Objective: To present the essential guidelines for pharmacological management of patients with psychomotor agitation in Brazil. Methods: This is a systematic review of articles retrieved from the MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and SciELO databases published from 1997 to 2017. Other relevant articles in the literature were also used to develop these guidelines. The search strategy used structured questions formulated using the PICO model, as recommended by the Guidelines Project of the Brazilian Medical Association. Recommendations were summarized according to their level of evidence, which was determined using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine system and critical appraisal tools. Results: Of 5,362 articles retrieved, 1,731 abstracts were selected for further reading. The final sample included 74 articles that met all inclusion criteria. The evidence shows that pharmacologic treatment is indicated only after non-pharmacologic approaches have failed. The cause of the agitation, side effects of the medications, and contraindications must guide the medication choice. The oral route should be preferred for drug administration; IV administration must be avoided. All subjects must be monitored before and after medication administration. Conclusion: If non-pharmacological strategies fail, medications are needed to control agitation and violent behavior. Once medicated, the patient should be monitored until a tranquil state is possible without excessive sedation. Systematic review registry number: CRD42017054440.

Objective: To present the essential guidelines for non-pharmacological management of patients with psychomotor agitation in Brazil. Methods: These guidelines were developed based on a systematic review of articles published from 1997 to 2017, retrieved from MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, and SciELO. Other relevant articles identified by searching the reference lists of included studies were also used to develop these guidelines. The search strategy used structured questions formulated using the PICO model, as recommended by the Guidelines Project of the Brazilian Medical Association. Recommendations were summarized according to their level of evidence, which was determined using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine system and critical appraisal tools. Results: We initially selected 1,731 abstracts among 5,362 articles. The final sample included 104 articles that fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. The management of agitated patients should always start with the least coercive approach. The initial non-pharmacological measures include a verbal strategy and referral of the patient to the appropriate setting, preferably a facility designed for the care of psychiatric patients with controlled noise, lighting, and safety aspects. Verbal de-escalation techniques have been shown to decrease agitation and reduce the potential for associated violence in the emergency setting. The possibility of underlying medical etiologies must be considered first and foremost. Particular attention should be paid to the patient’s appearance and behavior, physical signs, and mental state. If agitation is severe, rapid tranquilization with medications is recommended. Finally, if verbal measures fail to contain the patient, physical restraint should be performed as the ultimate measure for patient protection, and always be accompanied by rapid tranquilization. Healthcare teams must be thoroughly trained to use these techniques and overcome difficulties if the verbal approach fails. It is important that healthcare professionals be trained in non-pharmacological management of patients with psychomotor agitation as part of the requirements for a degree and graduate degree. Conclusion: The non-pharmacological management of agitated patients should follow the hierarchy of less invasive to more invasive and coercive measures, starting with referral of the patient to an appropriate environment, management by a trained team, use of verbal techniques, performance of physical and mental assessment, use of medications, and, if unavoidable, use of the mechanical restraint. Systematic review registry number: CRD42017054440.

Quadros de transtorno psiquiátrico induzido (folie à deux) são raros. Porém, sua prevalência pode ser de 5-25% nos casos de delírio de infestação parasitária. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 62 anos de idade com sintomas psicóticos que, há cerca de 15 anos, está vivendo com sua irmã mais nova. Como a paciente não estava mais apresentando sintomas, sua irmã decidiu não administrar-lhe mais antipsicótico. A paciente voltou a apresentar quadro psicótico marcado por delírio de infestação parasitária, acompanhado por alucinações visuais. Sua irmã, que não tinha história de qualquer transtorno psiquiátrico prévio, passou a acreditar que realmente a paciente estava infestada e que ela mesma fora contaminada. Esse relato de caso objetiva discutir a associação existente entre folie à deux e delírio de infestação parasitária.

Shared psychiatric disorder (folie à deux) is a rare condition. But its prevalence can be 5-25% in patients with delusional parasitic infestation. We report the a case of a 62 years-old female with psychotic symptoms. For 15 years, she has lived with her younger sister. Since the patient was well-controled, her sister interrupted her antipsychotic drug administration. So, the patient initiated delusional parasitic infestation accompanied by visual hallucinations. Her sister, who did not have psychiatric history, initiated to believe that the patient was really infested. Moreover, she started to believe that was infested by the patient. This case report aims to discuss the relation between folie à deux and delusional parasitic infestation.

Paciente masculino de 67 anos de idade, ex-pugilista, logo após interrupção de sua carreira esportiva, há cerca de 27 anos, passou a apresentar alterações neuropsiquiátricas decorrentes dos sucessivos traumatismos cerebrais relacionados ao pugilismo. A propósito do relato deste caso, serão discutidas as principais síndromes mentais orgânicas relacionadas ao pugilismo.

67 years-old male patient, ex-boxer, after the end of his sportive career, began to present neuropsychiatric manifestations possibly due to the sucessive brain injuries related to the boxing. In report to this case, we discuss the mean organic psychosyndromes related to the boxing.

Duas abordagens genético-moleculares foram realizadas para investigar a possível associação entre o polimorfismo serina-9-glicina no receptor dopaminérgico D3 e esquizofrenia. Na primeira análise, um grupo de 141 pacientes com esquizofrenia foi comparado a um grupo-controle de 189 indivíduos pareado para sexo e origem étnica. No outro estudo, foi realizada análise de 35 trios (pai e mãe não afetados e paciente com esquizofrenia). Os resultados desses estudos não apresentaram associação alélica ou genotípica estatisticamente significante com esquizofrenia. Pode-se concluir que o polimorfismo serina-9-glicina no receptor dopaminérgico D3 não é um fator de risco para desenvolver esquizofrenia na população estudada.

Two molecular genetic studies were undertaken to investigate the association between a ser-9-gly polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor gene and schizophrenia. The first study analysed 141 schizophrenic patients and 189 matched controls. In addition, an haplotype relative risk study was performed using 35 trios (mother, father, affected offspring). No allelic or genotype association was found in both studies. We conclude that this D3 polymorphism is not a risk factor for schizophrenia in our sample.

CONTEXTO: Uma estratégia para identificar genes de susceptibilidade para doenças comuns é investigar a co-segregação entre essas enfermidades e algumas doenças mendelianas. RELATO DO CASO: É descrita uma família com sete membros, dos quais três deles apresentam depressão e doença de Darier. Essa aparente co-segregação, se verdadeira, daria suporte à hipótese que, em algumas famílias, um gene relacionado ao transtorno do humor poderia estar localizado no cromossomo 12.

CONTEXT: One strategy for identifying susceptibility genes for common disorders is to investigate Mendelian diseases, cosegregating with these common disease phenotypes. CASE REPORT: A family with seven members is described, in which three members present Darier's disease and depression. This apparent cosegregation, if true, would support the hypothesis that in some pedigrees, a gene for mood disorder may be located on chromosome 12.