Resumo: Introdução: Comportamentos agressivos, como bullying ou Bullying Escolar (BE) na população, não são eventos isolados e afetam seriamente a saúde socioemocional daqueles que o sofrem. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática das publicações existentes sobre Educação Física (EF) e Atividade Física (AF). Materiais e métodos: Foi desenhada uma pesquisa baseada na metodologia PRISMA. A busca por informações foi desenvolvida em quatro bases de dados: WOS, PUBMED, SCIELO e ELSEVIER, entre os anos de 2015 a 2020. Resultados: Um total de 53 artigos foram encontrados; após serem analisados pelos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 18 estudos foram considerados para análise. Espanha, Brasil e Colômbia concentram um maior número de publicações com grande variabilidade de tamanho de amostra para ambos os sexos, principalmente durante a adolescência. Os conceitos mais utilizados foram Bullying; Vitimização, Violência Escolar, Cyberbullying, Autoestima dentro do contexto de EF e AF. Conclusão: Destaca-se a necessidade de tornar visível o problema na EF e AF, devido ao seu impacto na saúde física e emocional e na aprendizagem motora.

Abstract: Introduction: aggressive behaviors such as bullying or School Bullying (SB) in the population are not an isolated event and seriously affect the socio-emotional health of those who suffer it. Objective: the aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of existing publications on Physical Education (PE) and Physical Activity (PA). Materials and methods: a research was designed based on PRISMA methodology. The search for information was developed in four databases WOS, PUBMED, SCIELO and ELSEIVER between the years 2015 to 2020. Results: A total of 53 articles were found, after being analyzed by inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 studies were considered for analysis. Spain, Brazil and Colombia concentrate a greater number of publications with great variability of sample size for both females and males mainly during adolescence. The most used concepts were Bullying; Victimization, School Violence, Cyberbullying, Cyberbullying, Self-esteem within the context of PE and PA. Conclusion: the need to make the problem visible in PE and PA is highlighted, due to its impact on physical and emotional health and motor learning.

Resumen: Introducción: las conductas agresivas como el bullying o acoso escolar (AE) en la población no son un hecho aislado y afecta gravemente la salud socioemocional de quienes lo padecen. Objetivo: el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones existentes sobre educación física (EF) y actividad física (AF). Materiales y métodos: se diseñó una investigación orientada con base en metodología PRISMA. La búsqueda de la información se desarrolló en cuatro bases de datos WOS, PUBMED, SCIELO y ELSEIVER entre los años 2015 al 2020. Resultados: un total de 53 artículos fueron encontrados, luego de analizados por los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, 18 estudios fueron considerados para su análisis. España, Brasil y Colombia concentran una mayor cantidad de publicaciones con gran variabilidad del tamaño de la muestra tanto para damas como varones principalmente, durante la adolescencia. Los conceptos más utilizados fueron bullying, victimización, violencia escolar, ciberacoso, autoestima dentro del contexto de EF y AF. Conclusión: se destaca la necesidad de visibiliza el problema en la EF y AF, por su impacto en materia de salud física, emocional y aprendizaje motriz.

Abstract Objectives: The aim was to estimate the pubertal growth height of children and adolescents living in a high-altitude region of Peru using the Preece-Baines model 1 (1 PB). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in schoolchildren from the department of Puno (Peru) between 3841 and 3874 masl. The age range was between 4 and 17 years. Standing height was evaluated. 1 PB was used to infer the mathematical and biological parameters of stature. Results: Mathematical parameters estimated by the 1 PB model reflected small residual standard error (RSE) values in both sexes (0.25 in boys and 0.27 in girls). In boys, the age at which peak velocity was reached (APHV) was estimated at 13.21 ± 0.33years. While in girls it was 9.96 ± 0.26years (p < 0.05). In general, girls reached APHV (y) 3.25 years earlier than boys. On the other hand, the growth velocity of maximum height [APHV (cm/y)] of boys was higher (6.33 ± 6.06 cm/y) relative to girls (6.06 ± 0.32 cm/y). Estimated final adult height (EFAH) in boys was reached at 166.020 ± 0.99 cm and height at maximum growth velocity (HPHV) was 153.07 ± 0.67 cm, while in girls they were significantly lower (EFAH; 153.74 ± 0.44 cm and HPHV: 139.73 ± 0.84 cm). Conclusions: This study showed that girls living in Puno at a high altitude in Peru reached APHV 3 years earlier than boys and at the same time reflected slower PHV. These results suggest that pubertal growth at high altitudes is slower in both sexes and especially in girls. Thus, modeling physical growth may be an important step in understanding the onset of puberty at different latitudes. Objectives highaltitude PreeceBaines Preece Baines ( PB. . PB) Methods crosssectional cross sectional (Peru 384 387 masl evaluated stature Results RSE (RSE 0.25 025 0 25 (0.2 027 27 0.2 girls) (APHV 1321 13 21 13.2 033years 33years 0.33years 996 9 96 9.9 026years 26years p 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) general y (y 325 3.2 hand cm/y cmy (cm/y) 6.33 633 6 33 (6.3 606 06 6.0 (6.0 032 32 0.3 cm/y. EFAH (EFAH 166020 166 020 166.02 099 99 0.9 HPHV (HPHV 15307 153 07 153.0 067 67 0.6 15374 74 153.7 044 44 0.4 13973 139 73 139.7 084 84 0.8 cm. cm) Conclusions PHV Thus latitudes 38 02 2 (0. 0. 132 13. 9. 00 0.0 3. (cm/y 6.3 63 (6. 60 6. 03 16602 16 166.0 09 1530 15 153. 1537 7 04 1397 139. 08 8 (0 (6 1660 166.

Abstract Introduction: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard method, although one limitation is the size of the scan area. Objective: the objective was to verify the accuracy of body composition (BC) scanning through half-body DXA scanning compared to standard total body scanning. Methods: a study was conducted on 145 volunteers. Weight and height were assessed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. DXA was used for whole-body scan (WBS) and half-body scan (HBS). WBS was used as the reference method and the following indicators were extracted: bone mineral content (BMC), fat mass (FM), lean soft tissue (LST) and percentage fat mass (%FM). Results: no differences were observed in the body composition indicators (BMC, FM, LST and %FM) when compared between the reference WBS scanner and the HBS scanner. The predictive power between both scans ranged in both sexes between R2 = 0.94 and 0.98. The DRI desirable reproducibility index values defining the degree of agreement between both scans ranged from 0.97 to 0.99, and the values for precision (0.97 to 0.99) and accuracy (0.99) were high. Conclusion: HBS scanning by DXA evidenced agreement, and high values of accuracy and precision to assess body composition indicators (BMC, FM, LST and %FM).

Resumen Introducción: la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) es el método de referencia, aunque una limitación es el tamaño del área de exploración. Objetivo: el objetivo fue verificar la precisión de la exploración de la CB mediante la exploración DXA de medio cuerpo en comparación con la exploración estándar de todo el cuerpo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio con 145 voluntarios. Se evaluaron el peso y la altura. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se utilizó la DXA para la exploración de cuerpo entero (WBS) y la exploración de medio cuerpo (HBS). Se utilizó la PEP como método de referencia y se extrajeron los siguientes indicadores: contenido mineral óseo (CMO), masa grasa (MG), tejido blando magro (TBL) y porcentaje de masa grasa (%MG). Resultados: no se observaron diferencias en los indicadores de composición corporal (BMC, FM, LST y %FM) cuando se compararon entre el escáner WBS de referencia y el escáner HBS. El poder predictivo entre ambos escáneres osciló en ambos sexos entre R2 = 0,94 y 0,98. Los valores del índice de reproducibilidad deseable DRI que definen el grado de acuerdo entre ambas exploraciones oscilaron entre 0,97 y 0,99, y los valores de precisión (0,97 a 0,99) y exactitud (0,99) fueron altos. Conclusión: la exploración de HBS mediante DXA evidenció concordancia y altos valores de exactitud y precisión para evaluar los indicadores de composición corporal (BMC, FM, LST y %FM).

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to point out the studies that describe variables that are associated with a positive impact on competitive performance in paralympic powerlifting athletes. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were used to develop the study, and the studies were extracted from electronic databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and EBSCO. A selection process was carried out by title, abstract and full text, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Initially, 154 studies were identified. After eliminating duplicates and applying the inclusion criteria, 8 original articles were selected for qualitative analysis. The results indicate that there are physiological and biomechanical factors related to sports performance. Placebo intake, use of creatine monohydrate, lean body mass percentage, genetic predisposition, and various short- and medium-term recovery methods, such as dry needling and cold water immersion, are physiological factors related to performance. Regarding biomechanical factors, it was evidenced that the measurement of bar grip is related to greater force production and average propulsive speed.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa é apontar os estudos que descrevem variáveis que se associam a um impacto positivo no desempenho competitivo em atletas de para powerlifting. Para desenvolver o estudo foi utilizada as diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews e Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) e os estudos foram extraídos de bases de dados eletrônicas como Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect e EBSCO. Foi realizado um processo de seleção por título, resumo e texto completo, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Inicialmente foram identificados 154 estudos que após a eliminação de duplicatas e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados 8 artigos originais para análise qualitativa. Os resultados indicam que existem fatores fisiológicos e biomecânicos relacionados ao desempenho esportivo. A ingestão de placebo, uso de monohidrato de creatina, percentual de massa magra, predisposição genética e diversos métodos de recuperação de curto e médio prazo, como agulhamento seco e imersão em água fria, são fatores fisiológicos relacionados ao desempenho. Em relação aos fatores biomecânicos, foi evidenciado que a mensuração da preensão da barra se relaciona com maior produção de força e velocidade propulsora média.

Abstract Objectives: The objective of the study was to verify whether (FFM), maturity status (MS) and chronological age (CA) are determinants of physical fitness performance, and to analyze FFM and physical performance aligned by CA and MS in children and adolescents. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was carried out in 863 schoolchildren. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), FFM, fat mass (FM), MS (Age at peak height velocity, APHV) were calculated. The physical tests of velocity 20 m, agility 5 m × 10rep, and horizontal jump (HJ) were evaluated. Results: The APHV was estimated in boys at 14.0 ± 0.36APHV and in girls at 11.96 ± 0.49APHV. The relationships between CA and APHV with FFM was r = 0.80 in boys and r = 0.44 to 0.45 in girls. The relationships between FFM and physical tests in boys were [HJ (r = 0.70), agility 5m × 10rep (r = -0.68), velocity (r = -0.61)] and in girls [HJ (r = 0.42), agility 5m × 10rep (r = -0.52), velocity (r = -0.20)]. The differences in FFM and physical fitness tests were more pronounced when aligned by APHV than by CA. Conclusion: It was verified that both FFM, CA, and APHV are determinants of physical fitness performance. In addition, the APHV should be introduced in physical education as a means of ranking physical performance among schoolchildren. Objectives , (FFM) (MS (CA adolescents Methods 86 schoolchildren Weight WC (WC evaluated BMI, BMI (BMI) FM, FM (FM) Age calculated 2 rep HJ (HJ Results 140 14 0 14. 036APHV 36APHV 1196 11 96 11.9 049APHV 49APHV 0.49APHV 080 80 0.8 044 44 0.4 045 45 0.70, 070 0.70 70 0.70) 0.68, 068 0.68 68 -0.68) 0.61 061 61 -0.61) 0.42, 042 0.42 42 0.42) 0.52, 052 0.52 52 -0.52) 0.20. 020 0.20 . -0.20)] Conclusion addition (FFM 8 (BMI (FM 1 119 9 11. 08 0. 04 4 07 0.7 7 06 0.6 6 -0.68 -0.61 05 0.5 -0.52 02 0.2 -0.20) -0.6 -0.5 -0.20 -0. -0.2 -0 -

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo comparar los parámetros antropométricos y de composición corporal en futbolistas profesionales en cinco temporadas. Se efectuó un estudio transversal (comparativo). Se estudió a 120 futbolistas, donde cada cohorte por año se evaluó a 24 futbolistas. El rango de edad fue de 18 a 37 años. Se evaluó a los futbolistas al inicio de cada temporada en los años 2012 a 2016: Se midió el peso, la estatura, seis pliegues cutáneos (Tríceps, subescapular, supra-iliaco, abdominal, muslo y pantorrilla). Se calculó el Índice de Masa corporal IMC, % de grasa, la masa grasa y masa libre de grasa MLG. El tejido adiposo se agrupó en tres grupos (brazo: (tricpes+subescapular, tronco: suprailiaco+abdominal, Piernas: muslo+pantorrilla). Hubo diferencias en el peso corporal, la estatura, la sumatoria de los 6 pliegues y la MLG a lo largo de los 5 años. [año 2012 (Peso: 76,6±7.8kg, estatura: 177.6±5.7cm, Pliegues: 58.7±12.8mm, MLG: 64.5±6.3mm), año 2013: (Peso: 77.8±6.4kg, Estatura: 178,4±4.4, Pliegues: 60.1±15.9mm, MLG:66.3±3.5mm), año 2014: (Peso: 74.9±5.7kg, Estatura: 177.0±5.8cm, Pliegues: 54.4±14.7mm, MLG: 64.5±4.5kg), año 2015: (Peso: 74.1±6.8kg, Estatura: 176.1±5.5cm, Pliegues: 54.9±15.6mm, MLG: 63.8±4.6kg), año 2016: (Peso: 72.7±kg, Estatura: 175.3±6.9kg, Pliegues: 50.8±12.mm, MLG: 62.8±5.9kg)]. Este estudio verificó que el perfil antropométrico y el tejido adiposo de los futbolistas fueron disminuyendo en cada temporada, mientras que la MLG reflejó similares valores en cada uno de las cohortes evaluadas.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os parâmetros antropométricos e de composição corporal em jogadores profissionais de futebol durante cinco temporadas. Foi realizado um estudo transversal (comparativo). Foi estudado um total de 120 jogadores de futebol, onde cada coorte por ano foram avaliados 24 jogadores. A faixa etária era de 18 a 37 anos. Os futebolistas foram avaliados no início de cada temporada, nos anos de 2012 a 2016. Foram medidas altura, peso, seis dobras da pele (tríceps, subescapular, supra ilíaca, abdominal, coxa e calcanhar). Foram calculados índice de massa corporal IMC, % de gordura, massa de gordura e massa livre de gordura MLG. O tecido adiposo foi agrupado em três grupos (braço: tríceps + subescapular, tronco: suprailíaco + abdominal, pernas: coxa + calcanhar). Houve diferenças no peso corporal, na altura, a soma de 6 dobras e a MLG ao longo dos 5 anos: ano 2012 (Peso: 76,6±7,8kg, Altura: 177,6±5,7cm, Dobras: 58,7±12,8mm, GLM: 64,5±6,3mm), ano 2013 (Peso: 77,8±6,4kg, Altura: 178,4±4,4, Dobras: 60,1±15,9mm, GLM:66,3±3.5mm), ano 2014 (Peso: 74,9±5,7kg, Altura: 177,0±5,8cm, Dobras: 54,4±14,7mm, GLM: 64,5±4,5kg), ano 2015 (Peso: 74,1±6,8kg, Altura: 176,1±5,5cm, Dobras: 54,9±15,6mm, GLM: 63,8±4,6kg), ano 2016 (Peso: 72,7±kg, Altura: 175,3±6,9kg, Dobras: 50,8±12,mm, GLM: 62,8±5,9kg). Este estudo verificou que o perfil antropométrico e o tecido adiposo dos jogadores de futebol diminuíram em cada temporada, enquanto que a MLG refletiu valores similares em cada um dos coortes avaliados.

Abstract The present cross-sectional (comparative) study aimed to compare the anthropometric and body composition parameters in professional soccer players over five seasons. It was conducted on 120 soccer players grouped in a cohort of 24 subjects per year. The age range was 18 to 37 years. The footballers were evaluated at the beginning of each season from 2012 to 2016; weight, height, six skin folds (triceps, subscapularis, supra-iliac, abdominal, thigh, and calf) were evaluated from 2012 to 2015. The Body Mass Index (BMI), fat percentage, fat mass, and FFM were calculated. The adipose tissue was grouped into three groups: arm (triceps + subscapular), trunk (supra iliac + abdominal), and legs (thigh + calf). Body weight, height, the sum of the 6 folds, and the MLG varied during the 5 years. For 2012 the results were the following: Weight, 76.6 ± 7.8kg; Height, 177.6 ± 5.7cm; Folds, 58.7 ± 12.8mm; MLG, 64.5 ± 6.3mm). In 2013, these were the results: Weight, 77.8 ± 6.4kg; Height, 178, 4 ± 4.4; Folds, 60.1 ± 15.9mm; MLG, 66.3 ± 3.5mm). These were the measures obtained in 2014: Weight, 74.9 ± 5.7kg; Height, 177.0 ± 5.8cm; Folds, 54.4 ± 14.7mm; MLG, 64.5 ± 4.5kg ). And these were of the year 2015: Weight, 74.1 ± 6.8kg; Height, 176.1 ± 5.5cm; Folds, 54.9 ± 15.6mm; MLG, 63.8 ± 4.6kg). Finally, in 2016 these were the measures collected: Weight, 72.7 ± kg; Height, 175.3 ± 6.9 kg; Folds, 50.8 ± 12.mm; MLG, 62.8 ± 5.9kg. This study verified that the soccer players' anthropometric profile and adipose tissue decreased each season, while the MLG reflected similar values in each of the evaluated cohorts.

Abstract Introduction: one of the causes of Nutritional anemia is that the amount of iron absorbed is insufficient to meet the body's needs. Objective: to determine the effects of microencapsulated and heminic iron supplementation to increase hemoglobin levels and body weight in iron-depleted rats. Methods: a randomized experimental study was designed. Four study groups were formed. Control group (GC), experimental group (GE1) (MC microencapsulated iron supplementation), experimental group 2 (GE2) (heminic iron supplementation) and experimental group 3 (GE3) (MC + heminic iron supplementation). A dry powdered diet containing all normal nutrients except iron was fed to the four groups for 15 days (three times a day). Weight, length and hemoglobin (Hb) were evaluated at pre- and post-test under similar conditions. Results: in Hb, no significant differences were observed in the CG (p = 0.225), despite a -9.6 % decrease in the post-test. GE1 significantly increased hemoglobin (14.3 %, Hb 2.1 g/dl) and body weight (21.6 %, 25.8 g) (p < 0.05) in the post-test. Similarly, GE2 significantly increased hemoglobin (14.5 %, Hb 2.1 g/dl) and body weight (44.5 %, 52.3 g) (p < 0.05). However, in GE3, despite significantly increasing weight (30.2 %, 35.2 g), the increase in hemoglobin levels was similar to what occurred in GE1 and GE2 groups (increasing by 14.5 % and Hb 2.2 g/dl). There were no significant differences in rat length between pre- and post-test in the four groups. Conclusion: these RESULTS suggest that heme iron together with quinoa and cañihua flour could be exploited as a new safe and efficient iron supplement compared to microencapsulated iron, given its higher iron bioavailability and its ability to increase body weight.

Resumen Introducción: una de las causas de la anemia nutricional es que la cantidad de hierro absorbida es insuficiente para satisfacer las necesidades del organismo. Objetivo: determinar los efectos de la suplementación de hierro microencapsulado y hemínico para aumentar los niveles de hemoglobina y el peso corporal en ratas alimentadas sin hierro. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio experimental aleatorizado. Se conformaron cuatro grupos de estudio. Grupo control (GC), grupo experimental (GE1) (suplementación de hierro microencapsulado MC), grupo experimental 2 (GE2) (suplementación de hierro hemínico) y grupo experimental 3 (GE3) (suplementación de hierro MC + hierro hemínico). Se administró al GC una dieta seca en polvo que contenía todos los nutrientes normales excepto el hierro. Los tres grupos experimentales fueron alimentados en base a una dieta de harina de quinua y cañihua. A la dieta del GE1 se agregó hierro MC; al GE2, hierro hemínico; y al GE3, hierro MC + hierro hemínico. La suplementación se realizó durante 15 días (tres veces al día). Se evaluaron el peso, la longitud y la hemoglobina (Hb) en el pretest y postest en similares condiciones. Resultados: en la Hb no se observaron diferencias significativas en el GC (p = 0,225), a pesar de disminuir en un -9,6 % en el postest. El GE1 aumentó significativamente la hemoglobina (14,3 %, Hb 2,1 g/dl) y el peso corporal (21,6 %, 25,8 g) (p < 0,05) en el postest. De la misma forma, el GE2 incrementó significativamente la hemoglobina (14,5 %, Hb 2,1 g/dl) y el peso corporal (44,5 %, 52,3 g) (p < 0,05). Sin embargo, el GE3, a pesar de mezclar el hierro MC y hemínico, no logró superar la actuación individual en cada uno de los GE1 y GE2. No hubo diferencias significativas en la longitud de las ratas entre el pretest y el postest en los cuatro grupos. Conclusión: estos resultados sugieren que el hierro hemo junto a la harina de quinua y cañihua podrían explotarse como un nuevo suplemento de hierro seguro y eficiente en comparación con el hierro microencapsulado, dada su mayor biodisponibilidad de hierro y su capacidad de incrementar el peso corporal.

Resumen Introducción: la anemia en los niños puede provocar deficiencias cognitivas y motoras que pueden conducir a dificultades en el rendimiento académico y la resistencia física, afectando a la salud y el bienestar. Objetivo: desarrollar y validar una escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplemento de hierro en madres de niños con anemia (ECATSH) que viven en una región de altitud del Perú. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio transversal en 192 madres de niños con anemia que viven en una región de elevada altitud del Perú. Se utilizó el modelo de creencias de salud (MCS) para desarrollar y validar la ECATSH. Para la validez del contenido se utilizó el análisis de juicio de expertos (V de Aiken) y para la validez del constructo, el análisis factorial exploratorio. La confiabilidad se determinó por consistencia interna. Resultados: en la validez del contenido, la prueba V de Aiken reflejó valores concordantes para la pertinencia (0,60 a 0,90), relevancia (0,75 a 0,95), claridad (0,80 a 0,90) y la escala total (0,75 a 0,92). Los valores de la alfa de Cronbach por pregunta oscilaron desde α = 0,70 hasta 0,81, y para la escala total fue de α = 0,75. El análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) reflejó valores de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) de 0,733, la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett indicó un valor de 968,680 (p < 0,001). Los valores propios en las cinco dimensiones reflejaron valores desde 1,05 hasta 4,03. El porcentaje de la varianza para el factor 1 (beneficios = 33,58 %), factor 2 (gravedad = 12,61 %), factor 3 (señales de acción = 10,78 %), factor 4 (barreras = 8,07 %), factor 5 (susceptibilidad = 7,63 %) y total de la escala fue de 74,12 %. Conclusión: el MCS es una herramienta útil que permitió validar la escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplemento de hierro en madres de niños con anemia que viven a elevada altitud del Perú.

Abstract Introduction: anemia in children can cause cognitive and motor deficits that can lead to difficulties in academic performance, physical endurance, affecting health and well-being Objective: to develop and validate a scale of beliefs about adherence to iron supplementation treatment in mothers of children with anemia (SBAIST) living in a high altitude region of Peru. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 192 mothers of children with anemia living in a high altitude region of Peru. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was used to develop and validate the SBAIST. Expert judgment analysis (Aiken's V) was used for content validity and exploratory factor analysis for construct validity. Reliability was determined by internal consistency. Results: for content validity, Aiken's V test showed concordant values for relevance (0.60 to 0.90), relevance (0.75 to 0.95), clarity (0.80 to 0.90) and total scale (0.75 to 0.92). Cronbach's alpha values per question ranged from 〈 = 0.70 to 0.81, and for total scale was 〈 = 0.75. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reflected Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values of 0.733, Bartlett's test of sphericity indicated a value of 968.680 (p < 0.001). The eigenvalues in the five dimensions reflected values from 1.05 to 4.03. The percentage of variance for factor 1 (barriers = 33.58 %), factor 2 (severity = 12.61 %), factor 3 (action cues = 10.78 %), factor 4 (barriers = 8.07 %), factor 5 (susceptibility = 7.63 %), and for the total scale was 74.12 %. Conclusion: HBM is a useful tool that allowed validation of the scale of beliefs about adherence to iron supplementation treatment in mothers of children with anemia living at high altitude in Peru.

Abstract Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak) is used in studies with adolescents to relate physical fitness to health status, and in the area of sports training to prescribe and evaluate training programs. The objective of the present study was to verify the VO2peak in adolescent soccer players, observing the type of training and body size. The sample consisted of 116 male adolescents, aged between 12 and 15 years old, divided into three groups, the Control Group (CG; n=45), the Educational Sports Group (ESG; n=45) and the Soccer Athletes Group ( SAG; n=26). Height and body mass were assessed. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test was used to assess VO2peak. ANOVA (one way) was used to determine intergroup differences. VO2peak was allometrically adjusted by the exponent of -0.67. Initially, a better aerobic performance was observed in the ESG group compared to the GED. After allometric adjustment, the results pointed to a better performance of the SAG in relation to the GED and the ESG. We conclude that in order to evaluate VO2peak in adolescents it is necessary to take into account not only the type of training used (volume and intensity), but also their body size.

Resumo O consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2pico) é utilizado em estudos com adolescentes para relacionar a aptidão física ao estado de saúde, e, na área do treinamento esportivo, para a prescrição e avaliação de programas de treinamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o VO2pico em adolescentes praticantes de Futebol de campo observando o tipo de treinamento e o tamanho corporal. A amostra foi composta por 116 adolescentes masculinos, idade entre 12 e 15 anos, divididos em três grupos, o Grupo Controle (GC; n=45), o Grupo de Esporte Educacional (GEE; n=45) e o Grupo de Atletas de Futebol (GAF; n=26). Foram avaliadas a estatura e a massa corporal. O Yo-YoIntermittent Endurance Test foi utilizado para avaliar o VO2pico. Foi utilizada a ANOVA (one way), para determinar as diferenças intergrupos. O VO2pico foi ajustado alometricamente pelo expoente de -0,67. Inicialmente observou-se melhor desempenho aeróbio do grupo GEE em relação ao GED. Após o ajuste alométrico, os resultados apontaram para o melhor desempenho do GAF em relação ao GED e GEE. Conclui-se que para se avaliar o VO2pico em adolescentes é necessário levar-se em conta, não só o tipo de treinamento utilizado (volume e intensidade), mas também o seu tamanho corporal.

Resumen: La aptitud física es uno de los marcadores de salud importantes como predictor de morbilidad y mortalidad de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivos: Evaluar la relación entre masa grasa con indicadores antropométricos y comparar el desempeño de la aptitud física entre niños y adolescentes categorizados con adecuado y exceso de masa grasa. Sujetos y Método: estudio transversal descrip tivo en 863 escolares entre 6 a 17,9 años. Se midió el peso, estatura, circunferencia de cintura. Se evaluó la aptitud física (velocidad, agilidad y salto horizontal). Se calculó la masa grasa por ecuación antropométrica, se calculó el índice de masa corporal, índice ponderal, e índice cintura estatura. Se agruparon los datos por edad en 6 grupos. Resultados: Los niños de ambos sexos categorizados con adecuados niveles de masa grasa presentaron valores inferiores de índice de masa corporal, índice ponderal e índice cintura estatura en relación a los niños con elevados niveles de masa grasa. En la aptitud física, los niños con masa grasa adecuada fueron mejores que sus contrapartes con masa grasa elevada. En las niñas con masa grasa adecuada, se observó mejores resultados en el salto horizontal y agilidad durante la adolescencia. No hubo diferencias en la prueba de velocidad. Conclusión: La masa grasa puede ser considerada como una herramienta valiosa para determinar el exceso de grasa corporal y categorizar a niños y adolescentes con adecuado y exceso de masa grasa. Además, presentar niveles aceptables de masa grasa puede contribuir a una mejor forma física en los niños en el salto horizontal, agilidad y velocidad y en las niñas únicamente en el salto horizontal y agilidad.

Abstract: Physical fitness is one of the important health markers as a predictor of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between fat mass with anthropometric indicators and, secondly, to compare the performance of physical fitness among children and adolescents categorized with adequate and excess fat mass. Subjects and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 863 schoolchildren aged 6 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. physical fitness [speed (20m), agility (10x5m), and horizontal jump] was evaluated. Fat mass was calculated by anthropometric equation, body mass index, ponderal index, and waist to height ratio. Data were grouped into 6 age groups. Results: Children of both sexes categorized as having adequate levels of fat mass had lower values of body mass index, ponderal index, and waist to height ratio than children with high levels of fat mass. In physical fitness, children with adequate fat mass were better than the ones with elevated fat mass. In girls with adequate fat mass, better results were observed in horizontal jump and agility during adolescence. There were no differences in the speed test. Conclusion: Fat mass can be considered as a valuable tool for determining excess body fat and categorizing children and adolescents with adequate and excess fat mass. In addition, having acceptable levels of fat mass may contribute to better physical fitness in boys in horizontal jump, agility, and speed and, in girls, only in horizontal jump and agility.

Abstract Introduction: studying the percentage of body fat (%BF) in children and adolescents is very relevant, since a high level of body fat in childhood and adolescence represents overweight and obesity. Objective: to identify the anthropometric indicators related to %BF and to validate regression equations to predict %BF in children and adolescents using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Methods: a descriptive study (cross-sectional) was designed in 1126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 females) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range ranged from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, two skinfolds (tricipital and subscapular and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), triponderal mass index (TMI), waist height index (WHtR) were calculated. Body fat percentage (%BF) was assessed by DXA scanning. Results: the relationships between Σ (Tricipital + Subscapular), TMI and WHtR with %BF (DXA) ranged from R2 = 52 % to 54 % in men, and from R2 = 41 % to 49 % in women. The equations generated for men were: %BF = 9.775 + [(0.415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35.084 * WHtR) - (0.828 * age), R2 = 70 %, and %BF = 20.720 + [(0.492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.354 * TMI) - (0.923 * age), R2 = 68 %], and for women: %BF = 8.608 + [(0.291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38.893 * WHtR) - (0.176 * age), R2 = 60 %, and %BF = 16.087 + [(0.306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.818 * TMI) - (0.300 * age), R2 = 59 %. Conclusion: this study showed that the sum of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds, IP and WHtR are adequate predictors of %BF. These indicators allowed the development of two regression equations acceptable in terms of precision and accuracy to predict %BF in children and adolescents of both sexes.

Resumen Introducción: estudiar el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) en niños y adolescentes es muy relevante, puesto que un elevado nivel de grasa corporal en la infancia y la adolescencia representa sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: identificar los indicadores antropométricos que se relacionan con el %GC y validar ecuaciones de regresión para predecir el %GC de niños y adolescentes a partir del uso de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) como método de referencia. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 1126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, dos pliegues cutáneos (tricipital y subescapular) y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice ponderal (IP) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) por medio del escaneo DXA. Resultados: las relaciones entre Σ (Tricipital + Subescapular), IP e ICE con el %GC (DXA) fueron de R2 = 52-54 % en hombres y R2 = 41-49 % en mujeres. Las ecuaciones generadas para los hombres fueron: %GC = 9,775 + [(0,415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35,084 * ICE) - (0,828 * edad), R2 = 70 %, y %GC = 20,720 + [(0,492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,354 * IP) - (0,923 * edad), R2 = 68 %; y para mujeres: %GC = 8,608 + [(0,291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38,893 * ICE) - (0,176 * edad), R2 = 60 %, y %GC = 16,087 + [(0,306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,818 * IP) - (0,300 * edad), R2 = 59 %. Conclusión: este estudio demostró que la sumatoria de los pliegues cutáneos tricipital y subescapular, el IP y el ICE son adecuados predictores del %GC. Estos indicadores permitieron desarrollar dos ecuaciones de regresión aceptables en términos de precisión y exactitud para predecir el %GC en niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos.

Abstract Introduction: physical growth patterns and nutritional status of children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude are not applicable for clinical assessment of growth for diverse populations around the world. Objective: a) to compare weight, height and body mass index (BMI) variables with CDC-2012 references; b) to verify if BMI and/or ponderal index (PI) are applicable to children living at a moderate altitude; and c) to propose percentiles to assess physical growth by age and sex. Methods: a total of 5,377 students, ranging in age from 6.0 to 17.9 years, were evaluated. The students were from two geographic regions of moderate altitude in Peru (2,320 meters) and Colombia (2,640 meters). Weight and height were measured. BMI and PI were calculated. Weight, height and BMI were compared with CDC-2012 references. Results: males showed lower weight and height from age 11 to 17.9 years compared to CDC-2012. Females weighed less than the reference from 9.0 to 17.9 years. Female height was lower from 6.0 to 14.9 years; however, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, values were similar to the reference. As for BMI, there were differences in both sexes (in males, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, and in females, from 12.0 to 17.9 years). Age, weight and height explained BMI: between R2 = 17 and 83 % in males, and in females between R2 = 24 and 85 %. These same variables influenced PI in a lower percentage in both sexes: for males (R2 = 0.01 to 49 %) and for females (R2 = 0.01 to 18 %). Conclusions: children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude in Peru and Colombia diverge from the CDC-2012 physical growth patterns. In addition, PI is a new alternative for estimating weight in relation to BMI. The proposed curves for weight, height, and PI by age and sex could have greater implications in the control of child health programs and in clinical and epidemiological practices.

Resumen Introducción: los patrones de crecimiento físico y el estado nutricional de los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada no son aplicables para la evaluación clínica del crecimiento de las diversas poblaciones del mundo. Objetivo: a) comparar las variables de peso, estatura e índice de masa corporal (IMC) con las referencias del CDC-2012; b) verificar si el IMC y/o el índice ponderal (IP) son aplicables a los niños que viven a una altitud moderada, y c) proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico por edad y sexo. Métodos: se evaluaron 5377 estudiantes con edades que oscilaban entre los 6,0 y 17,9 años. Los estudiantes procedían de dos regiones geográficas de altitud moderada de Perú (2320 metros) y Colombia (2640 metros). Se midieron el peso y la estatura. Se calcularon el IMC y el IP. El peso, la estatura y el IMC se compararon con las referencias de los CDC-2012. Resultados: los varones mostraron un peso y una estatura inferiores de los 11 hasta los 17,9 años en comparación con la CDC-2012. Las mujeres pesaron menos que la referencia desde los 9,0 hasta los 17,9 años. La estatura de las mujeres fue inferior de los 6,0 a los 14,9 años; sin embargo, de los 15,0 a los 17,9 años, los valores fueron similares a los de referencia. En cuanto al IMC, se produjeron diferencias en ambos sexos (en varones, desde 15,0 hasta 17,9 años, y en mujeres, de 12,0 hasta 17,9 años). La edad, el peso y la altura explicaron el IMC: entre R2 = 17 y 83 % en los varones, y en mujeres entre R2 = 24 y 85 %. Estas mismas variables influyeron en el IP en un porcentaje menor en ambos sexos: para los varones (R2 = 0,01 a 49 %) y para las mujeres (R2 = 0,01 a 18 %). Conclusiones: los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada en Perú y Colombia divergen de los patrones de crecimiento físico del CDC-2012. Además, el IP es una nueva alternativa para estimar el peso en relación al IMC. Las curvas propuestas para el peso, la talla y el IP por edad y sexo podrían tener mayores implicaciones en el control de los programas de salud infantil y en las prácticas clínicas y epidemiológicas.

Abstract Introduction: during childhood and adolescence there is great individual variability in growth and biological maturation, resulting in differences in size, shape and body composition in children and adolescents of similar age. Objective: to propose percentiles to assess physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status (SM) in Chilean children and adolescents. Methods: a descriptive (cross-sectional) study was designed in 7,292 children and adolescents (4214 boys and 3084 girls) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range was 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), waist-height index (WHtR) and SM were calculated through a non-invasive anthropometric technique based on chronological age and standing height. The LMS method was used to calculate percentiles. Results: the SM calculated in boys was observed at 13.7 ± 0.6 APHV (years of peak growth speed) and in girls at 12.1 ± 0.6 APHV. Percentiles were created for weight, height, WC, BMI, and WHtR. All anthropometric variables increase as MS increases in PHV years. Conclusion: the proposed percentiles are an alternative to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of SM in Chilean children and adolescents. The results suggest the use of this non-invasive technique to be applied in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

Resumen Introducción: durante la infancia y la adolescencia existe una gran variabilidad individual en el crecimiento y la maduración biológica, lo que resulta en diferencias en el tamaño, la forma y la composición corporal de los niños y adolescentes de edad similar. Objetivo: proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez (EM) en niños y adolescentes chilenos. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 7292 niños y adolescentes (4214 chicos y 3084 chicas) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila entre 6,0 y 17,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y el EM a través de una técnica antropométrica no invasiva basada en la edad cronológica y la estatura de pie. Se utilizó el método LMS para calcular los percentiles. Resultados: el EM calculado en los chicos se observó a los 13,7 ± 0,6 APVC (años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento) y en las chicas a los 12,1 ± 0,6 APVC. Se crearon percentiles para el peso, la estatura, la CC, el IMC y el ICE. Todas las variables antropométricas se incrementan conforme el EM aumenta en APVC. Conclusión: los percentiles propuestos son una alternativa para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del EM en los niños y adolescentes chilenos. Los resultados sugieren que esta técnica no invasiva puede aplicarse en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos.

Abstract Introduction: the assessment of body composition is relevant and useful for designing interventions for healthy lifestyles and nutritional strategies. Objective: our goal was to verify the relationships between adiposity indicators with fat mass (FM), and to validate equations that allow predicting FM in young people with Down syndrome (SD). Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in 48 young people with DS (24 men and 24 women). Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist-to-hip index (WHI), and waist-to-height index (WHtR) were calculated. FM was evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: age in men was 19.3 ± 3.0 years, and in women it was 18.9 ± 1.9 years; weight was 73.6 ± 14.3 kg in men and 75.8 ± 20.3 kg in women, and height in men was 168.9 ± 6.5 cm, and in women it was 156.3 ± 6.2 cm. In males the correlations between FM (DXA) with BMI, WC, HC, WHtR, BAI and WHtR ranged from r = 0.01 to r = 0.89, and in females from r = 0.10 to r = 0.97. The highest correlations were observed with BMI and WC in both sexes (males r = 0.78 to 0.92, and females r = 0.83 to 0.97). Regression equations were generated to estimate FM in males (R2 = 84 %) and in females (R2 = 96 %). Percentiles were calculated for MG per DXA and for each equation. Conclusions: there were significant positive correlations between BMI and WC with FM. These indicators were decisive for developing equations that estimate FM in young people with DS. The results suggest its potential use and application to evaluate, classify and monitor body fat levels in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

Resumen Introducción: la evaluación de la composición corporal es relevante y útil para diseñar intervenciones de estilos de vida saludables y estrategias nutricionales. Objetivos: verificar las relaciones existentes entre los indicadores de adiposidad y la masa grasa (MG), y validar ecuaciones que permitan predecir la MG en jóvenes con síndrome de Down (SD). Métodos: se efectuó un estudio transversal en 48 jóvenes con SD (24 hombres y 24 mujeres). Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, la circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y la circunferencia de la cadera (CCa). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice de adiposidad corporal (IAC), el índice cintura-cadera (ICC) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó la MG mediante absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA). Resultados: la edad de los hombres era de 19,3 ± 3,0 años y la de las mujeres de 18,9 ± 1,9 años; el peso era de 73,6 ± 14,3 kg en los hombres y de 75,8 ± 20,3 kg en las mujeres; finalmente, la estatura de los hombres era de 168,9 ± 6,5 cm y la de las mujeres de 156,3 ± 6,2 cm. En los hombres, las correlaciones entre la MG (DXA) y los parámetros IMC, CC, CCa, ICE, IAC e ICE oscilaron entre r = 0,01 y r = 0,89; en las mujeres, entre r = 0,10 y r = 0,97. Las correlaciones más altas se observaron con el IMC y la CC en ambos sexos (hombres, r = 0,78 a 0,92 y mujeres, r = 0,83 a 0,97). Se generaron ecuaciones de regresión para estimar la MG en los hombres (R2 = 84 %) y en las mujeres (R2 = 96 %). Se calcularon los percentiles de MG según la DXA y con cada ecuación. Conclusiones: hubo correlaciones positivas significativas del IMC y la CC con la MG. Estos indicadores fueron determinantes para desarrollar ecuaciones que estiman la MG de los jóvenes con SD. Los resultados sugieren su uso y aplicación para evaluar, clasificar y monitorizar los niveles de adiposidad corporal en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos.

Abstract Objective: To identify the studies that have applied Emotional Intelligence instruments in university students in the last 20 years (2001 to 2020). Methodology: A desk study (systematic review) was carried out. The selection of primary studies was carried out in the Scopus and Scielo databases. The range of years systematized was from 2001 to 2020. The studies are published in English, Spanish, Portuguese and French. The keywords in English were used: Instruments, emotion intelligence, evaluation; in Spanish: instruments, emotional intelligence, evaluation. The observation technique was used to record the information, and the instrument was an observation record. Results: 75% (n = 12) of the primary studies were published in English, 18.8% (n = 3) in Spanish and 6% (n = 1) in French. Also, it is highlighted that 81.3% (n = 13) of the articles were published in the Scopus database, 18.8% (n = 3) in the Scielo database. The highest number of publications were in the last 5 years (62.5%, n = 10). The instruments that were used to evaluate EI were MSCEIT, Bar-On and TMMS. Conclusion: It was verified that the Emotional Intelligence (EI) instruments that were most applied to university students were the MSCEIT, the Bar-On and TMMS, in addition, the studies from 2001 to 2020 were gradually increasing. The results suggest the use and application of these instruments for samples of young university students.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los estudios que han aplicado instrumentos de Inteligencia Emocional en jóvenes universitarios en los últimos 20 años (2001 a 2020). Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio documental (revisión sistemática). La selección de estudios primarios se efectuó en las Bases de Datos Scopus y Scielo. El rango de años sistematizados fue desde 2001 a 2020. Los estudios están publicados en idioma inglés, español, portugués y francés. Se utilizó las palabras clave en inglés: Instruments, emotion inteligence, evaluation; en español: instrumentos, inteligencia emocional, evaluación. Para registrar la información se utilizó la técnica de la observación, y el instrumento fue una ficha de observación. Resultados: El 75% (n=12) de los estudios primarios fueron publicado en idioma inglés, 18,8% (n=3) en español y 6% (n=1) en francés. También, se destaca que el 81.3% (n=13) de los artículos fueron publicados en la base de datos Scopus, 18,8% (n=3) en la base de datos Scielo. El mayor número de publicaciones fueron en los últimos 5 años (62,5%, n=10). Los instrumentos que fueron utilizados para evaluar la IE, fueron MSCEIT, Bar-On y TMMS. Conclusión: Se verificó que los instrumentos de Inteligencia Emocional (IE) que más se aplicaron en jóvenes universitarios fueron el MSCEIT, el Bar-On y TMMS, además, los estudios desde el año 2001 hasta el 2020 fueron incrementándose paulatinamente. Los resultados sugieren el uso y aplicación de estos instrumentos para muestras de jóvenes universitarios.