tasas de mortalidad mensuales estandarizadas por edad en diferentes locales de fallecimiento (hospital/clínica o domicilio) se estimaron utilizando estadísticas vitales y base de datos de certificados de defunción. Se realizó un análisis de serie temporal interrumpida para cada país, teniendo como punto de intervención la fecha de implementación del lockdown. Las tasas generales de mortalidad por cáncer redujeron tras la implementación de las restricciones, con una disminución significativa en Brasil. En total, el 75,3% de los óbitos ocurrieron en hospitales en Brasil, el 55,4% en Perú y el 45,7% en Chile. Tras la implementación del lockdown, las muertes domiciliarias aumentaron en todos los países, y las muertes hospitalarias solo redujeron de forma correspondiente en Chile. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la COVID-19 afectó significativamente las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer y el local del fallecimiento en América Latina.

Resumo: A pandemia de COVID-19 impactou significativamente os sistemas de saúde ao redor do mundo, especialmente no manejo de doenças crônicas, como o câncer. Este estudo explora os efeitos da COVID-19 nas tendências de mortalidade por câncer no Brasil, Chile e Peru. As taxas de mortalidade mensais padronizadas por idade em diferentes locais de morte (hospital/clínica ou domicílio) foram estimadas usando estatísticas vitais e bancos de dados de atestados de óbito. Uma análise de série temporal interrompida foi realizada para cada país, tendo como ponto de intervenção a data de implementação do lockdown. As taxas gerais de mortalidade por câncer reduziram após a implementação das restrições, com uma queda significativa no Brasil. No total, 75,3%, 55,4% e 45,7% dos óbitos no Brasil, Peru e Chile, respectivamente, ocorreram em hospitais. Depois da implementação dos lockdowns, as mortes em domicílio aumentaram em todos os países, e as mortes hospitalares diminuíram de forma correspondente apenas no Chile. Nossos resultados sugerem que a COVID-19 afetou significativamente as taxas de mortalidade por câncer e o local de morte na América Latina.

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted healthcare systems worldwide, especially on the management of chronic diseases such as cancer. This study explores the effects of COVID-19 on cancer mortality trends in Brazil, Chile, and Peru. The monthly age-standardized mortality rates in different places of death (hospital/clinic or home) were estimated using vital statistics and death certificate databases. An interrupted time series analysis was performed for each country, using the date of lockdown implementation as the intervention point. Overall cancer mortality rates reduced after the implementation of pandemic restrictions, with a significant decrease in Brazil. In total, 75.3%, 55.4%, and 45.7% of deaths in Brazil, Peru, and Chile, respectively, occurred in hospitals. After lockdowns were implemented, at-home deaths increased in all countries, and in-hospital deaths correspondingly decreased only in Chile. Our results suggest that COVID-19 has significantly affected rates of cancer mortality and place of death in Latin America.

ABSTRACT Artificial cultivation increases clams' availability and is an alternative to the extraction from natural banks. The culture of clams requires species-specific research in the different growth stages, and studies on the effects and interactions of culture parameters are essential to obtain and control the proper development of larvae. This paper aims to compare methods to induce spawning, describe the embryonic development, and compare the effect of different culture densities on the yield of "D" larvae of the "taca" clam Ameghinomya antiqua. Breeders were collected on the southwest coast of Quinchao Island, Chiloé, Chile. Spawning induction assays were performed comparing different combinations of biological and physical factors. Experiments on the effect of embryonic density in the obtention of "D" larvae were performed, and the embryonic development was described at 11 ± 1°C. The spawning inductions were successfully achieved with the addition of food combined with temperature changes, resulting in the liberation of oocytes with a jelly coat with a diameter of 140 μm. Trochophore larvae were observed at 40 h post-fertilization. The percentage of embryos developed showed significant differences when testing cultures with densities of 20, 40, and 60 embryos mL-1. Experiments with 20 embryos mL-1 density were the ones that obtained a greater number of developed embryos (50%). These results suggest spawning induction with the addition of food and temperature changes with a density of 20 embryos mL-1. This paper describes the embryonic development and technology development for spawning induction for the first time.

ABSTRACT Objective. Compare the diagnostic properties of five case definitions of suspected COVID-19 that were used or proposed in Chile during the first eight months of the pandemic. Methods. An analysis was done of the diagnostic properties (sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values) of three case definitions of suspected COVID-19 used in Chile between March and October 2020, as well as two alternative proposed definitions. The sample was 2,019 people with known results for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2. Stepwise logistic regression was used to develop criterion 5, optimizing sensitivity and specificity values. Multifactor logistic regression was used to explore the association between demographic variables, symptoms and signs, and PCR positivity. Different positivity scenarios were analyzed and ROC curves were compared. Results. The presence of anosmia (OR = 8.00; CI95%: 5.34–11.99), fever (OR = 2.15; CI95%: 1.28–3.59), and having been in close contact with a person sick with COVID-19 (OR = 2.89; CI95%: 2.16–3.87) were associated with a positive PCR result. According to the analysis of the ROC curve, criterion 5 had the highest capacity for discrimination, although there were no significant differences with the other four criteria. Conclusions. Criterion 5—based on anosmia, close contact with people with COVID-19, and fever as sufficient unique elements—was the most sensitive in identifying suspected cases of COVID-19, a key aspect in controlling the spread of the pandemic.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Comparar las propiedades diagnósticas de cinco definiciones de caso sospechoso de COVID-19 utilizadas o propuestas en Chile durante los primeros ocho meses de la pandemia. Métodos. Se analizaron las propiedades diagnósticas (sensibilidad, especificidad, y valores predictivos positivo y negativo) de tres definiciones de caso sospechoso de COVID-19 utilizadas en Chile entre marzo y octubre del 2020, y dos propuestas de definición alternativas. La muestra fue de 2 019 personas con resultados conocidos a la prueba de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para SARS-CoV-2. Para elaborar el criterio 5 se aplicó una regresión logística escalonada (stepwise) optimizando los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad. Se exploró la asociación de variables demográficas, síntomas y signos con la positividad a la PCR mediante regresión logística multifactorial. Se analizaron diferentes escenarios de positividad y se compararon las curvas ROC. Resultados. La presencia de anosmia (OR = 8,00; IC95%: 5,34–11,99) y fiebre (OR = 2,15; IC95%: 1,28–3,59) y el haber tenido contacto estrecho previo con una persona enferma de COVID-19 (OR = 2,89; IC95%: 2,16–3,87) se asociaron con un resultado positivo de la PCR. Según el análisis de las curvas ROC, el criterio 5 tuvo la mayor capacidad de discriminación, aunque sin diferencias significativas con los otros cuatro criterios. Conclusiones. El criterio 5 —basado en la anosmia, el contacto estrecho con personas enfermas de COVID-19 y la fiebre como elementos únicos suficientes— tuvo la mayor sensibilidad para identificar los casos sospechosos de COVID-19, aspecto fundamental para controlar la propagación de la pandemia.

RESUMO Objetivo. Comparar as características diagnósticas de cinco critérios das definições de caso suspeito de COVID-19 usados ou propostos no Chile nos oito primeiros meses de pandemia. Métodos. Foram avaliadas as características diagnósticas (sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos positivo e negativo) de três critérios das definições de caso suspeito de COVID-19 usados no Chile entre março e outubro de 2020 e de duas alternativas propostas para definição de caso. A amostra do estudo consistiu 2 019 pessoas com resultados conhecidos no exame de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para SARS-CoV-2. Para elaborar o critério 5, uma regressão logística com método stepwise foi realizada otimizando os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade. A associação entre variáveis demográficas, sintomas e sinais e resultado positivo no exame de PCR foi testada em um modelo de regressão logística multifatorial. Situações diferentes de resultado positivo foram testadas com uma análise comparativa das curvas ROC. Resultados. Presença de anosmia (OR 8,00; IC95% 5,34–11,99), febre (OR 2,15; IC95% 1,28–3,59) e contato próximo anterior com uma pessoa com COVID-19 (OR 2,89; IC95% 2,16–3,87) foram associados a um resultado positivo no exame de PCR. De acordo com a análise das curvas ROC, o critério 5 demonstrou maior capacidade discriminatória, apesar de não existir diferença significativa com os outros quatro critérios. Conclusão. O critério 5 – presença de anosmia, febre e contato próximo com uma pessoa com COVID-19 como elementos únicos e suficientes – demonstrou maior sensibilidade para identificar casos suspeitos de COVID-19, o que é fundamental para controlar a disseminação da pandemia.

Abstract: Spats of Mulinia edulis, produced in a hatchery, were nursered for 40 days in a suspended system in the sea in Bahía Yal (Chiloé), in order to test the feasibility of pre-fattening. Two initial sizes: 2.9 and 6.2 mm and two cultivation densities [1(D1) and 2(D2) spats cm-2] were used in treatments with (TA) and without sand (TSA) with small spats. Additionally, the growth and the survival of small spats in long-line installed both on the periphery and in the center of the farm were tested. In the size experiment, the small spats grew an average of 5.0 mm and the large spats an average of 4.9 mm in TA, and in TSA, 0.9 mm and 0.7 mm, respectively. The spat survival in TA (small= 51.3% and large= 62.3%) was greater than in TSA (small= 18.9% and large= 40.0%). In the density experiment, the largest sizes were reached in the TA, with an average growth of 5.0 mm in D1 and 4.5 mm in D2. The greatest survival was attained in TA (D1= 51.3% and D2= 49.4%) and the lowest in the TSA (D1= 18.9% and D2= 7.1%). The growth of the small spats was greater in the long-line located in the periphery of the farm, nevertheless no differences were observed in the survival. The results show that it is feasible to do large-scale nursering with an initial spat size of 2.9 mm at a density of 2 spat cm2 in a suspended system with sand.

Resumen: Semillas (spats) de Mulinia edulis, producidas en hatchery, se engordaron durante 40 días, en un sistema de cultivo suspendido (long-line) en el mar en Bahía Yal (Chiloé, Chile), con el objetivo de probar la factibilidad de pre-engorda. Se utilizaron dos tamaños de siembra 2,9 y 6,2 mm y dos densidades [1 (D1) y 2 (D2) semillas cm-2] en tratamientos con (TA) y sin arena (TSA) con semillas pequeñas. Se determinó el crecimiento y la supervivencia de semillas pequeñas en long-line instalados en la periferia y en el centro de la concesión de acuicultura. En el experimento de tamaño de siembra las semillas pequeñas crecieron en promedio 5,0 mm y las grandes 4,9 mm en TA y en el TSA 0,9 mm y 0,7 mm, respectivamente. La supervivencia de las semillas en TA (pequeñas= 51,3%; grandes= 62,3%) fue mayor que en TSA (pequeñas= 18,9%; grandes= 40,0%). En el experimento de densidad, las mayores longitudes se presentaron en TA, con un crecimiento promedio 5,0 mm en D1 y 4,5 mm en D2. La mayor supervivencia se obtuvo en TA (D1= 51,3%; D2= 49,4%) y la menor en TSA (D1= 18,9%; D2= 7,1%. El crecimiento de las semillas pequeñas fue mayor en los long-line ubicados en la periferia, no observándose diferencias en la supervivencia. Los resultados muestran que es factible realizar una pre-engorda a un tamaño de siembra de 2,9 mm con una densidad inicial de 2 semillas cm-2 en sistemas suspendidos con arena.

ABSTRACT Contamination of natural environments by metals is basically due to anthropogenic activities such as iron and steel industries, mining, electroplating and tannery. As a consequence, proliferating microbes in such environments are subjected to stress conditions which induce decreases of the microbial diversity and biomass, particularly the bacterial one. This study reports statistical significant reductions of the total organic carbon content (70 %), urease activity (54 %), microbial biomass (47 %), and bacterial load (3080%) in soil samples containing permissible levels of metals according to the Venezuelan legislation. Besides, the basal respiration/microbial biomass ratio increased 58% respect to the witness soil. The bacterial diversity was severally reduced and only 12 bacterial morphotypes were isolated from agar LB plates supplemented with Cr3+, Cr6+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Co2+ salts. Five of these strains were assigned to Rothia, Vibrio, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter and Raoultella bacterial genera. The pH (9) and metal concentrations (Cr3+, Cr6+ and Ni2+) were the most important parameters involved in reducing the bacterial diversity and load. The reported data should constitute an alarm call to the Venezuelan environmental authority to revise and set the metal permissible levels in natural environments, in such a way the soil biochemical and physiological parameters are not negatively affected; besides, microbial load and diversity should be included as health bioindicators to soils.

RESUMEN La contaminación de ambientes naturales por metales es básicamente producto de actividades antrópicas, tales como siderurgia, minería, galvanoplastia y Curtiembre es el lugar donde ocurre el proceso de curtido de pieles, no el proceso en sí de pieles y cuero. Como consecuencia, los microorganismos en los ambientes impactados se someten a condiciones estresantes, provocando una disminución de la biomasa y diversidad biológica, particularmente la bacteriana. En este estudio se reportan disminuciones estadísticamente significativas en el contenido de carbono orgánico total (70 %), actividad ureásica (54 %), biomasa bacteriana (47 %) y carga bacteriana (30-80 %) en suelos que contienen metales en niveles considerados permisibles por la legislación venezolana. El cociente respiración basal/biomasa microbiana se incrementó en 58 % respecto al suelo testigo. La diversidad bacteriana se redujo y se lograron aislar sólo 12 morfotipos en placas de agar LB suplementadas con sales de Cr3+, Cr6+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ y Co2+. Cinco de estos morfotipos fueron asignados a los géneros bacterianos Rothia, Vibrio, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter y Raoultella. El pH (9) y la concentración de metales (Cr3+, Cr6+ y Ni2+) fueron parámetros determinantes en la reducción de la diversidad y carga bacterianas. Los datos reportados deberían constituir un llamado de alerta a la autoridad ambiental venezolana para revisar y establecer los niveles permisibles de metales en ambientes naturales, de tal manera de que los parámetros bioquímicos y fisiológicos del suelo no se afecten negativamente; adicionalmente, la carga y diversidad microbianas deberían ser incluidas como bioindicadores de salud para suelos.

Introducción: En adultos mayores la percepción de calidad de vida relacionada con salud bucal (CVRSB) toma particular importancia por el deterioro acumulado y falta de acciones de salud priorizadas en ellos. A pesar de los resultados en grupos específicos, no hay estudios nacionales que refieran diferencias de esta percepción entre comunas Objetivo: Comparar la CVRSB de adultos mayores, que asisten a centros de atención primaria de salud en las comunas de Puerto Saavedra y Vitacura. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal a 270 adultos mayores de ambos sexos, 57 de Puerto Saavedra y 213 de Vitacura. Se utilizó el cuestionario Geriatric Oral Health Assesment index (GOHAI) para medir CVRSB. Se realizó análisis descriptivo univariado y bivariado de los datos, contrastando hipótesis con prueba-T, Exacto de Fisher o Mann-Whitney según la naturaleza de las variables, se utilizó Stata 13.0. Resultados: Un 77,4% percibió su CVRSB como negativa. La media de los puntajes del GOHAI fueron similares en ambas comunas, con valores más bajos de percepción en la comuna de Puerto Saavedra; la diferencia no fue significativa estadísticamente (p>0,05). Se observó una tendencia negativa en los puntajes para el sexo femenino en ambas comunas. Conclusiones: La CVRSB es percibida negativamente, independiente de la edad y comuna de residencia. Situación coherente con un escenario nacional de alta carga de enfermedades bucales y limitado acceso a atención dental, agravado en adultos mayores debido al daño acumulado desarrollado y la desprotección histórica en salud dental.

Introduction: In the elderly oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) perception is particularly important because of the accumulated impairment and lack of prioritized health actions for them. Despite group-specific results there is no national study that refers differences between districts. Objetive: To compare the perception of OHRQoL in the elderly who attend to primary health care in Puerto Saavedra and Vitacura. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed to 270 older adults of both sexes, 57 from Puerto Saavedra and 213 from Vitacura. Geriatric oral health asessment index (GOHAI) was used to measure OHRQoL. Descriptive univariate and bivariate analyses was perfomed. Contrast hypothesis tests were selected according to the nature of the variables and statistical analyses was performed in Stata13.0. Results: 77.4% perceived their OHRQoL as negative. Mean GOHAI score were similar in both districts. Puerto Saavedra showed lower scores, the difference was not statistically significative (p>0.05). Negative tendency was observed in females groups for both districts. Conclusions: OHRQoL is perceived as negative regardless of age and residence districts. This is coherent with the national scenery of high burden of oral disease and limited access to oral-health care wich is aggravated in older adults due to accumulated damage and historical absence of protection in oral health.

In order to evaluate the effect of stocking density on growth and survival, veliger larvae of Mulinia edulis were reared at densities of 10 and 20 larvae ml-1 fed with a mix of 25,000 cells ml-1day-1 of Isochrysis aff. galbana (T-ISO) and Nannochloropsis oculata in 5 L buckets. In ration experiments, larvae were fed with of 25,000 and 50,000 cells ml-1 day-1. By the end of the stocking experiment, significant differences were found in survival but not in larval growth rate. The ration experiment showed no differences in the growth nor in the survival of the larvae. To establish the effect of stocking density on settlement of pediveliger larvae, these were reared in a down-welling system at densities of 5, 10, 20 and 40 larvae cm-2. To determine an adequate food ration during settlement, pediveliger larvae were provided with 25,000, 50,000 and 100,000 cells ml-1day-1 of T-ISO; a fourth treatment with a progressive increase of cells (25,000 to 100,000 cells ml-1day-1) was used. Lower density treatments showed greater sizes and survival. Postlarvae fed with a ration of 100,000 cells ml-1day-1 had the greatest valve length (1728 ± 293 µm). The progressive treatment had the best survival (65%) at age 50 days from D larvae. To improve the productivity of larval culture for a massive seed production an initial stocking density of 10 larvae ml-1 and a microalgae ration of 25,000 cells ml-1day-1 were recomended. For settlement stage we recommend a stocking density between 5 to 10 pediveliger cm-2 and the increasing food ration.

Para evaluar el efecto de la densidad sobre el crecimiento y la sobrevivencia se cultivaron larvas velígeras de la almeja taquilla Mulinia edulis a una densidad de 10 y 20 larvas ml-1, alimentadas con 25.000 cel. ml-¹día-1 de una mezcla de Isochrysis aff. galbana (T-ISO) y Nannochloropsis oculata en recipientes de 5 L. Para medir el efecto de la ración de alimento se utilizaron 25.000 y 50.000 cel. ml-¹día-1. Al final del experimento de densidad se encontraron diferencias en la supervivencia, pero no en el crecimiento. Las raciones de alimento experimentales no mostraron diferencias, ni en el crecimiento ni en la supervivencia larval. Para establecer el efecto de la densidad en el asentamiento, se cultivaron larvas pedivelígeras a densidades de 5, 10, 20 y 40 larvas cm-2, en un sistema down-welling. Para determinar la ración adecuada se usaron 25.000, 50.000 y 100.000 cel. ml-¹día-1 de T-ISO y un cuarto tratamiento con aumento progresivo del alimento (25.000 a 100.000 cel. ml-1día-1). El efecto de la densidad para las larvas pedivelígeras fue significativo en el crecimiento y en la supervivencia. Las densidades más bajas presentaron mayores tamaños y supervivencia y las postlarvas alimentadas con una ración de 100.000 cel. ml-¹día-1 alcanzaron la mayor longitud valvar (1728 ± 293 µm). La mayor sobrevivencia (65%) se obtuvo con la ración ascendente a la edad de 50 días desde larva D. Para mejorar la producción masiva de semillas, se recomienda utilizar una densidad inicial de 10 larvas ml-1 y una concentración de microalgas de 25.000 cel. ml-¹día-1. Para los cultivos postlarvales se recomienda una densidad de cultivo entre 5 y 10 larvas pedivelígeras cm-2 y una ración ascendente de alimento.

Seeds of the clam Mulinia edulis produced in a hatchery were grown in bottom cages in the subtidal zone of Tongoy Bay (northern Chile) and in the intertidal zone of Chullec (Chiloé Island, southern Chile), to compare the growth and survival of small and large seeds of the same production in different environments and latitudes. Seeds were shipped twice to Chullec, once in summer and once in winter. Previous experiments with seed transportation (14.2 ± 2.4 mm) showed that they are able to survive more than 24 h out of water. The growth rate of both large and small seeds was greater in Tongoy than in Chullec, reaching maxima of 1.24 mm month-1 in the small seeds of Tongoy and 1.06 mm month-1 in the same group in Chullec. The growth rates obtained for M. edulis were similar to those described for other cultured clams. Seeds grown in Chullec presented a significantly greater weight by size than the seeds grown in Tongoy. Survival after 12 months was 38% and 88% in Tongoy and 19.4% and 37.3% in Chullec for small and large seeds, respectively. Seeds produced in hatcheries are able to withstand long travel (1,360 km) and grow in the intertidal zone of southern Chile, where the operation of the culture is simple and cheap. The growth curve presents an inflection point around 20 mm length, probably related to the age at sexual maturity. Growing out seeds in the intertidal zone in southern Chile is seen as a new activity for artisanal fishermen.

Semillas de la almeja Mulinia edulis producidas en el Hatchery de Pesquera San José (Tongoy) fueron engordadas en sistemas de fondo en la zona submareal de bahía Tongoy e intermareal en Chullec (Chiloé), para comparar el crecimiento y la supervivencia de semillas pequenas y grandes de una misma producción en diferentes ambientes y latitudes. Se realizaron dos envíos de semillas a Chullec, uno en verano y otro en invierno. Experimentos de simulación del transporte de semillas (14,2 ± 2,4 mm) muestran que éstas sobreviven al transporte por más de 24 h. La tasa crecimiento de las semillas grandes y pequenas fue mayor en Tongoy que en Chullec, alcanzando un máximo de 1,24 mm mes-1 en las semillas chicas de Tongoy y de 1,06 mm mes-1 para el mismo grupo en Chullec. Las semillas engordadas en Chullec presentaron un peso significativamente mayor e igual talla que las de Tongoy. La supervivencia, después de 12 meses, de las semillas pequenas cultivadas en Tongoy fue de 38% y de 19,4% en Chullec y de las semillas grandes de 88% y 37,3% respectivamente. Las semillas producidas en hatchery son capaces de sobrevivir a largos traslados (1.360 km) y de crecer en la zona intermareal del sur de Chile, donde el manejo de los cultivos es más simple y barato. La tasa de crecimiento presentó un punto de inflexión a los 20 mm, que se relaciona con la edad de madurez sexual. La engorda de semillas en la zona intermareal del sur de Chile se vislumbra como una nueva actividad económica para los pescadores artesanales.

The first results obtained from archaeological excavation at 10 PM 014 site "Conchal Piedra Azul" are presented. This is a base camp of canoeists prehistoric populations that consist of a shell midden deposit, formed by superimposed occupations. The cultural material shows a hunting-gathering & fishing way of life (ca. 5.000 cal. BP.- to late prehistoric time).

Se presentan los primeros resultados obtenidos en la investigación del sitio arqueológico 10 PM 014 "Conchal Piedra Azul", campamento base de poblaciones canoeras, el cual muestra un depósito formado por una sucesión de ocupaciones superpuestas, que refieren a un modo de vida cazador-pescador-recolector de gran persistencia a través del tiempo