RESUMEN Este trabajo analiza la construcción del acontecimiento moderno en la crónica de fines del XIX y la incidencia de la prensa amarilla, con su retórica hiperbólica y efectista, que hace uso de recursos afectivos. Analiza la serie de crónicas que José Martí escribió sobre el magnicidio del presidente James A. Garfield a manos de Charles Guiteau; propone que resulta un caso ejemplar de la contaminación de los discursos, así en estas notas confluyen la representación realista, la oratoria, la historiografía romántica, la literatura, el modelo de E.T.A Hoffmann, los procedimientos de la prensa blanca y amarilla. A esto se añade la particular locación descentrada y exílica de Martí que imprime una pulsión alegórica a estos textos.

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the construction of the modern event in the chronicle of the late 19th century and the incidence of the yellow press, with its hyperbolic and gimmicky rhetoric, which makes use of affective resources. It analyzes the series of chronicles that José Martí wrote about the assassination of President James A. Garfield by Charles Guiteau; it proposes that it is an exemplary case of the contamination of discourses, with the convergence of realistic representation, oratory, romantic historiography, literature, the model of E.T.A Hoffmann, the procedures of the professional and yellow press. Added to this is the particular decentered and exiled location of Martí that gives an allegorical impulse to these texts.

As doenças infecciosas e parasitárias causam perdas importantes em vários setores da produção da pecuária mundial. Estima-se que mais de 600 milhões de bovinos de países tropicais e subtropicais estejam expostos à infecção por Babesia sp. gerando grande prejuízo econômico. Os gêneros Babesia e Plasmodium são hemoparasitas pertencentes ao filo Apicomplexa e apresentam características comuns no processo de invasão eritrocitária. A babesiose bovina causada por Babesia bigemina e Babesia bovis apresenta sinais clínicos similares a malária humana causada por Plasmodium vivax e Plasmodium falciparum. A glicoproteína Duffy é a única receptora para o P. vivax em humanos. A maioria dos indivíduos negros africanos é resistente a este parasita devido a uma mutação que provoca a ausência de expressão desta glicoproteína na superfície das hemácias. Tendo em vista este fato, e que animais da subespécie Bos taurus taurus são mais susceptíveis à babesiose quando comparados à animais Bos taurus indicus, objetivou-se neste trabalho a detecção e quantificação do antígeno Duffy na superfície dos eritrócitos de bovinos empregando para tal, anticorpo policlonal que permitisse investigar se as diferenças na susceptibilidade são devido a diferentes níveis de expressão do antígeno Duffy nas hemácias. Ensaios de ELISA mostraram que o anticorpo produzido foi capaz de reconhecer o antígeno Duffy presente nas hemácias bovinas e a análise quantitativa não demonstrou diferença significativa na presença do mesmo. Estes resultados sugerem que a resistência maior dos zebuínos à babesiose não se deve à ausência de expressão, ou à presença em menor quantidade do antígeno Duffy na superfície de suas hemácias.

Babesiosis is one of the most important diseases affecting livestock agriculture worldwide. Animals from the subspecies Bos taurus indicus are more resistant to babesiosis than those from Bos taurus taurus. The genera Babesia and Plasmodium are Apicomplexa hemoparasites and share features such as invasion of red blood cells (RBC). The glycoprotein Duffy is the only human erythrocyte receptor for Pasmodium vivax and a mutation which abolishes expression of this glycoprotein on erythrocyte surfaces is responsible for making the majority of people originating from the indigenous populations of West Africa resistant to P. vivax. The current work detected and quantified the Duffy antigen on Bos taurus indicus and Bos taurus taurus erythrocyte surfaces using a polyclonal antibody in order to investigate if differences in susceptibility to Babesia are due to different levels of Duffy antigen expression on the RBCs of these animals, as is known to be the case in human beings for interactions of Plasmodium vivax-Duffy antigen. ELISA tests showed that the antibody that was raised against Duffy antigens detected the presence of Duffy antigen in both subspecies and that the amount of this antigen on those erythrocyte membranes was similar. These results indicate that the greater resistance of B. taurus indicus to babesiosis cannot be explained by the absence or lower expression of Duffy antigen on RBC surfaces.

Akodon cursor occurs in dense rainforest from northern (8º S) to southern (26º S) states along the Atlantic coast of Brazil. Previous karyological and molecular data revealed two major clades, one including northern (8-15º S) and the other southern (19-26º S) populations. The center of geographic distribution (15-20º S), which included the state of Espírito Santo, was identified as a potential vicariance region. Since river barriers are among the most discussed models in the study of Neotropical diversification, we examined whether the Rio Doce (19º S) plays an important role in shaping the population genetic divergence of A. cursor by including samples from Espírito Santo in the analysis. Our results showed that the northern-southern division region in Atlantic forest was no coincidence with the presence of the Rio Doce by refuting the hypothesis that this river is an effective barrier to gene flow between populations. Instead, we found evidence that isolation by geographical distance shaped the phylogeographical structure in the southern lineage. However, there is uncertainty about effectiveness of the processes involved and further studies based on wider sampling are needed.

Trichogramma it is one the most important natural enemies and has been successfully utilized for biological control of several pests world-wide. The objective was to construct a life table of Trichogramma exiguum in different generations, when reared on eggs of Anagasta kuehniella and Sitotroga cerealella. The research was development at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and 14 hours of photophase and were evaluated the duration of a generation (T), liquid reproductive rate (Ro), infinitesimal rate of increase (r m) and finite rate of increase (λ). The results showed that T. exiguum were more efficient in eggs of A. kuehniella, showing to be these insect the most indicated to establish a massal rearing.

Trichogramma é um dos mais importantes inimigos naturais e tem sido utilizado com sucesso em diversos programas de controle biológico de pragas em todo o mundo. O objetivo foi obter uma tabela de vida para Trichogramma exiguum em diferentes gerações, quando criados em ovos dos hospedeiros alternativos Anagasta kuehniella e Sitotroga cerealella. O experimento foi desenvolvido a 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% de umidade relativa e 14 horas de fotofase, e foi avaliado a duração média de uma geração (T), taxa líquida reprodutiva (Ro), razão infinitesimal de aumento (r m) e a razão finita de aumento (λ). Os resultados mostraram que T. exiguum foi mais eficiente quando se utilizou o hospedeiro A. kuehniella, mostrando ser esse inseto o mais indicado para a criação massal desse parasitóide.

O Trichogramma é um inimigo natural dos mais estudados e utilizados atualmente no mundo. A qualidade e o desempenho de Trichogramma podem ser influenciados por alguns fatores, tal como o hospedeiro alternativo utilizado na criação massal. Objetivou-se com este trabalho foi obter informações básicas sobre os aspectos biológicos de Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), criado nos hospedeiros alternativos Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) e Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv., 1819) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) por 10, 20 e 30 gerações, e os possíveis efeitos nas características biológicas desse parasitóide. Em cada uma das gerações avaliadas, foram utilizadas 25 fêmeas de T. exiguum recém-emergidas de cada hospedeiro, as quais foram individualizadas em tubos de vidro que continham gotículas de mel de abelha. Cada fêmea recebeu uma cartela contendo 40 ovos do hospedeiro na qual estava sendo mantido. Foi permitido um parasitismo de 24 horas para essas cartelas, sendo as mesmas trocadas diariamente até a morte da fêmea.O número de ovos parasitados no primeiro dia, a capacidade de parasitismo e a longevidade de T. exiguum foi superior quando se utilizou ovos de A. kuehniella, ao longo das diferentes gerações, mostrando ser esse hospedeiro mais indicado para a criação massal de T. exiguum.

Trichogramma is one the most studied and used natural enemies of insect pests in the world. The quality and the performance of Trichogramma can be influenced by some factors, like the kind of host used for its mass rearing. The objective of this research was to obtain some basic informations about the biological aspects of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), reared on Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv., 1819) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) for 10, 20 e 30 generations, and the effect of something on the biological characteristics of this parasitoid. In each generation, 25 recently emerged females of T. exiguum from each host were used, these females being placed individually in glass tubes. Each female received a card with 40 eggs of the host in which it was being maintained. Egg parasitism was allowed for 24 h, with the cards being replaced daily until the death of the parasitoid. The number of eggs parasited in the first day, the capacity of parasitism and the longevity of T. exiguum was higher when reared in eggs of A. kuehniella, during the different generations, showing that this host is better indicated for mass rearing of T. exiguum.

An electromyographical investigation of 80 patients with chronic Chagas' disease was made. It was found that 79% of the studied patients had EMG manifestations of old and chronic denervation of the upper and lower limbs without clinical features of nervous system involvement.

Fueron estudiados 80 pacientes portadores de la forma crónica de la enfermedad de Chagas mediante el empleo de técnicas convencionales de electromiografia de detección. Los hallazgos evidenciaron en el 79% de los pacientes signos de denervación antigua tanto en miembros superiores como inferiores, aúnque con predominio en estos últimos. En ningún caso hubo manifestacionrs clínicas concomitantes.

Foi feito estudo eletromiográfico do curto extensor dos dedos e dos músculos tenares e hipotenares em 25 pacientes com polimíosite crônica e aguda. Foi encontrada diminuição no número de unidades motoras funcionantes em alguns pacientes com polimíosite crônica e somente em um caso de polimíosite aguda. Os tamanhos das unidades restantes sugerem que os resultados podem ser explicados em termos de um envolvimento primário dos músculos especialmente na polimiosite aguda, ao passo que na polimiosite crônica ocorre uma combinação de acometimento primário e neurogênico.

An electrophysiological study has been made of the extensor digitorum brevis, thenar and hypothenar muscles in 25 patients with chronic and acute polymyositis. It was found a reduction of the number of functioning motor units in some patients with chronic polymyositis and only in one of those affected by acute polymyositis. The sizes of the surviving units suggested that the results could be explained in terms of a primary muscle involvement mainly in acute polymyositis, while in chronic polymyositis a combination of primary and neurogenic involvement of muscle fibers might take place.

Ten patients treated with vincristine were submitted for electrophysiological examination. It was investigated the number of motor units within the thenar muscle following a technique described previously (Sica et al. — 1974); motor and sensitive conduction velocities as well as motor distal latencies in the median nerve were studied following conventional techniques. The behaviour of the evoked muscle potential with repetitive supramaximal stimulation over the median nerve was also investigated. The findings were compared with control groups. The estimated number of motor units was disminished in eight of ten patients and the average number was significantly different from the control group (control 318 ± 71 UM; patients 174 ± 84 UM; P < 0.001). The potential amplitudes in most of the surviving units were reduced, others remaining within the normal range. This makes apparent that the peripherical nervous system fails to compensate adequatly and, furthermore, a loss of individual muscle fibres occurs within some individual units. The conduction velocities of the fastest conducting motor nerve fibres were reduced and motor distal latencies prolongued (Table 1). Maximal impulse conduction velocities were measured in sensory fibres. In 5 of 7 subjets investigated the values laied just beyond the lower limit of the normal range. The amplitude of the sensory orthodromic evoked potential in the median nerve at the wrist was disminished almost in the whole group. The decremental muscle response to repetitive nerve stimulation, can be interpreted as the result of the damage at the neural apparatus at the motor end plate; it was observed in 57% of the patients. In summary, evidences have been registered showing that the nervous supply to the muscle is affected in patients treated with vincristine; the motor unit behaviour under this conditions is discussed.

Diez pacientes afectados por diversas patologías que requerían tratamiento crónico con Vincristina, fueron sometidos a estudios electrofisiológicos en los que se valoró: el número de unidades motoras (UM) funcionantes en los músculos de la eminencia tenar, los valores de los incrementos medios de UM, velocidad de conducción motora y su latencia residual en el nervio mediano, la velocidad de conducción sensitiva del mismo nervio y el estado de la transmisión neuromuscular. Los valores obtenidos fueron comparados con grupos controles. Los resultados mostraron disminución del número de UM; las UM remanentes presentaron amplitud reducida junto a otras cuyo tamaño no superaba el del grupo control, hecho que sugiere la incapacidad de lograr una reinervación adecuada. Las velocidades de conducción motora y sensitiva mostraron valores diminuídos, con mayor compromiso en los segmentos distales. Junto a estos datos se halló respuesta miasteniforme al estímulo repetitivo. Todos estos resultados permiten postular la existencia de un compromiso de la unidad motora, abarcando todos sus segmentos, en pacientes intoxicados con Vincristina.