Abstract The objective of this work was to characterize the genetic diversity, using ISSR markers, of 70 genotypes of five species of Passiflora spp. in Boyacá, Colombia. For molecular characterization, samples of young leaves were collected from 11 municipalities of the Boyacá department. Genetic similarity was used to cluster the genotypes by the UPGMA method, and genetic structure was evaluated by the Bayesian model. Eight ISSR primers produced 138 loci. The formed cluster consists of two populations, with most individuals of the same species but from different geographic origins. The percentage of polymorphic loci is higher than 80%. The average value of heterozygosity is between 0.29 and 0.36 for population I and II, respectively, and the values of polymorphic information content are low. A moderate genetic differentiation (0.16) and high gene flow (3.35) are observed. diversity markers 7 spp Colombia characterization 1 department method model 13 populations origins 80 80% 029 0 29 0.2 036 36 0.3 II respectively low 0.16 016 16 (0.16 3.35 335 3 35 (3.35 observed 8 02 2 0. 03 0.1 01 (0.1 3.3 33 (3.3 (0. 3. (3. (0 (3 (

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade genética, por meio de marcadores ISSR, de 70 genótipos de cinco espécies de Passiflora spp. em Boyacá, Colômbia. Para a caracterização molecular, foram coletadas folhas jovens em 11 municípios do departamento de Boyacá. A similaridade genética foi utilizada para o agrupamento dos genótipos pelo método UPGMA, e a estrutura genética foi avaliada pelo modelo Bayesiano. Oito iniciadores ISSR produziram 138 locos. O agrupamento formado consiste de duas populações, com a maioria dos indivíduos da mesma espécie mas de diferentes origens geográficas. A percentagem de locos polimórficos é superior a 80%. O valor médio de heterozigosidade fica entre 0,29 e 0,36 para a população I e II, respectivamente, e os valores de conteúdo de informação polimórfica são baixos. Observa-se diferenciação genética moderada (0,16) e alto fluxo gênico (3,35). 7 spp Boyacá Colômbia molecular 1 UPGMA Bayesiano 13 populações geográficas 80 80% 029 0 29 0,2 036 36 0,3 II respectivamente baixos Observase Observa se 0,16 016 16 (0,16 3,35. 335 3,35 . 3 35 (3,35) 8 02 2 0, 03 0,1 01 (0,1 33 3,3 (3,35 (0, 3, (3,3 (0 (3, ( (3

ABSTRACT Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is an Andean crop with great nutritional value, economic potential, and a broad genetic and phenotypic diversity with adaptation to different conditions. In Colombia, C. quinoa is cultivated mainly in Cundinamarca, Nariño and Boyacá, where studies have been conducted to characterize the germplasm and lack of seed materials, some challenges for the quinoa crop. This work assessed agromorphological characteristics of 50 quinoa genotypes from the germplasm collection of Boyacá the using a completely randomized design on the farm in Tunja. The multivariate analysis followed by a clustering approach were conducted on agromorphological descriptors, in which 16 were qualitative descriptors (e.g, panicle shape, episperm color, leaf shape) and five quantitative descriptors (e.g, plant height, panicle number). The results showed that higher coefficients of variation were found in characteristics associated to yield. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the quantitative variables showed that the first two components explained 88 % of the total variation with the characteristics of plant height, length, diameter, and panicle number showing the highest variability. The quantitative characteristic clusters comprised length and diameter panicle, weight 1,000 seeds, and plant height, while the qualitative characteristic clusters comprised stem shape, branching habit, panicle shape, and color of the axils. The factorial analysis of mixed data discriminated the materials with outstanding morphoagronomic characteristics. Agromorphological characterization revealed a broad variability, which should be conserved and used in genetic improvement programs of C. quinoa.

RESUMEN La quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) es un cultivo de grano que se cultiva en la región de los Andes desde los valles centrales de Colombia hasta la zona sur de Chile. En Colombia, es un cultivo de pequeña escala, donde el conocimiento de su variabilidad es reducido. Dentro de este contexto, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo principal realizar una caracterización morfológica a 19 materiales de quinua en el departamento de Boyacá utilizando 27 descriptores morfológicos. La estimación de la variación morfológica se hizo mediante el análisis de correlación, componentes principales y conglomerados. Los resultados muestran que los coeficientes de variación más altos se encontraron en los caracteres cuantitativos. Los análisis de componentes principales explicaron más del 70% de la variación observada siendo las características presencia y color de axilas, presencia y color de estrías, altura de la planta, número de panojas, rendimiento de semillas por planta y peso de 1000 granos. Los conglomerados mostraron una distribución laxa de todos los individuos evaluados con rendimientos y peso de grano promedios, y la relación entre la quinua y la especie relacionada kiwicha. La caracterización morfológica de estos materiales pone de manifiesto la existencia de variabilidad que puede ser utilizada en programas de conservación y mejoramiento genético de la especie en el departamento de Boyacá.

SUMMARY Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) Is a grain crop grown in the Andes region from the central valleys of Colombia to southern Chile. In Colombia, it is a small-scale farming, where knowledge of their variability is reduced. Within this context, this research had as main objective to perform a morphological characterization of 18 quinoa materials in the department of Boyacá using 27 morphological descriptors. The morphological variation was estimated using the correlation, main components and clusters analyzes. The results show that the highest coefficients of variation were found in the quantitative characters. The analysis of principal components explained more than 70% of the observed variation being the characteristics presence and color of armpits, presence and color of striae, height of the plant, and number of panicles, yield of seeds per plant and weight of 1000 grains. The conglomerates showed a loose distribution of all the individuals evaluated with average yields and grain weight, and the relationship between the quinoa and the related species kiwicha. The morphological characterization of these materials shows the existence of variability that can be used in programs of conservation and genetic improvement of the species in the department of Boyacá.

RESUMO Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) É uma cultura de grãos que é cultivada na região dos Andes desde os vales centrais da Colômbia até a parte sul do Chile. Na Colômbia, é uma cultura de pequena escala, onde o conhecimento de sua variabilidade é reduzido. Dentro deste contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal realizar uma caracterização morfológica de 18 materiais de quinoa no departamento de Boyacá, para o qual foram avaliados 27 descritores morfológicos. Os descritores mais discriminantes foram identificados por meio de análises de correlação, componentes principais e conglomerados. Os resultados mostram que os maiores coeficientes de variação foram encontrados nos caracteres quantitativos. As análises dos componentes principais explicaram mais de 70% da variação observada, sendo as características presença e cor das axilas, presença e cor das estrias, altura de planta, número de panículas, produção de sementes por planta e peso de 1000 grãos. Os conglomerados mostraram uma distribuição frouxa de todos os indivíduos avaliados com rendimentos médios de grãos e peso, e a relação entre a quinoa e as espécies relacionadas com kiwicha. A caracterização morfológica desses materiais mostra a existência de variabilidade que pode ser utilizada em programas de conservação e melhoramento genético das espécies no departamento de Boyacá.

ABSTRACT In this study, 55 tomato genotypes from different geographical regions were evaluated with ISSR markers (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats). The seven ISSR primers originated 63 amplified bands, of which 90.48% were polymorphic. The cluster analysis based on the Nei-Li similarity coefficient using the average genetic clustering method (UPGMA) revealed the conformation of five clusters at a level of similarity of 72%. The ISSR technique did not discriminate tomato genotypes according to the species or region of provenance. The STRUCTURE analysis and the dendrogram did not reveal a genetic structure in the population evaluated. The genotypes of the species of S. pimpinellifolium, S. l. cerasiforme, S. lycopersicum and S. peruvianum were found consistently grouped, showing a close genetic relationship among them. A high genetic variation among the individuals within each of the groups formed was suggested by the AMOVA. The ISSR markers were effective in assessing the genetic diversity and structure of populations of tomato genotypes. The high genetic variability found in this study indicates the valuable genetic potential present in tomato germplasm, especially of wild species, which could be used for future breeding programs of the species.

RESUMEN Capsicum spp es un cultivo hortícola de interés agronómico y es considerado como el cuarto vegetal de mayor importancia en el mundo, al ser una importante fuente nutricional, medicinal y generadora de empleo en los trópicos. En esta especie la variabilidad genética es amplia y con gran potencial el cual ha sido aprovechado para generar variedades sobresalientes. En este sentido, los programas de mejoramiento buscan diferentes alternativas que conduzcan a la integración de nuevas técnicas para acelerar la producción de variedades mejoradas con características agronómicas deseables, tales objetivos se pueden lograr con la producción de plantas haploides y doble haploides, por vía androgénica o ginogenética, siendo el enfoque más utilizado la androgénesis para cultivos de pimentón. El propósito de esta revisión es dar a conocer los resultados de diferentes investigaciones en la obtención de haploides y doble haploides en cultivares de Capsicum spp. y su impacto en el mejoramiento genético de este cultivo.

ABSTRACT Capsicum spp. is a horticultural crop of agronomic interest and is considered the fourth most important vegetable in the world. It is an important nutritional and medicinal source, and its production generates employment in the tropics. In this species, the genetic variability is wide and with great potential, which has been exploited to generate outstanding varieties. Breeding programs seek different alternatives to accelerate the production of improved varieties with desirable agronomic characteristics. These objectives can be achieved with the production of haploid and doubled haploid plants via androgenesis or gynogenesis, being androgenesis the approach most used for paprika cultures. The purpose of this review is to present the results of different researches in obtaining haploids and doubled haploids in cultivars of Capsicum spp. and its impact on the genetic improvement of this crop.

RESUMEN El lulo (Solanum quitoense L.) es considerado una frutal agroindustrial promisorio por su valor nutricional, sabor y apariencia. Contiene vitaminas A y C las cuales le confieren propiedades antioxidantes, diuréticas y regeneradoras de tejidos. Sin embargo, este fruto sufre problemas fitosanitarios que disminuyen la calidad y rendimiento debido a que no se ha explotado su máximo potencial genético por lo que es necesario la implementación de estrategias para analizar su diversidad genética, por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la diversidad genética de los materiales de lulo procedentes del municipio de Pachavita, Boyacá, Colombia, mediante la utilización de los descriptores morfológicos. Se colectaron 21 materiales de lulo los cuales se caracterizaron morfológicamente utilizando cuatro descriptores cualitativos y 18 cuantitativos. El análisis de componentes principales (ACP) presento una variación del 84 % dada por los primeros cinco valores propios que son mayores a uno, identificando la alta variabilidad de los materiales estudiados. El dendograma generado por el ACP de los materiales colectados de lulo, muestra tres grupos, de acuerdo principalmente con las características del fruto. Las variables más representativas en la caracterización morfológica fueron eje ecuatorial del fruto (EJE), eje polar del fruto (EJP), grosor de la cascara (DEPI), peso de cinco frutos (PF), peso de 100 semillas (PCS), volumen de jugo de cinco frutos (VJF) y color de la pulpa (FcMeso), por su alta variabilidad, servirán de referencia para estudios a mayor profundidad en mejoramiento genético de lulo (Solanum quitoense).

ABSTRACT Lulo (Solanum quitoense L.) is considered a promising underutilized fruit due to its nutritional value, taste, and appearance. It contains vitamins, such as A and C which give it antioxidant, diuretic and regenerative properties. However, this fruit suffers phytosanitary problems that diminish its quality and yield. The genetic potential of lulo has not been exploited. Thus, it is necessary to implement strategies to analyze its genetic diversity. Therefore, this research aimed to characterize the genetic diversity of lulo materials from the municipality of Pachavita-Boyacá, through morphological descriptors. Twenty-one lulo materials were collected, which were morphologically characterized using four qualitative and eighteen quantitative descriptors. The principal components analysis (PCA) showed a variation of 84 % supported by the first five eigenvalues that were > 1, thus, identifying the high variability of the studied materials. The PCA dendrogram of the materials collected from lulo, showed three groups, according to the characteristics of the fruit. The most relevant variables included the equatorial axis ofthe fruit (AXF), polar axis of the fruit (AXP), thickness of the peel (TP), weight of five fruits (WF), weight of100 seeds (WS), volume ofjuice of five fruits (VJF) and color of the pulp (CP). The high variability found in this study is the basis for future breeding programs in lulo.

ABSTRACT The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) plays an important role in the economy of some tropical countries; Colombia ranks first for production in Latin America and fifth in the world. The aim of this research was to characterize the genetic variability of 51 oil palm genotypes from the Congo with seven randomly amplified microsatellite markers RAM. As a result, 241 alleles were generated andthe number of polymorphic loci ranged from 46 to 14 for the ACA and CGA primers, respectively. High genetic diversity was found, with a total heterozygosity of 0.64, along with a high percentage of polymorphic loci, 89%. The coefficient of genetic differentiation (Fst) was 0.15, indicating that there was moderate genetic differentiation. The genetic diversity study differentiated the 51 genotypes into four groups with a similarity of 0.52. The RAM technique detected the genetic variability of the palm genotypes and showed a high degree of polymorphism and sensitivity for discrimination. These results provide information that can be used to develop conservation strategies for palm germplasm and breeding programs to obtain more productive palm genotypes with superior quality and tolerance to major diseases.

La quinua (C. quinoa W.) es considerada un cereal con excelentes propiedades nutricionales, entre las que se destacan su alto contenido proteíco, ya que tiene todos los aminoácidos, elementos traza y cantidades significativas de vitaminas. En Colombia, más exactamente en el departamento de Nariño, Cauca, Cundinamarca y Boyacá ha tenido actualmente un gran impulso debido a sus potencialidades agronómicas y diferentes beneficios que se derivan de la producción, industrialización y comercialización de sus productos. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la diversidad genética de una colección de 55 materiales de quinua con siete marcadores microsatélites RAMs. El análisis mediante el coeficiente de Nei-Li a un nivel de similitud de 0,65 dividió a la población en cuatro grupos de acuerdo al sitio de procedencia de los materiales. El valor de heterocigosidad promedio fue de 0,34 el cual se considera bajo en comparación con otros estudios de diversidad genética en Chenopodium. El Análisis de Varianza Molecular (AMOVA) y el Fst muestran la existencia de variabilidad genética a nivel intraespecífico. Los parámetros de diversidad genética encontrados en este estudio muestran que los materiales de quinua de la colección de la gobernación de Boyacá son muy homogéneos, sin embargo la variabilidad que existe debe ser aprovechada en los programas de mejoramiento genético de la especie que conduzcan hacia la obtención de nuevos y mejores materiales de quinua.

Quinua (C. quinoa W.) is considered a cereal with excellent nutritional properties, including high protein contein, because it has all amino acids, trace elements and significant amounts of vitamins. In Colombia more accurately in the department of Nariño, Cauca, Cundinamarca y Boyacá currently has had a huge boost due to their agronomic potential and different benefits derived from the production, processing and marketing of its products. Therefore, the objective of this research was to characterize the genetic diversity of a collection of 55 materials quinoa with seven microsatellite markers RAMs. The analysis by the coefficient of Nei-Li at the level of similarity of 0,65 divided the population into four groups according the site origin materials. The value of average heterozygosity was 0,34 which is considered low compared to other studied of genetic diversity in Chenopodium. Molecular Analysis of Variance (AMOVA) and Fst demonstrate the existence of genetic variability at the intraspecific level. The parameters of genetic diversity found in this study show that the quinoa materials of the Boyacá governance collection are very homogeneous, however the variability that exists must be exploited in the breeding programs of the species leading to the production of new and better quinoa materials.

Quinua (C. quinoa W.) é considerado um cereal com excelentes propriedades nutricionais, entre os quais seu alto teor de proteína, uma vez que tem todos os aminoácidos, oligoelementos e quantidades significativas de vitaminas. Na Colômbia, mais precisamente no departamento de Nariño, Cauca, Cundinamarca e Boyacá ele já teve um grande impulso devido ao seu potencial agronômico e diferentes benefícios derivados da produç ão, transformaç ão e comercializaç ão dos seus produtos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de uma coleç ão de 55 materiais com sete marcadores microssatélites RAMs quinoa. A análise pelo coeficiente de Nei-Li em um nível de similaridade de 0,65 dividiu a populaç ão em quatro grupos de acordo com o local de origem dos materiais. O valor de heterozigosidade média foi de 0,34, que é considerado baixo em comparaç ão com outros estudos de diversidade genética em Chenopodium. Análise molecular de variância (AMOVA) e Fst mostram a existência de variabilidade genética no nível intra-específica. Os parâmetros de diversidade genética encontrados neste estudo mostram que a coleta de materiais quinoa governadoria Boyacá s ão muito homogénea, no entanto, a variabilidade que existe deve ser utilizada em programas de melhoramento das espécies que levam à obtenç ão de novos e melhores materiais de quinoa.

ABSTRACT Much of the diversity of tomato is found in wild forms, the most important being the Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme and S. pimpinellifolium. The objective of this research was to assess the genetic diversity of 30 introductions of cherry tomato with 36 microsatellite molecular markers. The study was conducted at the Plant Transformation Research Center (PTRC) of the University of California. A dendrogram was built using the Dice-Nei and Li similarity index and the UPGMA clustering method, where introductions were differentiated without preserving a distribution pattern obeying the geographical area of origin. A coefficient of genetic differentiation was found (Fst = 0.3474), showing a high genetic differentiation of the introductions; those from Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru were the most genetically diverse, presenting 100% of polymorphic loci. The molecular variance analysis indicated a variation of 11% between the groups and 89% within the same. The broad genotypic variability of the evaluated introductions favors the possibility of selecting those for genetic improvement and sustainable use of the species.

Se determinó la variabilidad genética de 96 accesiones de palma de aceite (E. guineensis Jacq.) procedentes de Camerún y Zaire con 20 marcadores microsatélites. 59 alelos fueron detectados con un promedio de 2.95, tres loci fueron polimórficos con un PIC (Índice de Información Polimórfica) promedio de 0.58. Se encontró una alta diversidad genética, con una heterocigocidad total de 0.46, y un alto porcentaje de loci polimórficos del 90%. El valor de F ST encontrado fue de 0.14, lo cual sugiere que en las poblaciones de Camerún y Zaire existe una moderada estructura poblacional. La heterocigocidad observada (Ho=0.67) fue mayor que la heterocigocidad esperada (He=0.42), evidenciando una baja presencia de homocigotos. Los parámetros de diferenciación poblacional como el F IS y el F IT confirmaron un alto número de heterocigotos con respecto a lo esperado bajo las condiciones de equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg. Los microsatélites permitieron discriminar los genotipos según el lugar de procedencia. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que las colecciones de Camerún y Zaire pueden ser consideradas como una sola población, con moderada estructuración poblacional a pesar del constante flujo génico existente. Estos resultados podrían ser utilizados en futuros programas de conservación, selección y mejoramiento genético de la especie.

The genetic variability of 96 accessions of oil palm (E. guineensis Jacq.) from Cameroon and Zaire with 20 microsatellite markers was determined. 59 alleles were detected with an average of 2.95, three loci were polymorphic with a PIC (Polymorphic Information Index) average 0.58. High genetic diversity, with a total heterozygosity of 0.46, and a high percentage of polymorphic loci of 90% was found. F ST value was of 0.14, suggesting that in the populations of Cameroon and Zaire there is a moderate population structure. The observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.67) was higher than expected heterozygosity (He = 0.42), demonstrating a low presence of homozygous. The parameters of population differentiation as the F IS and F IT confirmed a high number of heterozygotes with respect to expected under the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Microsatellite allowed discriminating genotypes according to the origin place. The results obtained show that the collections of Cameroon and Zaire may be considered as a single population, with moderate population structure despite of the constant existent gene flow. These results could be used in future conservation programs, selection and genetic improvement of the species.

Utilizando ocho cebadores Microsatélites Amplificados al Azar (RAMs) fue evaluada la diversidad genética de 31 materiales de Prunus de la colección de caducifolios existente en la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. Se generaron un total de 121 amplicones con pesos moleculares entre 260 y 1000 Kb. Con un coeficiente de similitud de 0.75, se formaron tres grupos, de acuerdo principalmente con las características del fruto, encontrando en el grupo 2 las variedades de importancia económica. El número de loci polimórficos varió entre 5 y 16 para los cebadores GT y CCA, respectivamente. El valor promedio de heterocigosidad fue de 0.22, más bajo que los encontrados en otros estudios de diversidad genética en el género Prunus; por tanto, se deben buscar estrategias para incrementar la variabilidad genética de la colección como la introducción de nuevos materiales o híbridos interespecíficos. La técnica RAMs es útil para evaluar la diversidad genética en especies caducifolias.

A sample of 31 Prunus materials from the deciduous collection of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia was selected to evaluate its genetic diversity using eight primers for Random Amplified Microsatellite (RAMs). A total of 121 amplicons were generated with molecular weights ranging between 260 and 1000 Kb. A similarity coefficient of 0.75, three groups were formed, according to fruit characteristics, all economically important varieties in one group. The average value of heterozygosity was 0.22, much lower than values found in other studies. Therefore, strategies must be found to increase genetic variability in the collection, such as introduction or new or interespecific hybrid exemplars among others. The RAMs technique is a useful tool for assessing genetic diversity in the genus Prunus.

Se utilizaron 19 marcadores microsatélites para caracterizar 34 accesiones de naranja Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck del Banco de Germoplasma de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Corpoica)-Palmira. Seis marcadores fueron polimórficos, los de mayor heterocigosidad fueron CCSM- 19 (0.4097) y CCSM-3 (0.3254). Se diferenciaron 33 accesiones y al 85% de similitud, con el índice de Nei-Li y el método de agrupamiento UPGMA, se conformaron cuatro grupos. En el primero se situaron dos accesiones blancas (Lerma y Valencia Olinda 2), en el segundo la mayoría de las blancas (Indian River, Valencia Olinda, Wialua, Lima Dulce, Pera del Río, St. Michael, Enterprise, Cafetera No. 1) junto con García Valencia y Navel (Lane Late, Valle Washington, New Hall) y dos sanguinas (Rudy Blood, Moro Blood), en el tercero accesiones blancas (Joppa, Salerma, Cuban Queen, Rico, Galicia, Star Calyx, Valencia Cutter, Valencia Frost, Valencia Campbell y Valencia Variegado) y una sola accesión sanguina (Morocco Blood). En el cuarto grupo se situaron dos accesiones blancas, (Jaffa y Valencia 1-D-E). Finalmente, la variedad Sanguinella no hizo parte de grupos. Con los marcadores microsatélites no se encontró relación entre los grupos genéticos, formación y las características morfológicas del grupo.

To characterize 34 orange accessions Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck from the Germplasm bank Corpoica- Palmira, 19 microsatellite markers were used. Six markers were polymorphic; the highest heterozygosity was obtained by CCSM-19 (0.4097) and CCSM-3 (0.3254). Thirty-three accessions were differentiated; with 85% of similarity, Nei-Li´s index and the UPGMA clustering method were formed fi ve groups. In the first one, two accessions were white (Lerma and Valencia Olinda 2), in the second one most of the white (Indian River, Valencia Olinda, Wialua, Lima Dulce, Pera del Río, St. Michael, Enterprise, Cafetera No. 1), García Valencia and Navel (Lane Late, Valle Washington, New Hall) and two blood (Rudy Blood, Moro Blood), in the third white (Joppa, Salerma, Cuban Queen , Rico, Galicia, Star Calyx, Valencia Cutter, Valencia Frost, Valencia Campbell and Valencia Variegado), and one accession of the blood (Morocco Blood). In the fourth group were two white accessions, Jaffa variety and Valencia 1-D-E. Finally Sanguinella variety not formed any group. Relation between the genetic groups, formation and morphological characteristics of the group was not found with the microsatellite markers.

Se compararon las eficiencias de tres métodos de electroforesis en agarosa y poliacrilamida, usando la cámara pequeña de DNA Sequencing System y cámara grande OWL Sequi-Gen Sequencing Cell, en la detección del polimorfismo en 21 accesiones de naranja (Citrus sinensis) con empleo del cebador CGA. El gel de poliacrilamida dio mejor resolución de los productos amplificados vía PCR producidos por RAMs. Este permitió una mejor detección de bandas de ADN polimórficas, lo que facilitó la identificación de la variabilidad genética. La electroforesis en agarosa puede ser más conveniente en otras aplicaciones, debido al bajo costo y fácil aplicación. El estudio de diversidad genética en naranja usando microsatélites RAMs diferenció 51 accesiones en siete grupos con 0.75 de similaridad y 0.25 de heterocigosidad, lo que revela bajo polimorfismo genético. La técnica RAMs permitió agrupar las accesiones en Comunes o Blancas, Navel y Pigmentadas o Sanguinas.

We compared the efficiency of three methods of agarose and polyacrylamide electrophoresis (using the small tank of the DNA Sequencing System and the large OWL Sequi-Gen Sequencing Cell), for the detection of polymorphism in 21 accessions of orange (Citrus sinensis), using the primer CGA. The polyacrylamide gel gave better resolution of the PCR-amplified RAM products. This method allowed better detection of polymorphic DNA bands, facilitating the identification of genetic variability. The agarose electrophoresis may be more convenient in other applications, due to its low cost and easy implementation. The study of genetic diversity in orange using RAMs separated 51 accessions into seven groups with 0.75 similarity, and 0.25 heterozygosity, revealing low genetic polymorphism. The RAMs technique grouped the accessions into “Common or White”, “Navel” and “Pigmented or “Sanguine”.

Se revisó el uso e importancia, ventajas, desventajas y características de la técnica Microsatélites Amplificados al Azar (RAM) en uchuva Physalis peruviana, mora Rubus spp, guayaba Psidium guajava y heliconias Heliconia spp. En mora se diferenciaron las especies R. glaucus, R. robustus y R. urticifolius, se detectaron duplicados y se encontró alta variabilidad genética en R. glaucus, la especie más importante. En uchuva se encontró alta diversidad y dos accesiones de fruto rojo que se diferenciaron genéticamente de las amarillas y una región geográfica con alta variabilidad. En guayaba los cebadores fueron altamente polimórficos y se encontró alta variabilidad en el Valle del Cauca. En heliconias y especies relacionadas se diferenciaron las familias del orden Zingiberales, algunos subgéneros y variaciones en la especie. La técnica es de bajo costo, utiliza un cebador, no requiere información previa, es altamente polimórfica y diferencia especies en los taxones evaluados.

The use and importance, advantages, disadvantages and features of the Random Amplified Microsatellites RAMs technique, were reviewed in Cape gooseberry Physalis peruviana, blackberry Rubus spp, guava Psidium guajava and heliconias Heliconia spp. In blackberry, we differentiated the species R. glaucus, R. robustus y R. urticifolius, detected duplicated accessions and found high genetic diversity in R. glaucus, the most important specie. In cape gooseberry we found high diversity and two red fruit accessions genetically differentiated from the yellow fruit ones and a geographical region with high variability. In guava, primers were highly polymorphic and found high variability in Valle del Cauca region. In Heliconia and related species we differentiated families belonging to Zingiberal order, between some sub genera and variation among specie. The technique has low cost of implementation, use a single primer, do not require previous information, is highly polymorphic and can differentiate species is taxa were technique was evaluated.