Abstract Primary production is essential in shaping biogeochemical cycles and microbial and ecosystem dynamics. The distribution of chemosynthetic rates in pelagic zones and their participation in the carbon cycle, especially when compared to photosynthetic rates in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, are poorly constrained. This study aimed to measure pelagic photo- and chemosynthetic productivity and to analyze their spatial distribution and abiotic drivers. Samples for photosynthesis experiments collected at the surface and deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) were incubated with 14C-bicarbonate at eight light levels, simulating in situ conditions. Samples for chemosynthesis experiments were collected throughout the water column, from the surface, DCM, 250 m, 900 m, 1,200 m, and 2,300 m, and were incubated in the dark. Rates were analyzed using statistical tests to verify spatial differences between groups of samples and generalized linear models to identify correlations with environmental variables (temperature, salinity, density, mixed layer depth, dissolved oxygen, nitrite, nitrate, silicate, phosphate, turbidity, CDOM, and phycoerythrin and chlorophyll-a concentrations). Moreover, both processes were integrated from the surface to the DCM and compared at the same stations to determine the relative contribution in the epipelagic zone. The photosynthetic and chemosynthetic rates were, on average, 3.00 ± 3.26 mg C m-3 h-1 and 0.97 ± 1.22 mg C m-3 h-1, respectively. In most stations, chemosynthesis represented an average of 10.2% of total primary productivity, but surpassed photosynthesis in three experiments (reaching 63.4 – 78.8%). Photosynthesis displayed a clear offshore-onshore gradient, along with correlated CDOM concentrations, indicating an autochthonous production of the latter. Chemosynthesis, on the other hand, exhibited high variability and lack of prediction by studied environmental variables, with isolated points of substantially higher activity.

Abstract Due to the small number of records of Streblidae on bats, despite extensive study on these mammals in the state of Rio de Janeiro, a survey was carried out in an area of the Atlantic Forest. The present study was carried out at Bom Retiro Farm Natural Heritage Private Reserve. We captured 401 bats of 17 species, 13 genera, and four families; bat flies infested 221 bats of only four species. Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) has the highest fly diversity, with seven fly species: Trichobius joblingi (Wenzel, 1966) (n = 23), Megistopoda proxima (Séguy, 1926) (n = 15), Strebla guajiro (García & Casal, 1965) (n = 15), Aspidoptera falcata (Wenzel, 1976) (n = 6) Paratrichobius longicrus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907) (n = 8), Paraeuctenodes similis (Wenzel 1976) (n = 3), and Trichobius anducei (Guerrero, 1998) (n = 1). Two species infested Platyrrhinus lineatus (É. Geoffroy, 1810): Aspidoptera falcata (n = 1) and Anastrebla caudiferae (Wenzel, 1996) (n = 1). Paradyschiria parvula (Falcoz, 1931) (n = 11) infested Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and M. proxima (n = 12) and Trichobius uniformis (Curran, 1935) (n = 1) infested Sturnira lilium (É. Geoffroy, 1842). Sturnira lilium has the highest infestation rate, with ten out of 46 captured individuals parasitized, followed by Carollia perspicillata, with 33 out of 164 captured parasitized, and by P. lineatus with only two parasitized individuals out of ten. Among 97 streblid flies captured, M. proxima was the most abundant (27.83%), followed by T. joblingi (23.71%), and S. guajiro (15.46%). All remaining bat fly species represented 33%. Paradichyria parvula has the first record for Rio de Janeiro State.

Resumo As restingas são ambientes com características extremas, que fazem parte do bioma da Mata Atlântica. Estes ambientes apresentam características peculiares, como solo arenoso e altas salinidade e exposição solar, o que torna as espécies presentes interessantes para a ciência. A espécie Stachytarpheta schottiana é endêmica do Brasil, presente em restingas e, assim como outras espécies do gênero, apresenta uso na medicina popular. Neste trabalho são descritos pela primeira vez 28 metabólitos secundários da espécie S. schottiana, como iridoides, lignanas, flavonoides e feniletanoides, através do uso de metodologias de desreplicação e molecular networking por LC-HRMS/MS. Destas substâncias, muitas sequer foram descritas para o gênero, como astragalina, taxifolina, lamiídeo e toda a classe de lignanas. Ainda neste trabalho, a Cromatografia Contracorrente de Alta Velocidade (High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography - HSCCC) e a Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) foram utilizadas para corrigir a identificação equivocada de duas substâncias, bem como para a criação de seeds que seriam posteriormente utilizadas nos molecular networkings. Algumas das substâncias conhecidas sugeridas neste trabalho apresentam atividades biológicas já descritas na literatura que coincidem com o uso popular descrito para a espécie e também para o gênero, como o efeito hepatoprotetor do verbascosídeo.

Abstract Restingas are extreme environments present in the Atlantic Rainforest biome. These ecosystems show peculiar characteristics, like sandy soil, high salinity, and high solar exposure, which brings scientific interest to their native species. Stachytarpheta schottiana is an endemic Brazilian species found in Jurubatiba Restinga, and just like other species of the genus Stachytarpheta, is used in folk medicine. In this paper, we describe, for the first time, 28 secondary metabolites from S. schottiana polar extract, among them iridoids, flavonoids, lignans and phenylethanoids, with the use of LC-HRMS/MS dereplication and molecular networking methodologies. Many of these compounds have not been described yet for the genus Stachytarpheta, like astragalin, taxifolin, lamiide and the lignans secondary metabolites class. Also, in this paper, High Speed Counter-Current Chromatography (HSCCC) isolation and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of two compounds were used to correct a misidentification in the dereplication procedure and to create seeds for molecular networking. Some of the suggested known compounds found in this work have had their biological activities described in the literature, such as the hepatoprotective activity of verbascoside, that matches those already related for the genus Stachytarpheta and for the folk use of Stachytarpheta schottiana itself.

Abstract The respiratory system has been described as a limiting factor in the performance of athletes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the respiratory muscle strength (RMS) and aerobic performance of wheelchair basketball players (WCBPs). We evaluated 19 male WCBPs who were divided into two groups: trunk control group (TCG) and without trunk control group (WTCG). All participants underwent a pulmonary function test, evaluation of maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures, and an aerobic performance test. The MIP of both groups and the MEP values of TCG exceeded the predicted values for age and gender. No differences were observed in the MIP and aerobic performance between the groups although a difference was observed in the MEP values. Positive correlations were observed between MIP/MEP and the aerobic performance for both groups. These results suggested that the overall RMS of this group of WCBPs fell within or above the predicted values. Hence, the study concluded that RMS can positively influence the aerobic performance of WCBP.

RESUMO O mofo branco tem sido responsável por danos expressivos à cultura do feijoeiro. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de regimes de luz na produção de conídios de Trichoderma harzianum e na efetividade destes em inibir a germinação miceliogênica de escleródios de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, bem como de isolados de T. harzianum na supressão de lesões causadas por S. sclerotiorum sobre folíolos de feijoeiro. O isolado CEN287 inibiu a germinação miceliogênica de 80 % dos escleródios avaliados. Tal efetividade não se alterou quanto ao regime de luz empregado para a obtenção dos conídios de T. harzianum. Os isolados CEN287, CEN288 e CEN316 proporcionaram os menores valores médios de lesão foliar aos 10 dias após a inoculação, sendo de 4,25 mm2; 2,97 mm2; e 2,98 mm2, respectivamente. Em relação à testemunha, tais valores foram significativamente inferiores (72,90 mm2), o que impediu a rápida deterioração do tecido vegetal.

ABSTRACT White mold has been responsible for expressive damages to the common bean crop. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of light regimes used for producing Trichoderma harzianum conidia and the effectiveness of these to inhibit the myceliogenic germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia, as well as the effect of T. harzianum isolates in the suppression of lesions caused by S. sclerotiorum on common bean leaflets. The CEN287 isolate inhibited the myceliogenic germination in 80 % of the sclerotia evaluated. Such effectiveness was indifferent, regarding the light system used to obtain the T. harzianum conidia. The CEN287, CEN288 and CEN316 isolates showed the lowest average values of leaf lesion at 10 days after inoculation, being respectively 4.25 mm2, 2.97 mm2 and 2.98 mm2. Concerning the control, these values were significantly lower (72.90 mm2), what prevented the early deterioration of plant tissue.

RESUMO O número de rebanhos ovinos no Brasil está aumentando. Sabe-se que os carneiros devem ser abatidos jovens para produzirem carne de boa qualidade. O presente estudo avaliou a inclusão de metionina protegida, lisina protegida, lisofosfilipídeo e de enzimas amilolíticas em uma dieta para cordeiros e os seus efeitos sobre o ganho de peso e características quantitativas da carcaça ao abate. Foram usados oitenta cordeiros (Dorper x Santa Inês), machos não castrados, com peso vivo de 20,57 ± 4,33 kg. O confinamento durou 64 dias e 60 animais foram abatidos. Não houve diferenças de peso vivo, consumo, conversão alimentar e ganho médio diário nos primeiros 28 dias de confinamento. A partir do 28º dia o tratamento com lisofosfolipídeo promoveu maiores pesos corporais. Lisofosfolipídeo e enzima amilolítica apresentaram melhor resultado quanto ao ganho médio diário, seguido de metionina protegida, controle e lisina protegida. O tratamento com lisofosfolipídeo promoveu taxas de consumo diário mais altas que os com lisina protegida e metionina protegida. A conversão alimentar foi menor no tratamento enzima amilolítica e maior no tratamento controle. Nenhuma alteração nas características de carcaça pode ser atribuída aos aditivos. Melhores desempenhos de cordeiros confinados podem ser conseguidos com dietas com adição de enzima amilolítica e lisofosfolipídeo na fase de terminação

ABSTRACT The number of sheep flocks in Brazil is increasing. It is known that lambs must be slaughtered when young for producing quality meat. The current study evaluated the inclusion of protected methionine, protected lysine, lysophospholipid and amylolytic enzymes in a diet to lambs and their effects on weight gain and quantitative carcass traits at slaughtering. Eighty non-castrated male crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês lambs, 20.57 ± 4.33 kg live weight, were used. The feedlot lasted 64 days and 60 animals were slaughtered. There were no differences for live weight, daily feed intake, feed conversion and average daily weight gain at the first 28 days of feedlot. From the 28th day lysophospholipid treatment presented the highest live weight. Lysophospholipid and amylolytic enzyme presented the best performance in average daily gain, followed by protected methionine, control and protected lysine. Lysophospholipid treatment presented higher daily feed intake rates than protected lysine and protected methionine. Feed conversion was lower for amylolytic enzyme and higher for control. No changing in carcass traits was reported due to additives. Better performance may be achieved with feedlot lambs fed on diets with the addition of amylolytic enzyme and lysophospholipid at the finishing phase.

Objective: The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) is a valid and reliable instrument, and one of the most often used tools to assess impulsivity. This study assesses the performance of a large sample of adults by using a version of BIS-11 adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: We assessed 3,053 adults from eight Brazilian states. Internal consistencies and performance data were presented for two correction criteria of BIS-11: original and the two-factor score. Results: The associations between age, sex, region, and education and the BIS-11 scores present very small effect sizes. Therefore, we provided a percentile rank parameter for the different BIS-11 subscores considering the whole sample. Given the internal consistency of the two correction systems, we found that only the two-factor system fulfills the psychometric criteria of Cronbach’s alpha (cutoff value of at least 0.6). Conclusion: Our results support the use of the Brazilian adaptation of BIS-11 in different regions of the country as a measure of impulsivity. Since high impulsiveness is a characteristic of several dysfunctional behaviors, the establishment of normative parameters is of utmost relevance and should be extended to other age ranges and populations in future studies.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar isolados de Trichoderma harzianum quanto ao biocontrole de patógenos veiculados por sementes de feijoeiro comum, à promoção do crescimento de plantas e à rizocompetência. Cinco isolados foram avaliados e comparados com um isolado comercial (Ecotrich), com Carboxin+Thiram, e com um controle negativo. Sementes de feijão da cultivar Jalo Precoce, contaminadas por Aspergillus, Cladosporium e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, foram microbiolizadas com antagonistas e, em seguida, foram realizados testes de sanidade de sementes. Os isolados foram avaliados em substrato autoclavado e em condições de campo. Aos 10 dias após o semeio (DAS), mediu-se o comprimento das plantas. Para os testes de rizocompetência, os isolados foram pulverizados sobre caixas contendo areia lavada autoclavada, e a colonização das raízes foi avaliada aos 10 DAS, tendo-se utilizado cinco plantas por caixa. Os isolados mais efetivos nos testes de sanidade de sementes foram: CEN287 e CEN289 para controle de Aspergillus; o isolado comercial para Cladosporium; e CEN287 e CEN316 para S. sclerotiorum. Os isolados CEN289 e CEN290 promoveram o crescimento do feijoeiro em casa de vegetação e em campo. O tratamento de sementes com T. harzianum reduz a incidência de Aspergillus, Cladosporium e S. sclerotiorum em sementes do feijoeiro comum 'Jalo Precoce'.

The objective of this work was to evaluate isolates of Trichoderma harzianum regarding biocontrol of common bean seed-borne pathogens, plant growth promotion, and rhizosphere competence. Five isolates of T. harzianum were evaluated and compared with commercial isolate (Ecotrich), Carboxin+Thiram, and an absolute control. Bean seeds of the cultivar Jalo Precoce, contaminated with Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, were microbiolized with antagonists, and seed health tests were carried out. Isolates were evaluated on autoclaved substrate and in field conditions. Ten days after sowing (DAS), plant length was measured. To test rhizosphere competence, isolates were applied in boxes containing autoclaved washed sand, and root colonization was evaluated at 10 DAS, using five plants per box. The most effective isolates in the seed health tests were: CEN287 and CEN289 to control Aspergillus; the commercial isolate to control Cladosporium; and CEN287 and CEN316 to control S. sclerotiorum. Isolates CEN289 and CEN290 promoted bean growth in greenhouse and field. Seed treatment with T. harzianum reduces the incidence of Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and S. sclerotiorum in 'Jalo Precoce' common bean seeds.

Vários trabalhos de análise de custos em unidades armazenadoras de produtos agrícolas foram conduzidos; no entanto, poucos abordam as análises dos efeitos dos fatores associados a cada uma das etapas do pré-processamento e armazenagem. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema de apoio à decisão para determinação de custos e tarifas em unidades armazenadoras de produtos agrícolas. Uma unidade da CONAB, localizada em Ponta Grossa - PR, foi usada para geração de resultados conforme suas características específicas, tais como quantidade de produto recebido e estocado ao longo do ano, capacidade horária de secagem, limpeza, recepção e expedição. Ao empregar o sistema de apoio à decisão, foi constatado que os custos de recepção e expedição diminuem exponencialmente com o aumento do índice de rotatividade da unidade armazenadora; que os custos de limpeza e secagem foram aproximadamente lineares e crescentes com o aumento do teor de água inicial do produto, e que o custo de armazenagem apresentou comportamento exponencial crescente com a redução do índice de ocupação da unidade armazenadora.

Many research works have being carried out on analyzing grain storage facility costs; however a few of them had taken into account the analysis of factors associated to all pre-processing and storage steps. The objective of this work was to develop a decision support system for determining the grain storage facility costs and utilization fees in grain storage facilities. The data of a CONAB storage facility located in Ponta Grossa - PR, Brazil, was used as input of the system developed to analyze its specific characteristics, such as amount of product received and stored throughout the year, hourly capacity of drying, cleaning, and receiving, and dispatch. By applying the decision support system, it was observed that the reception and expedition costs were exponentially reduced as the turnover rate of the storage increased. The cleaning and drying costs increased linearly with grain initial moisture. The storage cost increased exponentially as the occupancy rate of the storage facility decreased.

A partir de 40 amostras de solo, provenientes dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Bahia, Goiás e Tocantins, uma coleção de 230 isolados monospóricos de Trichoderma spp. foi estabelecida, usando o meio seletivo TSM. Com o objetivo de selecionarem-se isolados com potencial para controle biológico de doenças, foram conduzidos testes de pareamento de culturas em meio BDA, a 20 ºC para Sclerotinia sclerotiorum e a 25 ºC para Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli. Antagonismo contra os dois patógenos foi observado em 10% dos isolados. Avaliações ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura de sete isolados selecionados in vitro mostraram que nem todos promoveram o hiperparasitismo dos patógenos, sugerindo a existência de outros mecanismos de antagonismo, como antibiose ou competição.

From 40 soil samples collected in the Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Bahia, Goiás and Tocantins states, Brazil, a collection of 230 monosporic isolates of Trichoderma spp. was established using TSM selective media. In order to select efficient isolates for biological control, dual culture tests were carried out on PDA media at 20 ºC for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and at 25 ºC for Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli. From the whole collection, 50 isolates presented antagonism against F. solani and 111 isolates to S. sclerotiorum. The antagonism against both pathogens was found in only 10% of the isolates. Scanning electron microscopy assessments with seven in vitro selected isolates showed that not all promoted hyperparasitism on the pathogens, suggesting the existence of other mechanisms of antagonism, as antibiosis or competition.

Com vistas a contribuir para o desenvolvimento de métodos não agressivos ao meio ambiente, para o controle de plantas invasoras, buscou-se selecionar rizobactérias produtoras de substâncias fitotóxicas. Inicialmente, 35 culturas previamente isoladas de plantas da região sul do Estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil) foram cultivadas em caldo soja tripticaseína. Após remoção das células bacterianas, os líquidos resultantes foram liofilizados e extraídos com metanol/acetato de etila (1:1). Os extratos foram concentrados sob vácuo e submetidos a testes com sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa L.). Os metabólitos produzidos por cinco isolados bacterianos reduziram o número de plântulas normais para valores estatisticamente inferiores aos observados para o controle negativo, sendo os mais expressivos resultados obtidos com Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland, isolado de Ricinus communis L., que causou necroses nas radículas de 82,4% das plântulas. Os metabólitos dessa bactéria também impediram a germinação de 52% das sementes de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf e fizeram com que as 48% restantes dessem origem a plântulas anormais. Os metabólitos de B. cereus foram submetidos a processos de purificação direcionados por testes com sementes de alface. Em decorrência, isolou-se uma substância, que será identificada em estudos futuros. Na concentração de 0,057 g/L, causou necrose nas radículas de todas as plântulas de alface provenientes do teste com sementes.

To contribute for the development of environmental friendly methods for weed control, a selection of rhizobacteria able to produce phytotoxic substances was carried out. Initially, 35 strains previously isolated from plants in the south of Minas Gerais State (Brazil) were grown in tryptic soy broth. After removal of bacterial cells, the resulting liquids were freeze-dried and extracted with methanol/ethyl acetate (1:1). The extracts were concentrated under vacuum and dissolved in water to be submitted to a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed assay. Metabolites produced by five strains reduced the number of normal seedlings to values statistically bellow the one observed for the negative control, being the most expressive results obtained with Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland, isolated from Ricinus communis L., which was able to cause rotted rootlets to 82.4% of seedlings. The bacterium metabolites also avoided germination of 52% Brachiaria decumbens Stapf seeds and the remaining 48% resulted in abnormal seedlings. Metabolites from B. cereus were submitted to a purification process guided by the lettuce seed assay. As a consequence, one substance causing rotted rootlets to all lettuce seedlings during the seed assay at 0.057 g/L was isolated and will be identified in future studies.

Visando fazer o controle da força de preensão de uma órtese de mão, foi desenvolvido um circuito eletrônico que usa como feedback a corrente elétrica do atuador, um motor de corrente contínua. Verificando-se a ocorrência da sobre-corrente no atuador este é desativado. Essa sobre-corrente é ajustada de acordo com a força de preensão desejada. Experimentos realizados determinaram a força no tendão artificial e conseqüentemente o torque. Como resultado, foi obtido o controle da força de preensão de acordo com uma regulagem no circuito eletrônico. Este trabalho possibilitará maior segurança do usuário e controle do equipamento.

Planning to make the hold force control of one hand' s orthosis, an electronic circuit was developed using the actuator electric current (direct-current motor) as feedback. Verifying the occurrence of over currente in the actuator, it is disactivated. This over chain is regulated in accordance with grip force desired. Carried through experiments the force in the artificial tendons was determined and consequently the torque. As result, the grip force control was gotten in accordance with a regulation in the electronic circuit. This work makes possible greater security for the user and equipment' s control.