Abstract Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin for the treatment of nosocomial infections in children under 12 years old. Data sources: This is a systematic review in which five randomized clinical trials about the effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin, involving a total of 429 children with nosocomial infections, were evaluated. They were searched in scientific databases: PubMed, Bvs, and SciELO. Summary of findings: The main nosocomial infections that affected children were bacteremia, skin, and soft tissue infections followed by nosocomial pneumonia. Most infections were caused by Gram-positive bacteria, which all studies showed infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains being isolated. Both linezolid and vancomycin showed high therapeutic efficacy against different types of nosocomial infections, ranging from 84.4% to 94% for linezolid and 76.9% to 90% for vancomycin. Patients receiving linezolid had lower rates of rash and red man syndrome compared to those receiving vancomycin. However, despite the adverse reactions, antimicrobials can be safely administered to children to treat nosocomial infections caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusion: Both linezolid and vancomycin showed good efficacy in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria in hospitalized children. However, linezolid stands out regarding its pharmacological safety. Importantly, to strengthen this conclusion, further clinical trials are needed to provide additional evidence. Objective 1 old sources 42 evaluated databases PubMed Bvs SciELO findings bacteremia skin pneumonia Grampositive Gram positive methicillinresistant methicillin S MRSA (MRSA coagulasenegative coagulase negative isolated 844 84 4 84.4 94 769 76 9 76.9 90 However reactions Conclusion safety Importantly conclusion evidence 8 84. 7 76.

Abstract Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of malaria, causing anemia, respiratory complications, and cerebral malaria. To mitigate oxidative stress, we investigated the effect of nutritional supplementation whit lycopene (LYC) on the evolution of parasitemia and survival rate in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (Pb), comparing to the effects promoted by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Therefore, 175 mice were randomly distributed into 4 groups; Sham: untreated and uninfected animals; Pb: animals infected with Pb; LYC+Pb: animals treated with LYC and infected with Pb; NAC+Pb: animals treated with NAC and infected with Pb. The animals were followed for 12 days after infection, and survival and parasitemia rates were evaluated. There was a 40.1% increase in parasitemia in the animals of the Pb group on the 12th day, and a survival rate of 45%. LYC supplementation slowed the development of parasitemia to 19% and promoted a significative increase in the survival rate of 80% on the 12th day after infection, compared to the Pb group, effects superior to those promoted by NAC, providing strong evidence of the beneficial effect of LYC on in vivo malaria and stressing the importance of antioxidant supplementation in the treatment of this disease. anemia complications (LYC Pb, , (Pb) Nacetylcysteine N acetylcysteine NAC. . (NAC) Therefore 17 groups Sham LYC+Pb LYCPb NAC+Pb NACPb 1 infection evaluated 401 40 40.1 th 45 45% 19 80 disease (Pb (NAC 40. 8

RESUMOFungos endofíticos são fungos que colonizam os tecidos internos das plantas. Existem poucos estudos de compostos isolados de fungos endofíticos de plantas da Amazônia. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi o isolamento e identificação estrutural de sitosterol (1), estigmasterol (2), sitostenona (3), esqualeno (4), ergosterol (5) e peroxido de ergosterol (6) do fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesisolado como endofítico de Virola michelli, uma planta típica da Amazônia, usada na medicina popular no combate a infecções de pele. Os compostos foram isolados por cromatografia em coluna de sílica e identificados por RMN 1H e 13C e EM. A presença de fitoesteróis em fungos é rara e este é o primeiro relato do isolamento dos fitoesteróides sitosterol, estigmasterol e sitostenona do gêreno Colletotrichum.

ABSTRACTEndophytic fungi are fungi that colonize internal tissues of plants. There are few studies of compounds isolated from endophytic fungi of Amazon plants. Thus, the aim this study was the isolation and structural identification of sitosterol (1), stigmasterol (2), sitostenone (3), squalene (4), ergosterol (5) and ergosterol peroxide (6) from fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesisolated as endophytic from Virola michelli, a typical Amazon plant, used in folk medicine against skin infection. Compounds were isolated by chromatography column on silica and identified by 1H and 13C NMR and MS. The presence of phytosterols in fungi is rare and this is the first report of the isolation of the phytosterols sitosterol, stigmasterol and sitostenone from the genus Colletotrichum.

Informações etnomédicas mostram que algumas espécies de Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae) são utilizadas contra a malária no Brasil e motivaram a avaliação de 6 espécies que foram coletadas no Estado de Minas Gerais: A. cylindrocarpon Müll. Arg., A. parvifolium A. DC., A. olivaceum Müll. Arg., A. ramiflorum Müll. Arg., A. spruceanum Benth. ex Müll. Arg. and A. tomentosum Mart. Um total de 23 extratos de diferentes partes das plantas, em diferentes solventes, foram testados in vitro contra cepas de Plasmodium falciparum resistente a cloroquina (W2) e sensível a cloroquina (3D7). Todos os extratos mostraram-se ativos apresentando valores de CI50 na faixa de 5,0 ± 2,8 µg/mL a 65,0 ± 4,2 µg/ mL. O perfil por CCD dos extratos revelou a presença de alcalóides nas 6 espécies avaliadas. Esses resultados parecem confirmar o uso popular de espécies de Aspidosperma no tratamento da malária humana no Brasil e parecem indicar os alcalóides como possíveis compostos ativos das espécies testadas.

Ethnomedicinal informations point to some Aspidosperma species (Apocynaceae) as antimalarial plants in Brazil and have motivated the evaluation of six species which were collected in the state of Minas Gerais: A. cylindrocarpon Müll. Arg., A. parvifolium A. DC., A. olivaceum Müll. Arg., A. ramiflorum Müll. Arg., A. spruceanum Benth. ex Müll. Arg. and A. tomentosum Mart.. A total of 23 extracts of different plant parts in different solvents were assayed in vitro against chloroquine-resistant (W2) and chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. All the extracts were shown to be active with IC50 values in the range of 5.0 ± 0 2.8 µg/mL to 65.0 ± 4.2 µg/mL. TLC profile of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids in the six species assayed. These results seem to confirm the popular use of Aspidosperma species to treat human malaria in Brazil and seem point to alkaloids as the putative active compounds of the assayed species.

Introduction: Montrichardia linifera extracts showed high toxicity to Artemia salina, which indicated high biological potential for antitumoral, antibacterial, antifungal activities, and action against Trypanossoma cruzi. Objective: to evaluate the antimalarial potential of the hexane extract from the Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott leaves and to discover its phytochemical profile. Methods: the phytochemical prospection was conducted by the precipitation method whereas the antiplasmodial activity was evaluated in vitro using the W2 Plasmodium falciparum clone. Results: the phytochemical prospection just suggested the presence of steroids. Regarding the antiplasmodial activity after 24 hours at 100 µg/mL concentration, the parasite growth inhibition was 50.5 % but at other concentration ranges, significant inhibition was not observed. At 48 hours, the growth inhibition at 100 µg/mL concentrations was 34.7 %. After 72 hours, hemolysis was observed at 100 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL concentrations, so the percentage determination of the parasites was not possible. Conclusions: the hexane extract obtained from the M. linifera leaves presented with low antimalarial potential and proved to be positive for steroids.

Introducción: los extractos de M. linifera presentaron alta toxicidad para Artemia salina, lo cual sugiere un alto potencial biológico para actividad antitumoral, antibacteriana, antifúngica y actividad contra el Trypanosoma cruzi. Objetivo: evaluar el potencial antimalárico del extracto hexánico obtenido de hojas de Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott y conocer su perfil fitoquímico. Métodos: la prospección fitoquímica se realizó por el método de precipitación y la actividad antiplasmódica fue evaluada in vitro utilizando el clon W2 de Plasmodium falciparum. Resultados: la prospección fitoquímica sugirió solamente la presencia de esteroides. En relación con la actividad antiplasmódica, después de 24 h en la concentración de 100 µg/mL la inhibición del crecimiento parasitario fue de 50,5 % y en las demás no fue observada una inhibición significativa. En 48 h, en la concentración de 100 µg/mL, la inhibición del crecimiento fue de 34,7 %. Después de 72 h las concentraciones de 100 y 50 µg/mL presentaron hemólisis, que imposibilitó la determinación porcentual parasitada. Conclusiones: el extracto hexánico obtenido de las hojas de M. linifera tiene un bajo potencial antimalárico y mostró positivamente esteroides.

Montrichardia linifera é uma planta aquática de amplo uso na medicina tradicional amazônica. Entretanto, muito pouco se conhece sobre a sua composição química, e sua atividade biológica ainda não foi comprovada. Na busca de substância(s) biologicamente ativa(s), este trabalho realizou um estudo fitoquímico biomonitorado no qual foram testados os extratos hexânico e etanólico obtidos do caule desta espécie, dos quais apenas o extrato etanólico foi selecionado para o fracionamento cromatográfico por ter apresentado toxicidade contra a Artemia salina e atividade contra o Plasmodium falciparum, parasita causador da malária. As atividades biológicas concentraram-se na fração diclorometânica que apresentou alta toxicidade contra A. salina (DL50<31μg mL-1) e alta atividade antiplasmódica (IC50<10 μg mL-1), mostrando promissora atividade antimalárica. Desta fração, o composto aromático p-hidroxibenzaldeído foi isolado pela primeira vez nesta planta.

Montrichardia linifera is an aquatic plant widely use in Amazon folkmedicine. However, very little is known about the chemical composition and biological activity. In search of biologically active (s) substance (s) phytochemical bioassay-guided study was conducted evaluating hexane extract and ethanol extract obtained from stems of this species. Since only the ethanol extract presented toxicity against Artemia salina and activity against Plasmodium falciparum, this extract was selected for chromatographic fractionation. The biological activities were concentred in dichloromethane fraction which showed high toxicity against A. saline (LD50< μg mL-1) and high antiplasmodial activity (IC50 <10 μg mL-1), showing promising antimalarial activity. Of this fraction, the aromatic compound p-hydroxybenzaldehyde was isolated for the first time in this plant.

INTRODUCTION: according to Economy Municipal Secretariat, the city of Belem, Pará, Brazil has 53 setting ups between flea markets and markets, distributed in different areas and districts. From these, 22 on a large scale, 10 on middle scale and 16 on a small scale. Besides, 13 are located in districts far away from the town center in Icoaraci, Outeiro and Mosqueiro. OBJECTIVE: marketing conditions of medicinal plants in these flea markets and markets were assessed. METHODS: authors went visiting 15 markets and /or flea markets after this visit 7 were ruled out due to the lack of suitable medicinal plant marketing shops, thus, only remained 8 as a research sample. They were characterized according its physical structure and hygienic-sanitary conditions. RESULTS: from the study markets and/or flea markets related to the physical structure, most (85 %) was of wooden. In relation to the hygienic-sanitary conditions there were benches besides the sewers (25 %) in places where garbage was at sight and/or under the boards (50%); besides the boards for meat marketing (14 %); close to the food preparation (6 %) and use of polluted water to wash the vegetables (74 %). Also, there was a strong light incidence on the plants (14 %), the conditioning in the reusable bottles of industrial products (99 %). Also, the plants were mixed each other (61 %), as well as with products of different origins (100 %). CONCLUSIONS: there is a potential risk for these products.

INTRODUCIÓN: de acuerdo con la Secretaria Municipal de Economía, la ciudad de Belém, Pará, Brasil, tiene 53 establecimientos entre mercadillos y mercados, distribuidos en diferentes barrios y distritos. De estos, 22 de gran escala, 10 de mediana y 16 de pequeña. Por otra parte, 13 están en distritos distantes del centro de la ciudad, en Icoaraci, Outeiro y Mosqueiro. OBJETIVO: se evaluaron las condiciones de la comercialización de las plantas medicinales en estos mercados y mercadillos. MÉTODOS: se visitaron 15 mercados y(o) mercadillos; después de visitados, 7 fueron excluidos porque no tenían las tiendas de comercialización de las plantas medicinales, por lo tanto, apenas 8 quedaron como muestra de la investigación. Se caracterizaron de acuerdo con su estructura fisica y condiciones higiénico-sanitarias. RESULTADOS: de los mercados y(o) mercadillos estudiados, en relación con la estructura física, la mayor parte (85 %) era de madera. En lo referente a las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias, se observó: bancas al lado de las alcantarillas (25 %), en los lugares cuya basura fue exhibida después y(o) debajo a los tableros (50 %); al lado de los tableros que comercializaron la carne (14 %); próximos a la preparación de las comidas (6 %); y uso de agua contaminada para mojar los vegetales (74 %). También se observó la incidencia fuerte de la luz en las plantas (14 %), el condicionamiento en las botellas reaprovechables de productos industrializados (99 %). Además, las plantas se mezclaron entre sí (61 %), así como con productos de otros orígenes (100 %). CONCLUSIONES: se considera que existe un riesgo potencial para estos productos.

A malária ainda é um dos mais sérios problemas de saúde pública e a principal causa de mortalidade e morbidade nas regiões endêmicas. O Brasil está entre os 30 países com maior incidência de malária e a maior parte dos casos ocorre na Amazônia Legal. Novos agentes terapêuticos são necessários para o tratamento da malária. Muitas espécies vegetais são utilizadas na medicina tradicional de vários países endêmicos mas é relativamente reduzido o número daquelas que já foram investigadas quanto à sua atividade antimalárica. Menor ainda é o número de espécies das quais foram isoladas substâncias ativas e tiveram sua toxidade determinada. Esta área de pesquisa é, portanto, de alta relevância. Um projeto de descoberta de produtos naturais antimaláricos a partir de plantas de uso tradicional deve incluir ensaios in vitro e in vivo bem como o isolamento biomonitorado de substâncias ativas. Os produtos finais serão substâncias naturais antimaláricas, potenciais fármacos ou protótipos para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos, e/ou extratos padronizados, com atividade antimalárica, os quais são necessários para estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos quando o objetivo é o desenvolvimento de fitoterápicos (fitomedicamentos) eficazes e seguros. A presente revisão discute estas duas abordagens, apresenta resumidamente as metodologias de bioensaios para avaliação de atividade antimalárica e focaliza a atividade de alcalóides pertencentes a diferentes classes estruturais bem como sua importância como fármacos ou protótipos e como marcadores químicos de fitoterápicos.

Malaria remains one of the most serious world health problem and the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the endemic regions. Brazil is among the 30 high-burden countries and most of the cases occur in the Legal Amazonian Region. New chemotherapeutical agents are needed for the treatment of malaria. Many plant species are used in traditional medicines of malarious countries and a relatively few number of these have been investigated for evaluation of their antimalarial effect. Still lower is the number of those that have had the active natural compounds isolated and the toxicity determined. This area is, then, of great research interest. discovery project of antimalarial natural products from plants traditionally used to treat malaria must include in vitro and in vivo assays as well as bioguided isolation of active compounds. The final products would be antimalarial chemical entities, potential new drugs or templates for new drugs development, and/or standardized antimalarial extracts which are required for pre-clinical and clinical studies when the aim is the development of effective and safe phythomedicines. This review discusses these two approaches, presents briefly the screening methodologies for evaluation of antimalarial activity and focuses the activity of alkaloids belonging to different structural classes as well as its importance as new antimalarial drugs or leads and chemical markers for phytomedicines.

O presente trabalho descreve os resultados do estudo farmacognóstico, estudo fitoquímico preliminar, toxicidade em Artemia salina e atividade antiplasmódica contra cepa de Plasmodium falciparum resistente a cloroquina (W2) do extrato etanólico obtido do pó das folhas de Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott, Araceae. Para realização dos estudos farmacognósticos utilizou-se as metodologias descritas na Farmacopéia Brasileira. A prospecção fitoquímica foi realizada pelos métodos descritos por Mattos. No ensaio antiplasmódico foi utilizado o microteste tradicional e no ensaio de Artemia salina. Os resultados obtidos nos estudos farmacognósticos do pó das folhas de M. linifera demonstraram tratar-se de um pó moderadamente grosso, com teores de água e cinzas totais dentro dos limites aceitáveis, baixa densidade (0,324 e 0,339 g/mL), pH próximo de neutro (6,69±0,02). A análise fitoquímica preliminar evidenciou a presença de alcaloides, flavonoides, taninos, triterpenos e esteroides. O extrato etanólico das folhas de M. linifera apresentou moderada atividade antiplasmódica e baixa toxicidade para a Artemia salina.

The present paper describes results of a pharmacognostic, a preliminary phytochemical study, brine shrimp toxicity and antiplasmodic activity in a strain of Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine (W2) using ethanolic extract obtained from powder of the leaves of Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott, Araceae. To perform the pharmacognostic studies methodologies employed in the Brazilian Pharmacopoea were utilized. The methods described by Mattos were utilized for phytochemical prospecting. In the antiplasmodic test the traditional microtest was employed, as well as in the test with brine shrimp. The results obtained in the pharmacognostic studies with the powder from M. linifera leaves showed that it was a moderate thick powder, with water and ash totals within acceptable limits, low density (0.324 and 0.339 g/mL), pH close to neutral (6.69 ± 0.02). Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes and esters. The ethanolic extract from M. linifera leaves presented moderate antiplasmodic activity and low brine shrimp toxicity. To summarize, the powder used in preparing the extract presented good quality in pharmacognostic terms.