ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether early-stage intraocular pressure can be modulated using a thermal face mask. Methods: In this prospective clinical study, healthy participants were randomized on a 1:1:1 allocation ratio to three mask groups: hypothermic (G1), normothermic (G2), and hyperthermic (G3). After randomization, 108 eyes from 108 participants were submitted to clinical evaluations, including measurement of initial intraocular pressure (T1). The thermal mask was then applied for 10 minutes, followed by a second evaluation of intraocular pressure (T2) and assessment of any side effects. Results: The hypothermic group (G1) showed a significant reduction in mean intraocular pressure between T1 (16.97 ± 2.59 mmHg) and T2 (14.97 ± 2.44 mmHg) (p<0.001). G2 showed no significant pressure difference between T1 (16.50 ± 2.55 mmHg) and T2 (17.00 ± 2.29 mmHg) (p=0.054). G3 showed a significant increase in pressure from T1 (16.53 ± 2.69 mmHg) to T2 (18.58 ± 2.95 mmHg) (p<0.001). At T1, there was no difference between the three study groups (p=0.823), but at T2, the mean values of G3 were significantly higher than those of G1 and G2 (p<0.00). Conclusion: Temperature was shown to significantly modify intraocular pressure. Thermal masks allow the application of temperature in a controlled, reproducible manner. Further studies are needed to assess the duration of these effects and whether they are reproducible in patients with pathologies that affect intraocular pressure. Purpose earlystage early stage Methods 111 1 1:1: G1, G , G2, (G2) G3. . (G3) randomization evaluations T1. T (T1) minutes (T2 Results (G1 16.97 1697 16 97 (16.9 259 2 59 2.5 mmHg 14.97 1497 14 (14.9 244 44 2.4 p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 (p<0.001) 16.50 1650 50 (16.5 255 55 17.00 1700 17 00 (17.0 229 29 2.2 p=0.054. p0054 p=0.054 054 (p=0.054) 16.53 1653 53 269 69 2.6 18.58 1858 18 58 (18.5 295 95 2.9 p=0.823, p0823 p=0.823 823 (p=0.823) p<0.00. p000 p<0.00 (p<0.00) Conclusion controlled manner 11 1:1 (G2 (G3 (T1 (T (G 16.9 169 9 (16. 25 5 2. 14.9 149 (14. 24 4 (p<0.001 16.5 165 17.0 170 (17. 22 p005 p=0.05 05 (p=0.054 26 6 18.5 185 (18. p082 p=0.82 82 (p=0.823 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 1: 16. (16 14. (14 17. (17 p=0.0 (p=0.05 18. (18 p08 p=0.8 8 (p=0.82 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 (1 p=0. (p=0.0 (p=0.8 p<0 (p<0. ( p=0 (p=0. p< (p<0 p= (p=0 (p< (p= (p

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar as prevalências de acesso geral e público a medicamentos prescritos na população brasileira com 15 anos ou mais de idade em 2019 e identificar iniquidades de acesso, conforme intersecções de gênero, cor/raça, nível socioeconômico e território. MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019 com respondentes de 15 anos ou mais que tiveram prescrição de algum medicamento em atendimento de saúde realizado nas duas semanas anteriores à entrevista (n = 19.819). A variável de desfecho foi o acesso a medicamentos, subdividido em acesso geral (público, privado e misto), acesso público (via Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS) dos atendidos no SUS e acesso público (via SUS) dos não atendidos no SUS. As variáveis independentes do estudo foram utilizadas para representar eixos de marginalização: gênero, cor/raça, nível socioeconômico e território. Foram calculadas as prevalências de acesso geral e acesso público nos diferentes grupos analisados e a associação dos desfechos com os eixos mencionados foi estimada com odds ratios (OR) por meio de modelos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS Foi observada alta prevalência de acesso geral (84,9%), quando consideradas todas as fontes de obtenção, favorecendo segmentos populacionais de maior privilégio, como homens, brancos e de alto nível socioeconômico. Quando considerada apenas a obtenção no SUS dos medicamentos prescritos no próprio sistema, verificou-se uma baixa prevalência (30,4% de acesso), invertendo o acesso em benefício dos segmentos populacionais multiplamente marginalizados, como mulheres negras de baixo nível socioeconômico. CONCLUSÕES O acesso a medicamentos por meio do SUS demonstra ser um instrumento de combate às iniquidades interseccionais, evidenciando que o SUS é uma política pública eficiente na promoção da justiça social.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of general and public access to prescription drugs in the Brazilian population aged 15 or older in 2019, and to identify inequities in access, according to intersections of gender, color/race, socioeconomic level, and territory. METHODS We analyzed data from the 2019 National Health Survey with respondents aged 15 years or older who had been prescribed a medication in a healthcare service in the two weeks prior to the interview (n = 19,819). The outcome variable was access to medicines, subdivided into general access (public, private and mixed), public access (via the Unified Health System - SUS) for those treated by the SUS, and public access (via the SUS) for those not treated by the SUS. The study’s independent variables were used to represent axes of marginalization: gender, color/race, socioeconomic level, and territory. The prevalence of general and public access in the different groups analyzed was calculated and the association of the outcomes with the aforementioned axes was estimated with odds ratios (OR) using logistic regression models. RESULTS There was a high prevalence of general access (84.9%), when all sources of access were considered, favoring more privileged segments of the population, such as men, white, and those of high socioeconomic status. When only the medicines prescribed in the SUS were considered, there was a low prevalence (30.4% access) that otherwise benefited marginalized population segments, such as women, black, and people from low socioeconomic backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS Access to medicines through the SUS proves to be an instrument for combating intersectional inequities, lending credence to the idea that the SUS is an efficient public policy for promoting social justice.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND New therapies have revolutionized the treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD), but in some countries, the surgery rate has not changed, the frequency of emergency surgery is underestimated, and surgical risk is poorly studied. AIMS: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors and clinical indications for primary surgery in CD patients at the tertiary hospital. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort of a prospectively collected database of 107 patients with CD from 2015 to 2021. The main outcomes were the incidence of surgery treatment, types of procedures performed, surgical recurrence, surgery free time, and risk factors for surgery. RESULTS: Surgical intervention was performed in 54.2% of the patients, and most of the procedures were emergency surgeries (68.9%). The elective procedures (31.1%) were performed over 11 years after diagnosis. The main indications for surgery were ileal stricture (34.5%) and anorectal fistulas (20.7%). The most frequent procedure was enterectomy (24.1%). Recurrence surgery was most common in emergency procedures (OR 2.1; 95%CI 1.6–6.6). Montreal phenotype L1 stricture behavior (RR 1.3; 95%CI 1.0–1.8, p=0.04) and perianal disease (RR 1.43; 95%CI 1.2–1.7) increased the risk of emergency surgeries. The multiple linear regression showed age at diagnosis as a risk factor for surgery (p=0.004). The study of surgery free time showed no difference in the Kaplan-Meier curve for Montreal classification (p=0.73). CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors for operative intervention were strictures in ileal and jejunal diseases, age at diagnosis, perianal disease, and emergency indications. Crohns Crohn s CD, , (CD) countries changed underestimated studied AIMS hospital METHODS 10 201 2021 recurrence RESULTS 542 54 2 54.2 68.9%. 689 68.9% . 68 9 (68.9%) 31.1% 311 31 1 (31.1% 34.5% 345 34 5 (34.5% 20.7%. 207 20.7% 20 7 (20.7%) 24.1%. 241 24.1% 24 (24.1%) OR 2.1 21 95CI CI 95 1.6–6.6. 1666 1.6–6.6 6 1.6–6.6) L RR 1.3 13 3 1018 0 8 1.0–1.8 p=0.04 p004 p 04 1.43 143 43 1.2–1.7 1217 p=0.004. p0004 p=0.004 004 (p=0.004) KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier p=0.73. p073 p=0.73 73 (p=0.73) CONCLUSIONS diseases (CD 202 54. 68.9 (68.9% 31.1 (31.1 34.5 (34.5 20.7 (20.7% 24.1 (24.1% 2. 166 1.6–6. 1. 101 1.0–1. p=0.0 p00 1.4 14 4 1.2–1. 121 p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.004 p07 p=0.7 (p=0.73 68. (68.9 31. (31. 34. (34. 20. (20.7 24. (24.1 16 1.6–6 1.0–1 p=0. p0 1.2–1 12 (p=0.00 (p=0.7 (68. (31 (34 (20. (24. 1.6– 1.0– p=0 1.2– (p=0.0 (p=0. (68 (3 (20 (24 1.6 1.0 p= 1.2 (p=0 (6 ( (2 (p= (p

RESUMO RACIONAL Novas terapias revolucionaram o tratamento da Doença de Crohn, mas em alguns países a taxa de cirurgias não se modificou, a frequência de cirurgias de emergência é subestimada e o risco cirúrgico é pouco estudado. OBJETIVOS Analisar fatores de risco e as indicações para cirurgia primária em pacientes com doença de Crohn, em Hospital terciário. MÉTODOS: Análise de banco de dados coletado prospectivamente, de 107 pacientes com doença de Crohn de 2015 a 2021. Os principais desfechos foram a incidência de tratamento cirúrgico, tipos de procedimentos realizados, recidiva cirúrgica, tempo livre de cirurgia e fatores de risco. RESULTADOS: A intervenção cirúrgica foi realizada em 54.2% dos pacientes, sendo a maioria dos procedimentos cirúrgicos de urgência (68.9%). Os procedimentos eletivos (31.1%) foram realizados mais de 11 anos após o diagnóstico. As principais indicações cirúrgicas foram estenose ileal (34,5%) e fístula anorretal (20,7%), sendo o procedimento mais frequente a enterectomia (24,1%). As cirurgias para recidiva foram mais comuns em procedimentos de urgência (OR 2,1; IC95% 1,6–6,6). O fenótipo de comportamento estenosante Montreal L1 (RR = 1,3; IC 95%: 1,0-1,8, p=0,04) e a doença perianal (RR 1,43; IC95% 1,2–1,7) aumentaram o risco de cirurgias de emergência. A regressão linear múltipla mostrou a idade ao diagnóstico como fator de risco para cirurgia (p=0,004). O estudo do tempo livre de cirurgia não mostrou diferença na curva de Kaplan Meier para a classificação Montreal (p=0,73). CONCLUSÕES: Os principais fatores de risco para intervenções cirúrgicas foram estenoses em doenças ileais e jejunais, idade ao diagnóstico, doença perianal e indicações de urgência. modificou estudado terciário MÉTODOS prospectivamente 10 201 2021 RESULTADOS 542 54 2 54.2 68.9%. 689 68.9% . 68 9 (68.9%) 31.1% 311 31 1 (31.1% 34,5% 345 34 5 (34,5% 20,7%, 207 20,7% , 20 7 (20,7%) 24,1%. 241 24,1% 24 (24,1%) OR 2,1 21 IC95 1,6–6,6. 1666 1,6–6,6 6 1,6–6,6) L RR 1,3 13 3 95% 95 1,01,8, 1018 1,0 1,8, 0 8 1,0-1,8 p=0,04 p004 p 04 1,43 143 43 1,2–1,7 1217 p=0,004. p0004 p=0,004 004 (p=0,004) p=0,73. p073 p=0,73 73 (p=0,73) CONCLUSÕES jejunais 202 54. 68.9 (68.9% 31.1 (31.1 34,5 (34,5 20,7 (20,7% 24,1 (24,1% 2, IC9 166 1,6–6, 1, 01 1,01,8 101 18 1,8 1,0-1, p=0,0 p00 1,4 14 4 1,2–1, 121 p000 p=0,00 00 (p=0,004 p07 p=0,7 (p=0,73 68. (68.9 31. (31. 34, (34, 20, (20,7 24, (24,1 16 1,6–6 1,01, 1,0-1 p=0, p0 1,2–1 12 (p=0,00 (p=0,7 (68. (31 (34 (20, (24, 1,6– 1,01 1,0- p=0 1,2– (p=0,0 (p=0, (68 (3 (20 (24 1,6 p= 1,2 (p=0 (6 ( (2 (p= (p

Abstract Adenocalymma axillarum (K.Schum.) L.G. Lohmann is a liana belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. In traditional medicine, the genus Adenocalymma is used to treat fever, skin ailments, and body, joint, and facial muscle pains, and it is also applied as cosmetic. Biological assays conducted with the A. axillarum crude leaf ethanol extract have indicated leishmanicidal activity and absence of cytotoxicity. This study aimed to analyze the A. axillarum leaf ethanol crude extract by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry- diode array detector (HPLC-HRMS-DAD) and to evaluate the leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of this crude extract, its fractions, and isolated compounds. HPLC-HRMS-DAD analysis of this extract revealed that it consisted mainly of flavonoids, with nine major compounds. Extract purification yielded 4-hydroxy-N-methylproline, 6-β-hydroxyipolamiide, quercetin-3-O-robinobioside, hyperin, isorhamnetin-3-O-robinobioside, and 3’-O-methylhyperin, which were identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The isolated compounds were inactive against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and human lung fibroblast cells.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os óbitos causados por câncer ocular durante os anos de 2010 a 2019 no Brasil. Métodos: Os dados foram selecionados na plataforma do Departamento de Informática do SUS do Ministério da Saúde, incluindo declarações de óbito, durante os anos de 2010 a 2019, de todos os estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal, filtrando os códigos C69.0 a C69.9 como causa básica de óbito, de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde – 10ᵃ Revisão. Resultados: Houve 1.859 óbitos por neoplasia maligna de olho e anexos (C69), no Brasil, no período de 2010 a 2019, acometendo 1.062 (57,1%) homens. O sítio da neoplasia não foi especificado (C69.9) em 719 casos, representando a etiologia mais frequente no grupo C69 (38,67%). A neoplasia maligna da órbita (C69.6) foi a segunda causa mais comum de óbito (22,59%), seguida pela neoplasia maligna da retina (C69.2) (14,73%). Conclusão: O número de óbitos por neoplasia maligna de olho e anexos aumentou discretamente ao longo dos anos de 2010 a 2019, no Brasil.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the deaths caused by eye cancer from 2010 to 2019 in Brazil. Methods: Data were selected from SUS’ Computer Department platform at the Ministry of Health, including death certificates, from 2010 to 2019, from all Brazilian states and the Federal District, filtering the codes C69.0 to C69.9 as the cause of death, according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Results: There were 1,859 deaths from malignant neoplasm of eye and adnexa (C69), in Brazil, from 2010 to 2019, affecting 1,062 (57.1%) men. The site of neoplasm was unspecified (C69.9) in 719 cases, representing the most frequent etiology in the C69 group (38.67%). The malignant neoplasm of the orbit (C69.6) was the second most common cause of death (22.59%), followed by malignant neoplasm of retina (C69.2) (14.73%). Conclusion: The number of deaths due to malignant neoplasm of eye and adnexa slightly increased through the years of 2010 to 2019, in Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver e avaliar a usabilidade de um aplicativo para dispositivos móveis que aprimore o conhecimento de estudantes de medicina e de médicos sobre tumores da superfície ocular. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal e quantitativo por uma equipe multiprofissional, consistindo em três etapas: realização de um questionário específico com estudantes de medicina, avaliando a necessidade de elaboração do aplicativo; criação e desenvolvimento do aplicativo pelo Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica do Centro Universitário Christus e avaliação de usabilidade. Médicos generalistas e oftalmologistas foram selecionados para responder ao questionário System Usability Scale. Os dados foram exportados para o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 20.0, para Windows para análise quantitativa. Resultados: O aplicativo OncoEye foi desenvolvido com quatro menus principais: Glossário, Pacientes, Encaminhamento e Perguntas. Dentre os estudantes, 89,9% consideraram o desenvolvimento do aplicativo importante para orientação sobre o tema, 39,9% souberam reconhecer lesão ocular, e 26,1% puderam diferenciar lesão ocular maligna ou benigna. As respostas dos usuários à ferramenta System Usability Scale demonstraram boa usabilidade, com pontuação média de 92,65 (87,74 a 97,55). Todos os usuários consideraram o aplicativo de fácil manuseio e bem integrado. Conclusão: Um aplicativo inovador para tumores da superfície ocular foi criado e desenvolvido, apresentando boa aceitação e fácil manuseio pelos usuários.

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop and examine the usability of a mobile application aimed at improving knowledge about ocular surface tumors among medical students, general practitioners and ophthalmologists. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out by a multidisciplinary team and developed in three stages: administration of a specific questionnaire to medical students, assessing the demand for the application, creation and development of the application in collaboration with the Technological Innovation Laboratory of Centro Universitário Christus and usability assessment. General practitioners and ophthalmologists were selected to answer the System Usability Scale questionnaire. Data were exported into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0 Windows, for quantitative analysis. Results: The OncoEye application was developed for the iOS and the Android platforms and included four main menus: Glossary, Patients, Referrals and Queries. Most students (89.9%) considered the development of the application important for wider access to information about the topic. Most students (39.9%) were able to recognize ocular lesions and 26.1% could distinguish between benign and malignant conditions. System Usability Scale questionnaire responses revealed good usability, with an average score of 92.65. Users (100%) described the application as user-friendly and well- integrated. Conclusion: An innovative application for ocular surface tumors was created and developed. The application achieved good levels of acceptance and was described as user-friendly by users.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the social isolation on the interest rates of different medical specialties in Brazil. METHODS: The research was performed using the terms “Médico” (Doctor), “Infectologista” (Infectologist), “Cirurgião” (Surgeon), “Geriatra” (Geriatrician), “Otorrinolaringologista” (Otolaryngologist), and “Oftalmologista” (Ophthalmologist), related to several medical specialties, and “COVID-19,” which represented the public interest for the disease, utilizing the Brazilian version of Google Trends, where the data were acquired. The time range of this analysis was from 29 September, 2019 to 20 September, 2020. The data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel, exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software, and correlated with searches for the term “COVID-19” using Pearson's correlation. 95% confidence interval was used for all analyses. RESULTS: “Geriatra” (72.26±16.42) and “Cirurgião” (72.15±12.53) remained with the higher means among the evaluated specialties. In terms of standard deviation, “Oftalmologista” (64.71±16.72) and “Infectologista” (22.03±16.60) presented the most significant changes. After utilizing the Pearson's analysis to identify the correlation between each medical specialty and the term “COVID-19,” all the evaluated specialties presented significant statistical correlations. “Oftalmologista” (r= -0.607) was notoriously the most negatively affected, while “Infectologista” (r=0.504) was pointed to have the highest positive correlation with the term. CONCLUSIONS: Several changes in the interest rates of different medical specialties in Brazil were found during the time range of the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESUMO Objetivos: Ensaio clínico randomizado para comparação dos efeitos de 4 e 8 semanas do uso consecutivo de estimulação elétrica funcional na dor autorreferida, atividade muscular da mandíbula e intensidade média no ranger de dentes durante o sono por mais de 6 meses. Métodos: Este ensaio clínico randomizado estudou 48 pacientes diagnosticados de acordo com métodos estabelecidos, com bruxismo do sono e dor miofascial. Os pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente no grupo I - estimulação elétrica funcional de 4 semanas (n=24) e no grupo II - 8 semanas de estimulação elétrica funcional (n=24). Os parâmetros primários avaliados foram o número de episódios presentes na eletromiografia por hora de sono, valores de dor na escala numérica de dor e intensidade média de rangido por noite. Foram utilizados modelos de análise de variância para comparar os resultados, estabelecendo-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Houve redução estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) no nível de dor (-71,7% e -71,2%, respetivamente) e intensidade média de rangido (-37,4% e -44,9%, respetivamente) no seguimento de 6 meses para o grupo I. A estimulação elétrica funcional reduziu a dor e a intensidade média de rangido por noite em pacientes com dor miofascial e bruxismo do sono (diagnóstico definitivo), com uma correlação positiva (p<0,05) entre os dois parâmetros primários. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a estimulação elétrica funcional em protocolos de 4 e 8 semanas são eficazes na redução dos sintomas dos pacientes relacionados ao bruxismo do sono.

ABSTRACT Objectives: A randomized clinical trial comparing the effects of a 4- and 8-week consecutive use of contingent electrical stimulation on self-reported pain, jaw muscle activity, and threshold intensity in teeth grinding during sleep, over 6 months. Methods: This randomized clinical trial studied 48 patients diagnosed with bruxism and masticatory myofascial pain according to established methods. Patients were randomly allocated to Group I - 4-week contingent electrical stimulation (n=24), and Group II - 8-week contingent electrical stimulation (n=24). The primary outcomes assessed were the number of electromyographic events per hour of sleep, numerical rating scale pain scores, and threshold intensity when grinding. Analysis of variance models was used to compare results at a 5% significance level. Results: There was a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in pain level (-71.7% and -71.2%, respectively) and grinding mean intensity (-37.4% and -44.9%, respectively) at the 6-month follow-up for Group I. Contingent electrical stimulation reduced pain and the threshold intensity of grinding at night in patients with masticatory myofascial pain with definitive sleep bruxism, with a positive correlation (p<0.05) between the two primary outcomes. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that both the 4- and 8-week contingent electrical stimulation protocols are effective in reducing patient symptoms related to sleep bruxism.

SUMMARY In this present study, we determined the chemical composition and we tested the toxicity and the molluscicidal activity of the essential oil extracted from the barks of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. For this, the essential oil was extracted quantitatively by hydrodistillation. Then, quantifications of its components were performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (CG-MS) and the toxicity and molluscicidal activity were tested, respectively, against Artemia salina and snails Biomphalaria glabrata. The results showed that the oil contains 81.50% of D-limonene (main constituent) and 0.06% of citronellal (minor component) and it has lethal activity (LC50) of 100.08 mg.L-1 and a toxicity, with LC50 of321.84 mg.L -1 at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, the oil is active against the snail Biomphalaria glabrata and non-toxic to other living bein.

RESUMO Determinamos a composição química e testamos a toxicidade e a atividade moluscicida do óleo essencial extraído das cascas do Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. Para isso, o óleo essencial foi extraído quantitativamente por hidrodestilação. Em seguida, as quantificações de seus componentes foram realizadas por cromatografía gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-MS) e a toxicidade e atividade moluscicida foram testadas, respectivamente, contra Artemia salina e caramujos Biomphalaria glabrata. Os resultados mostraram que o óleo contém 81,50% de D-limoneno (constituinte principal) e 0,06% de citronelal (componente menor) e este possui atividade moluscicida com concentração letal (CL50) de 100,08 mg.L-1 e atoxicidade, com CL50 de 321,84 mg.L-1 a um nível de confiança de 95%. Portanto, o óleo é ativo contra o caramujo Biomphalariaglabrata e atóxico para outros seres vivos.

Endophytic microorganisms have been shown to be an important source of bioactive compounds, and much has been studied about their metabolites. For example, compounds with different biological activities have been isolated from Phomopsis sp. The metabolic study of this genus may lead to a better understanding of the routes of production of metabolites of interest. The aim of this study was to map the metabolic profile of Phomopsis sp., isolated as an endophyte of Syzygium jambolanum DC, using culture filtrate. The fungus was cultivated for six weeks in potato dextrose medium under hypoxia and at room temperature. The filtrate was collected weekly, and the analyses were performed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy by applying NOESY1D with suppression of the water signal. The occurrence of reductive routes was verified: alcoholic fermentation throughout cultivation and reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle in the cytosol until the third week of cultivation were observed.

Resumo Objetivo: Traçar o perfil epidemiológico do tratamento clínico para o glaucoma no Brasil fornecido pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no período de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2018. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo e descritivo, utilizando a base de dados disponível no Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS (SIA/SUS). As variáveis utilizadas foram: tratamento monocular com drogas de primeira, de segunda e de terceira linha; tratamento monocular com combinações de duas drogas e de três drogas de diferentes linhas; tratamento binocular com drogas de primeira, de segunda e de terceira linha; e tratamento binocular com combinações de duas drogas e de três drogas de diferentes linhas. Resultados: Durante o período analisado, a prevalência de terapias clínicas para o glaucoma aumentou entre 2012 e 2017 e diminuiu entre 2017 e 2018. Dos pacientes tratados clinicamente, 96% eram portadores de glaucoma binocular. Entre as regiões do Brasil, o Nordeste teve a maior prevalência de glaucoma binocular (cerca de 60% do número de casos), e a terapia mais comum foi a combinação de duas drogas de diferentes linhas. A região Sudeste teve a maior concentração de glaucoma monocular (53% dos casos), e a terapia predominante foi a combinação de três drogas de diferentes linhas. A região Centro-Oeste apresentou a menor prevalência de tratamentos monoculares para o glaucoma (menos de 6%). Conclusão: No Brasil, o maior número de tratamentos oferecidos pelo sistema público de saúde foi nas regiões Nordeste e Sudeste. Existe uma alta prevalência nacional e um alto potencial para morbidade desta doença. Portanto, é necessário fortalecer programas voltados para o diagnóstico precoce e para o tratamento adequado a fim de reduzir os resultados adversos.

Abstract Purpose: To outline the epidemiological profile of clinical treatments for glaucoma provided by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, acronym in Portuguese) between January 2012 and December 2018. Methods: A quantitative and descriptive study was conducted using available data based on the outpatient information system from SUS (SIA/SUS, acronym in Portuguese). The variables were monocular treatment with first, second, and third-line drugs; monocular treatment with combinations of two drugs and three drugs from different lines; binocular treatment with first, second, and third-line drugs; and binocular treatment with combinations of two drugs and three drugs from different lines. Results: During the analysis period, the prevalence of clinical therapies for glaucoma increased from 2012 to 2017 and decreased from 2017 to 2018. Of the clinically treated patients, 96% were carriers of binocular glaucoma. Among the regions of Brazil, the Northeast had the highest prevalence of binocular glaucoma (about 60% of the number of cases), and the most common therapy was combinations of two drugs from different lines. The Southeast region had the highest concentration of monocular glaucoma (53% of cases), and the predominant therapy was combinations of three drugs from different lines. The Midwest region had the lowest prevalence of monocular-treatments for glaucoma (less than 6%). Conclusion: In Brazil, the highest number of treatments offered by the public health system was in the Northeast and Southeast regions. There is a high national prevalence and potential for the morbidity of this disease. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen programs aimed at early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to reduce adverse outcomes.

Resumo A preservação ambiental é de responsabilidade do Estado, este utiliza-se de recursos públicos para fazê-lo. Controlar e entender como e o que impacta o gasto ambiental é importante para verificar o desempenho e a preocupação dos gestores públicos com meio ambiente. Esse estudo tem por objetivo determinar a influência da participação dos consórcios públicos ambientais localizado no sul do Brasil nos gastos ambientais dos municípios, entre 2012 e 2016. O método de pesquisa baseia-se em um modelo multivariado com dados empilhados, pela técnica Pooled OLS. Os resultados apontam que há, nessa região, vinte consórcios, constituídos por 308 municípios. Verificou-se que os consórcios apresentam influência positiva e estatisticamente significante nos gastos ambientais. Assim, o estudo contribui para constatar que as relações interorganizacionais influenciam nos gastos ambientais.

Abstract Environmental preservation is a State responsibility, and the State use public resources. Control and understand how and what impact the environmental spending is important to check the performance and concerns of public managers with the environment. This study aims to determine the influence of the participation of environmental public consortium located in the south of Brazil in environmental expenditures of the municipalities between 2012 and 2016. The research method is based on a multivariate model with pooled data, applying Pooled Ordinary Least Squares. The results show that in this region there twenty consortium, made up of 308 municipalities. It was found that the consortium have positive and statistically significant influence on environmental spending.

Resumen La preservación ambiental es responsabilidad del Estado, y éste se utiliza de recursos públicos para hacerlo. Controlar y entender cómo y qué impacta el gasto ambiental es importante para verificar el desempeño y la preocupación de los gestores públicos con el medio ambiente. Este estudio buscó verificar la influencia de la participación de los consorcios públicos ambientales ubicados en el sur de Brasil en los gastos ambientales de los municipios entre 2012 y 2016. El método de investigación se basa en un modelo multivariado con datos apilados por la técnica agrupada OLS. Los resultados apuntan que hay en esa región veinte consorcios, constituidos por 308 municipios. Se verificó que los consorcios presentan una influencia positiva y estadísticamente significativa en los gastos ambientales. Así, el estudio contribuye a constatar que las relaciones interorganizacionales influyen en los gastos ambientales.

Resumo Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar, pela primeira vez, as atividades antituberculose, antileishmania e antiproliferativa in vitro dos óleos essenciais (OEs) obtidos de folhas e flores de S. odoratissima. Avaliamos a atividade antimicobacteriana em termos da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM). Os OEs mostraram ser antimicrobianos ativos contra M. tuberculosis, com valores de CIM de 150 µg/mL (folhas) e 162,5 µg/mL (flores). Os óleos apresentam significativa atividade antiparasitária contra a forma promastigota de L. amazonensis, com valores de CI50 (50% de inibição do crescimento) de 14,36 ± 2,02 (folhas) e 19,89 ± 2,66 µg/mL (flores). A atividade antiproliferativa em linhagem celular normal (GM07492A, fibroblastos de pulmão) e tumorais (MCF-7, HeLa e M059J) foi realizada utilizando o ensaio XTT; os resultados foram expressos a partir do cálculo da Concentração Inibitória de 50% do crescimento celular (CI50) e o índice de seletividade foi calculado. OEs de folhas e flores apresentaram um CI50 de 502,97 ± 40,33 µg/mL e 370,60 ± 2,01 µg/mL para a linhagem GM07492A, respectivamente. Observou-se atividade antiproliferativa contra todas as linhagens celulares tumorais humanas, com valores de CI50 significativamente inferiores aos obtidos para a linhagem celular normal, demonstrando valores de CI50 para a linhagem MCF-7 (367,57 ± 4,46 µg/mL para OEs folhas e 357,70 ± 1,85 µg/mL para OEs flores) e M059J (492,53 ± 56,67 µg/mL para OEs folhas e 324,90 ± 6,72 µg/mL para OEs flores). Estes resultados in vitro mostraram que OEs de S. odoratissima podem ser um possível candidato que atue como agente antimicobacteriano, antiparasitário e antitumoral.

Abstract This paper aims to investigate, for the first time, in vitro antitubercular, antileishmanial and antiproliferative activities of essential oils (EOs) from S. odoratissima leaves and flowers - grown in midwestern Brazil - against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis and human tumor cell lines. Antimycobacterial activity of EOs was evaluated in terms of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). EOs from leaves and flowers showed to be active antimicrobials against M. tuberculosis, since MIC values were 150 µg/mL and 162.5 µg/mL, respectively. Both EOs exhibited significant activity against promastigote forms of L. amazonensis; IC50 values (50% growth inhibition) were 14.36 ± 2.02 (EOs from leaves) and 19.89 ± 2.66 µg/mL (EOs from flowers). Antiproliferative activity in normal (GM07492A, lung fibroblasts) and tumor (MCF-7, HeLa and M059J) cell lines was performed by the XTT assay; results were expressed as IC50 (50% cell growth inhibition) and the selective index was calculated. IC50 values of EOs from leaves and flowers obtained in normal cell lines for were 502.97 ± 40.33 µg/mL and 370.60 ± 2.01 µg/mL, respectively. Antiproliferative activity was observed against human tumor cell lines, whose IC50 values were significantly lower than those obtained in normal cell lines of MCF-7 cells (367.57 ± 4.46 µg/mL-EOs from leaves and 357.70 ± 1.85 µg/mL-EOs from flowers) and M059J cells (492.53 ± 56.67 µg/mL-EOs from leaves and 324.90 ± 6.72 µg/mL-EOs from flowers), thus, indicating selectivity. These in vitro results showed that EOs from S. odoratissima may be an antimycobacterial, antiparasitic and antitumor agent.

ABSTRACT Propolis, is a bee product collected from exudates and flower buds of several plants, has strong aroma and several biological applications. This study aimed at evaluating the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of volatile oil from Brazilian brown propolis. It was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Volatile oil from brown propolis exhibited strong antibacterial activity against H. pylori (MIC 3.25 µg/ml), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC 50 µg/ml) and M. avium (MIC 62.5 µg/ml). It was evaluated in vitro for antioxidant activity by DPPH (IC50 25.0 µg/ml) and ABTS (IC50 30.1 µg/ml) methods. Its cytotoxic property was evaluated in normal (human fibroblasts, GM07429A) and tumor (MCF-7-human breast adenocarcinoma; HeLa-human cervical adenocarcinoma and M059J-human glioblastoma) cell lines. IC50 values were 81.32 µg/ml for GM07429A and 85.00, 129.40 and 84.12 µg/ml for MCF-7, HeLa and M059J cells, respectively. Three major dereplicated components of volatile oil from brown propolis were acetophenone (15.2%), nerolidol (13.3%), and spathulenol (11.6%). Our results contribute to a better understanding of the chemical and biological properties of Brazilian brown propolis and provide evidence for its potential medicinal use.