Abstract Symbioses between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide many advantages, including a reduced need for fertilization. In this study, the effects of AMF inoculation and phosphorus application on the growth and nutritional status of Araucaria angustifolia seedlings were evaluated. The treatments included inoculation with AMF (Gigaspora margarita, Rhizophagus intraradices, Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora scrobiculata, or Dentiscutata heterogama), inoculation with a mixture of AMF in 100 g of 50-year-old araucaria forest soil, application of two doses of P2O5 (25 or 100 mg kg-1), and the control. A completely randomized design was used, with seven replicates per treatment. The growth parameters, macronutrient and micro-nutrient contents, root colonization, and mycorrhizal effects on the extracted nutrients were evaluated at 75 and 150 d post germination. Analysis of variance, correlations, and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate that data. Inoculation with AMF had favorable effects on growth parameters, root colonization, and the extraction of macronutrients and micro-nutrients. In particular, the mixture of AMF from the 50-year-old araucaria forest soil, R. intraradices, and A. colombiana were beneficial. Similarly, the application of 25 mg of P2O5 significantly affected the growth of A. angustifolia seedlings compared to other treatments and increased the efficiency of root colonization.

Resumen La simbiosis entre plantas y hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) tiene muchas ventajas, entre ellas la reducción de la fertilización. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la inoculación de especies de FMA y la aplicación de fósforo sobre el crecimiento y estado nutricional de plántulas de Araucaria angustifolia. Los tratamientos que incluyeron la inoculación de especies de FMA (Gigaspora margarita, Rhizophagus intraradices, Acaulospora colombiana, Acaulospora scrobiculata y Dentiscutata heterogama), aplicación de 100 g de un suelo de bosque de araucaria de 50 años, dos dosis de P2O5 (25 y 100 mg kg-1) y un testigo, se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente al azar, con siete repeticiones por cada tratamiento. Se evaluaron a los 75 y 150 días después de la germinación los parámetros de crecimiento, el contenido de macro y micronutrientes, la colonización radicular y el efecto micorrízico de los nutrientes extraídos. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza, correlación y componentes principales (PCA). La inoculación de especies de FMA brindaron respuestas favorables sobre los parámetros de crecimiento, colonización radicular y sobre la extracción de macro y micronutrientes, destacando la mezcla con especies de FMA del suelo proveniente del bosque de araucaria de 50 años y las especies Rhizophagus intraradices y Acaulospora colombiana. Así mismo, la aplicación de 25 mg de P2O5 influyo significativamente sobre los parámetros de crecimiento de las plántulas de Araucaria angustifolia en relación con los otros tratamientos, además de incrementar la eficiencia en la colonización radicular.

Abstract. Remembering and learning are important activities for the brain; Spatial memory is related to the capability to acquire and hold associations about what is in the environment. Unfortunately, some factors such as age, drugs, and mental illnesses, among others, lead to the loss of the ability to remember things or events that occur in people’s lives, including spatial memory. There are several tests (Such as radial arm maze task, geometric arena task, and Morris water maze) generally used to evaluate spatial memory in rats and animals. Still, there are not so many tests applicable to human beings. Several researchers have discovered that virtual reality could help with these types of problems. People can be immersed in a virtual world and solve aspects of space. One of the advantages of virtual reality is that people can be analyzed in safe environments. This work presents the development of a mobile application capable of evaluating spatial memory in humans through virtual reality; Taking the bases of the Morris Water Maze. The goal of this application is to have an alternative test to evaluate spatial memory with low-cost and ecological materials, virtual reality, and the advantages of mobile applications. As a pilot test, the application was tested on 18 young students who demonstrated the use of their spatial memory within the application.

Resumen Antecedentes y especie de estudio: El encino Quercus brandegeei se encuentra amenazado debido a su distribución relictual, restringida a los márgenes de arroyos temporales, sus poblaciones decrecientes, y la falta de regeneración. Aunque hay evidencia de producción de bellotas viables, no se ha observado la presencia de plántulas o juveniles a lo largo de la distribución. Hipótesis: Evaluamos el patrón de agregación espacial y los factores que determinan la producción de bellotas, bajo las hipótesis de una mayor agregación en regiones con mayor precipitación y de que la presencia de bellotas dependerá de atributos individuales de los árboles y de las variables climáticas. Sitio y años del estudio: Baja California Sur, México, 2016-2017. Métodos: El patrón de distribución espacial (aleatorio, uniforme o agregado) de cada población se evaluó mediante la K de Ripley en 12 poblaciones y un total de 194 individuos. El impacto de las variables ambientales sobre la producción de bellotas se determinó mediante modelos lineales generalizados utilizando ocho variables climáticas. Resultados: Los individuos de Q. brandegeei se encuentran altamente agregados en distancias de 0-25 m. La presencia de bellotas dependió más de la región geográfica que de las variables climáticas. Conclusiones: La alta agregación y baja producción de bellotas en algunas poblaciones sugiere que existe una reducción de nicho para Q. brandegeei, confinado a micrositios muy específicos a lo largo de los lechos de los ríos efímeros. Las áreas adecuadas de reclutamiento podrían reducirse aún más con el clima más cálido y seco pronosticado para la región.

Abstract Background and study species: The endangered oak Quercus brandegeei Goldman, endemic to Baja California Sur, Mexico, is threatened because of its relictual distribution restricted to ephemeral riverbeds, declining populations, and a lack of seedling regeneration. Although there is evidence of viable acorn production, no seedlings or saplings have been found across the range of occurrence for this species. Hypothesis: We tested for spatial aggregation and factors determining acorn production, hypothesizing that Q. brandegeei trees would be less distant from one another in regions with higher precipitation and that tree attributes and climatic variables would co-determine acorn presence. Study site and dates: Baja California Sur, Mexico, 2016-2017 Methods: We conducted a Ripley’s K analysis to determine each population’s spatial pattern (random, uniform, clumped) across 12 populations and a total of 194 individuals. To find the impact of environmental factors on acorn production we conducted a series of generalized linear models on eight climatic variables. Results: Ripley’s K analysis revealed that Q. brandegeei is a highly clumped species, with the highest rate of aggregation occurring within 0-25 meters. Region but not climatic cues were found to be important determinants of presence of acorns. Conclusions: High aggregation in clumps and low evidence of acorn production in some populations suggests that there is a niche attrition for this species, which is confined to very specific microsites along ephemeral riverbeds. Suitable recruitment areas could be reduced even further under the hotter and drier climate predicted for the region.

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are beneficial microorganisms that form symbioses with vines, showing improvements favorably in the growth and nutrition of seedlings after rooting them. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of AMF species inoculation and phosphate fertilization on rooted cuttings of vine rootstocks in a greenhouse. Woody rootstock cuttings from ‘IAC 766’ Campinas vines were prepared to promote rooting. After 45 days, the cuttings were transplanted and subjected to treatments that consisted of the inoculation of different species of AMF and fertilization with two doses of phosphorus (simple superphosphate) plus the control. The treatments were randomly assigned following a completely randomized design with eight replications for each treatment. After 90 days, growth parameters, macro and micronutrient content (shoot and root), root colonization and mycorrhizal effect of the extracted nutrients were evaluated. The inoculation with AMF species influenced the growth parameters, root colonization and extraction of macro and micronutrients from the cuttings of the 'IAC 766' rootstock, highlighting the inoculation with species of the genus Acaulospora, either individually or associated. Phosphorous fertilization affected growth parameters and extraction of macro and micronutrients, but these were to a lesser degree compared to that verified by the inoculation of AMF species.

Resumen Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) son microorganismos benéficos que forman simbiosis con la vid, al mostrar mejoras favorables en el crecimiento y nutrición de las plántulas tras su enraizamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los efectos de la inoculación de especies de HMA y de la fertilización fosfatada sobre estacas enraizadas de portainjertos de vid en invernadero. Se prepararon estacas leñosas de portainjertos de vid ‘IAC-766’ Campinas para promover el enraizamiento. Después de 45 días, las estacas se trasplantaron y se sometieron a diferentes tratamientos que consistieron en la inoculación de especies de HMA y la fertilización con dos dosis de fósforo (superfosfato simple), más el testigo. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron de acuerdo con un diseño completamente al azar con ocho repeticiones por cada tratamiento. Después de 90 días, se evaluaron los parámetros de crecimiento, el contenido de macro- y micronutrientes (brote y raíz), la colonización de las raíces y el efecto micorrícico de los nutrientes extraídos. La inoculación con especies de HMA influyó en los parámetros de crecimiento, la colonización radicular, y la extracción de macro- y micronutrientes de las estacas de portainjertos ‘IAC-766’, especialmente la inoculación con especies del género Acaulospora, ya sea individualmente o asociadas. La fertilización fosfatada afectó a los parámetros de crecimiento y a la extracción de macro- y micronutrientes, pero en menor medida que la observada con la inoculación de especies de HMA.

Abstract The emergence of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials poses a significant health threat. To address this issue, exploring the fungal diversity in freshwater environments in the Amazon Forest has potential in the search for new antimicrobials. This study aimed to investigate the production of antibacterial metabolites by aquatic fungi from Amazon lakes, specifically Lake Juá and Lake Maicá (Brazil-PA). The fungal isolates were obtained from wood fragments submerged in these lakes, and the ethyl acetate extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus (MRSA), ATCC 43300, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and E. coli (ESBL) NCTC 13353. Additionally, toxicity of the extracts (EtOAc with antimicrobial activity) against human fibroblasts MRC-5 was investigated. The study identified 40 fungal strains with antimicrobial screening, and the ethyl acetate extracts of Fluviatispora C34, Helicascus C18, Monodictys C15, and Fusarium solani LM6281 exhibited antibacterial activity. F. solani LM6281 showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 µg/mL against S. aureus strains and MIC of 100 µg/mL against E. coli strains including ESBL. The cytotoxicity (IC50) of the extract (EtOAc) of F. solani LM6281 was 34.5 µg/mL. Preliminary studies of the TLC culture and RNM-H from the extract (EtOAc) of F. solani suggested the presence of substances from the class of terpenes, quinones, phenolics, and flavonoids. This study highlights the potential of submerged wood fungi in the Amazon region to produce antibacterial substances, thus identifying them as sources of novel bioactive compounds with potential use in the pharmaceutical industry and regional bioeconomy. threat issue lakes BrazilPA. BrazilPA Brazil PA . (Brazil-PA) 25923 S MRSA, MRSA , (MRSA) 43300 25922 E ESBL (ESBL 13353 Additionally EtOAc MRC5 MRC 5 MRC- investigated 4 screening C34 C C18 C15 LM LM628 F (MIC µgmL µg mL 10 IC50 IC (IC50 345 34 34. RNMH RNM H terpenes quinones phenolics flavonoids bioeconomy (Brazil-PA 2592 (MRSA 4330 1335 C3 C1 LM62 1 IC5 (IC5 3 259 433 133 LM6 (IC 25 43 13 2

Resumo O surgimento de resistência bacteriana a antimicrobianos representa uma ameaça significativa à saúde. Para abordar esta questão, explorar a diversidade fúngica em ambientes de água doce na Floresta Amazônica tem potencial na busca de novos antimicrobianos. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a produção de metabólitos antibacterianos por fungos aquáticos de lagos amazônicos, especificamente os lagos Juá e Maicá (Brasil-PA). Os isolados fúngicos foram obtidos de fragmentos de madeira submersos nesses lagos, e os extratos de acetato de etila foram avaliados quanto à atividade antibacteriana contra Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus (MRSA), ATCC 43300, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 e E. coli (ESBL) NCTC 13353. Além disso, a toxicidade dos extratos (EtOAc com atividade antimicrobiana) contra fibroblastos humanos MRC-5 foi investigada. O estudo identificou 40 cepas de fungos com triagem antimicrobiana, e os extratos de acetato de etila de Fluviatispora C34, Helicascus C18, Monodictys C15 e Fusarium solani LM6281 exibiram atividade antibacteriana. F. solani LM6281 apresentou a menor concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 50 µg/mL contra cepas de S. aureus e CIM de 100 µg/mL contra cepas de E. coli incluindo ESBL. A citotoxicidade (IC50) do extrato (EtOAc) de F. solani LM6281 foi de 34,5 µg/mL. Estudos preliminares da cultura TLC e RNM-H do extrato (EtOAc) de F. solani sugeriram a presença de substâncias da classe dos terpenos, quinonas, fenólicos e flavonoides. Este estudo destaca o potencial de fungos de madeira submersos na região amazônica para produzir substâncias antibacterianas, identificando-os como fontes de novos compostos bioativos com potencial de uso na indústria farmacêutica e na bioeconomia regional. saúde questão amazônicos BrasilPA. BrasilPA Brasil PA . (Brasil-PA) 25923 S MRSA, MRSA , (MRSA) 43300 2592 E ESBL (ESBL 13353 disso EtOAc antimicrobiana MRC5 MRC 5 MRC- investigada 4 C34 C C18 C1 LM LM628 F (CIM µgmL µg mL 10 IC50 IC (IC50 345 34 34, RNMH RNM H terpenos quinonas flavonoides antibacterianas identificandoos identificando regional (Brasil-PA (MRSA 4330 259 1335 C3 LM62 1 IC5 (IC5 3 433 25 133 LM6 (IC 43 2 13

Resumo Resíduos de agrotóxicos que contaminam o meio ambiente circulam no ciclo hidrológico, podendo se acumular na cadeia alimentar e causar problemas tanto à saúde ambiental quanto humana. Por sua vez, microrganismos são bem conhecidos por sua versatilidade metabólica e capacidade de degradar substâncias quimicamente estáveis, incluindo xenobióticos recalcitrantes. O estudo atual se concentrou na bioprospecção nos solos da floresta amazônica para encontrar novas linhagens de fungos capazes de degradar com eficiência o herbicida onipresente na agricultura e no meio ambiente, o glifosato. Entre os 50 fungos isolados (usando meio de cultura suplementado com glifosato como única fonte de carbono), a maioria eram isolados do gênero Penicillium (60%) e os outros eram isolados de Aspergillus e Trichoderma (26 e 8%, respectivamente). Todos os 50 isolados de fungos foram capazes de usar glifosato como fonte de fósforo. Oito desses isolados cresceram melhor em meio suplementado com glifosato do que em meio Czapek Dox regular. LC-MS revelou que a degradação do glifosato por Penicillium 4A21 resultou nos metabólitos sarcosina e ácido aminometilfosfônico.

Abstract Pesticide residues that contaminate the environment circulate within the hydrological cycle can accumulate within the food chain and cause problems to both environmental and human health. Microbes, however, are well known for their metabolic versatility and the ability to degrade chemically stable substances, including recalcitrant xenobiotics. The current study focused on bio-prospecting within Amazonian rainforest soils to find novel strains fungi capable of efficiently degrading the agriculturally and environmentally ubiquitous herbicide, glyphosate. Of 50 fungal strains isolated (using culture media supplemented with glyphosate as the sole carbon-substrate), the majority were Penicillium strains (60%) and the others were Aspergillus and Trichoderma strains (26 and 8%, respectively). All 50 fungal isolates could use glyphosate as a phosphorous source. Eight of these isolates grew better on glyphosate-supplemented media than on regular Czapek Dox medium. LC-MS revealed that glyphosate degradation by Penicillium 4A21 resulted in sarcosine and aminomethylphosphonic acid.

Resumo Calvatia é um gênero de fungos gasteroides que compreende cerca de 47 espécies em todo o mundo. Neste artigo relatamos a segunda ocorrência de duas espécies pouco conhecidas de Calvatia, registradas no bioma Cerrado do Brasil: C. oblongispora e C. nodulata. Descrições morfológicas detalhadas e ilustrações são fornecidas, incluindo micrografias eletrônicas de varredura de hifas e basidiósporos, bem como uma discussão sobre sua taxonomia e distribuição geográfica.

Abstract Calvatia is a genus of gasteroid fungi, comprising about 47 species worldwide. In this paper we report the second worldwide occurrence of two poorly known species of Calvatia, recorded in the Cerrado biome of Brazil: C. oblongispora and C. nodulata. Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations, including scanning electron micrographs of hyphae and basidiospores are provided, as well a discussion on their taxonomy and geographic distribution.

Resumo Isla Arena está localizada na coordenada 20°70’N - 90°45’W, de Campeche, México. Nesses estuários, o oceano se mistura com a água doce e os ecossistemas se concentram onde proliferam petenos e flamingos rosa. Crustáceos e moluscos abundam no mar. Apesar de sua enorme riqueza marinha, não há estudos realizados sobre a presença de microrganismos halofílicos nessas águas. Neste trabalho, a diversidade e estrutura da comunidade microbiana foram investigadas através de uma abordagem metagenômica e corroboradas para o sequenciamento de genes 16S rRNA. Verificou-se que o filo Fimicutes predomina com mais de 50%, quase na mesma proporção da classe Bacilli e com quase 41% de abundância relativa da ordem Bacillales. Os resultados do sequenciamento mostraram que uma das amostras apresentou alto percentual de similaridade (99,75%) pelo programa Nucleotide BLAST com um microrganismo peculiar: Bacillus subtilis. Nossos resultados demonstram que B. subtilis pode ser uma fonte eficiente de proteases, lipases e celulases, provenientes de comunidades microbianas halofílicas localizadas em áreas pouco exploradas.

Abstract Isla Arena is located in the coordinate 20° 70´ N - 90° 45´ W, from Campeche, Mexico. In these estuaries, the ocean mixes with fresh water, and ecosystems are concentrated where petenes and pink flamingos proliferate. Crustaceans and mollusks abound in the sea. Despite its enormous marine wealth, there are no studies carried out on which halophilic microorganisms are present in these waters. In this work, the diversity and structure of the microbial community was investigated through a metagenomics approach and corroborated for sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. It was found that the phylum Fimicutes predominates with more than 50%, in almost the same proportion of the class Bacilli and with almost 41% of relative abundance of the order Bacillales. The sequencing results showed that one of the samples presented a high percentage of similarity (99.75%) using the Nucleotide BLAST program with a peculiar microorganism: Bacillus subtilis. This microorganism is one of the best characterized bacteria among the gram-positive ones. Our results demonstrate that B. subtilis can be an efficient source of proteases, lipases and cellulases, from halophilic microbial communities located in poorly explored areas.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la evidencia de validez de la versión reducida adaptada al portugués brasileño del Traumatic Grief Inventory (Inventario de Duelo Traumático), mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio y la relación con variables externas, además de evaluar la precisión y presencia de invarianza. El primer paso fue la adaptación y evaluación por jueces expertos de la versión traducida. Después de la evaluación, se aplicó la versión piloto a cinco participantes de la población objetivo para la evaluación semántica y de contenido, denominándose Inventario de Luto Traumático (ILT-BR). Luego, 211 brasileños, que pasaron por un proceso de duelo, respondieron los siguientes instrumentos: Cuestionario Sociodemográfico, Cuestionario de Autopercepción de Salud Mental e ILT-BR. El ILT-BR mostró buenos índices de ajuste y precisión, correlacionándose positivamente con el estrés, el miedo y los pensamientos obsesivos, sin encontrar variación entre grupos. A partir de estos resultados, se concluye que el ILT-BR posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para su uso en Brasil.

Abstract: The aim of the this study was to verify the evidence of validity of the reduced version adapted for Brazilian Portuguese of the Traumatic Grief Inventory, through confirmatory factor analysis and relationship with external variables, in addition to assessing the reliability and presence of invariance. The first step consisted of the adaptation and evaluation by expert judges of the translated version. After the evaluation, the pilot version was answered by five participants of the target population, for semantic and content evaluation, being named, in Brazil, as the Inventário de Luto Traumático (ILT-BR). Then, 211 Brazilians, who went through a grieving process, answered the following instruments: Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Mental Health Self-Perception Questionnaire, and ILT-BR. The ILT-BR presented good fit indexes and reliability, positively correlated with stress, fear, and obsessive thoughts, with no invariance found. From these results, we concluded that the ILT-BR is suitable for use in Brazil.

Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar as evidências de validade da versão reduzida adaptada para o português do Brasil do Traumatic Grief Inventory, por meio de uma análise fatorial confirmatória e relação com variáveis externas, além de aferir a precisão e presença de invariância. A primeira etapa consistiu na adaptação e avaliação por juízes especialistas da versão traduzida. Após a avaliação, a versão piloto foi aplicada em cinco participantes da população-alvo para avaliação semântica e de conteúdo, sendo nomeado de Inventário de Luto Traumático (ILT-BR). Em seguida, 211 brasileiros, que passaram por um processo de luto, responderam aos seguintes instrumentos: Questionário Sociodemográfico, Questionário de Autopercepção de Saúde Mental e ILT-BR. O ILT-BR apresentou bons índices de ajuste e precisão, se correlacionando positivamente com estresse, medo e pensamentos obsessivos, sem variação entre grupos. A partir destes resultados, conclui-se que há evidências de que o ILT-BR apresenta boas propriedades psicométricas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: A case of severe rhabdomyolysis associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to COVID-19 (MIS-C). Case of report: is presented in a one-year 10-month-old boy who presented digestive symptoms, myalgia, weakness, fever, and dark urine. COVID-19 IgM (-) IgG (+) serological test, COVID-19 PCR negative. Initial creatine kinase (CK) presented non-dosable values, with the highest reported level being 517,600 U/L. The creatinine value remained normal throughout the hospitalization. He received human immunoglobulin 2 g/Kg, Methylprednisolone 10 mg/Kg/d, and acetylsalicylic acid to manage MIS-C. Aggressive hydration and urine alkalinization were provided to manage rhabdomyolysis. Conclusion: Positive evolution with discharge after ten days. Few reported cases of rhabdomyolysis are associated with MIS-C and none with such high CK values. Based on the possible complications, performing CK dosing in all patients with MIS-C is suggested routinely.

RESUMEN Introducción: un caso de rabdomiólisis severa asociado a síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico asociado a COVID -19 (MIS-C). Reporte de caso: en un niño de 1 año 10 meses que presentó síntomas digestivos, mialgias, debilidad, fiebre y orina oscura. Prueba serológica COVID-19 IgM (-) IgG (+), PCR COVID-19 negativo. Creatin-quinasa (CK) inicial fue no dosable, siendo el nivel reportado más alto de 517 600 U/L. El valor de creatinina se mantuvo normal durante toda la hospitalización. Recibió Inmunoglobulina humana 2 g/Kg, Metilprednisolona 10 mg/Kg/d y ácido acetil salicílico para manejo de MIS-C. Se brindó hidratación enérgica y alcalinización de orina para manejo de rabdomiólisis. Conclusión: Evolución favorable con alta luego de diez días. Existen pocos casos reportados de rabdomiólisis asociados a MIS-C, y ninguno con valores tan altos de CK. En base a las posibles complicaciones se sugiere realizar dosaje de CK de forma rutinaria en todos los pacientes con MIS-C.

Abstract Objective: To know the epidemiological behavior and associations of AF in Mexican population. Material and methods: 8,686 patients from 38 cardiologists participating in REMECAR were analyzed. They were divided by gender and age, the comorbidities studied were obesity, chronic kidney disease (CKD), high blood pressure (HBP), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypothyroidism, heart failure (HF) and ischemic heart disease (IHD). Program used: IBM SPSS Statistic. Results: AF was diagnosed in 498 patients (5.7%), with higher prevalence in men (6.1% vs. 5.3%) and older age in women (74.3 ± 12.1 vs. 70.5 + -12.3 years, p<0.0001). In those under 60 years, AF was associated in women with HF, in men with CKD, DM, stroke, hypothyroidism and HF. In women older than 60 years, AF was associated with CKD, dyslipidemia, stroke, chronic COPD and HF, in men with CKD, stroke, COPD, hypothyroidism, HF and IHD. AF in women increase the probability 1.13 for obesity, 1.13 for HBP, 2.8 for CKD, 2.9 for COPD, 4.3 for stroke and 6.5 for HF, in men increase the probability 1.05 for HBP, 1.4 for DM, 2.1 for CKD, 2.4 for COPD, 3.0 for hypothyroidism, 4.7 for stroke and 6.0 for HF. Conclusions: AF is a very common arrhythmia, with a higher prevalence in patients attending the cardiology consultation, in men and with an older age of presentation in women. The older the age, the higher the prevalence of AF and comorbidities, HF is the most frequent condition associated with AF.

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer el comportamiento epidemiológico y asociaciones de la FA en población mexicana. Material y métodos: Analizamos 8,686 pacientes de 38 cardiólogos inscritos en REMECAR, divididos por edad y sexo. Comorbilidades estudiadas: obesidad, ERC, HTA, DM, dislipidemia, EVC, EPOC, hipotiroidismo, IC y CI. Programa: IBM SPSS. Resultados: FA en 498 pacientes (5.7%), mayor prevalencia en hombres (6.1 vs. 5.3%), mayor edad en mujeres (74.3 ± 12.1 vs. 70.5 ± 12.3 años, p < 0.0001). En mujeres menores de 60 años la FA se asoció con IC (p = 0.041), en hombres con ERC (p = 0.43), DM (p = 0.009), EVC (p = 0.001), hipotiroidismo (p = 0.001) e IC (p = 0.001). En mujeres mayores de 60 años se asoció con ERC (p = 0.001), dislipidemia (p = 0.001), EVC (p = 0.001), EPOC (p = 0.001) e IC (p = 0.001), en hombres con ERC (p = 0.002), EVC (p = 0.001), EPOC (p = 0.002), hipotiroidismo (p = 0.002), IC (p = 0.001) y CI (p = 0.033). En mujeres la FA se asoció con 1.13 veces mayor probabilidad de obesidad, 1.13 de HTA, 2.8 de ERC, 2.9 de EPOC, 4.3 de EVC y 6.5 de IC, en hombres la FA se asoció con 1.05 veces mas probabilidad de HTA, 1.4 de DM, 2.1 de ERC, 2.4 de EPOC, 3 de hipotiroidismo, 4.7 de EVC y 6 de IC. Conclusiones: La FA es una arritmia muy frecuente, con mayor prevalencia en pacientes que acuden a consulta de cardiología, en hombres y mayor edad de presentación en las mujeres. A mayor edad, mayor prevalencia de FA y de comorbilidades, la IC es la condición más frecuente con la que se asoció la FA.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to test the effect of three stocking densities: 100, 200, and 300 ind m-3 (D100, D200, and D300, respectively) on survival, growth (weight and total length), and condition factor of Microphis brachyurus. At the end of the six-week trial, there were no significant differences in the fish's survival, growth, and condition. The results suggest that this species presents high adaptability under culture conditions. A suboptimal stocking density generates a suboptimal use of infrastructure and decreases the production system's profitability. Based on the present study, a stocking density of 300 ind m-3 is recommended to increase the aquaculture infrastructure's profitability for ornamental or conservation purposes.

SUMMARY The use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has optimized the care of the affected patients. Several international working groups have tried to clarify and standardize the global use of MRI but, on many occasions, data are extrapolated from other regions, do not contemplate local realities or are difficult to implement. Objective: To reach a consensus on aspects related to the use of MRI in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with MS in Peru. Material and Methods: A group of Peruvian experts (neurologists and radiologists) worked on the elaboration of the consensus using a remote survey round methodology. Results: The recommendations, established on the basis of published evidence and on the experts’ criteria, focused on the role of both, the conventional MRI techniques and the measurement of brain atrophy in MS patients both at the time of diagnosis and during the follow-up period Conclusions: The consensual recommendations could potentially assist in the standardization and optimization of the care and follow-up of patients with MS in our country.

RESUMEN El uso de la resonancia magnética (RM) en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes con esclerosis múltiple (EM) ha optimizado el cuidado de los pacientes afectados. Diversos grupos internacionales de trabajo han intentado clarificar y normatizar el uso global de la RM pero, en muchas ocasiones, se extrapolan datos de otras regiones que no contemplan la realidad de cada lugar o son difíciles de implementar. Objetivo: Consensuar aspectos relacionados con el uso de RM en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes con EM en el Perú. Material y Métodos: Un grupo de expertos peruanos, conformado por neurólogos y radiólogos, condujo la elaboración del consenso mediante metodología de ronda de encuestas a la distancia. Resultados: Las recomendaciones, basadas en la evidencia publicada y en el criterio de los expertos, enfocaron tanto el rol de las técnicas convencionales de RM como el de la medición de la atrofia cerebral en pacientes con EM al momento del diagnóstico y durante el periodo de seguimiento. Conclusiones: Las recomendaciones del consenso podrán potencialmente homogenizar y optimizar el cuidado y seguimiento de pacientes con EM en nuestro país.