RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a distribuição da proporção de mães adolescentes (PMA) no tempo e espaço e sua relação com indicadores socioeconômicos e vulnerabilidade social. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo ecológico com mães adolescentes residentes em 322 setores censitários de Foz do Iguaçu (PR) entre 2013 e 2019. Aglomerados espaciais de mães adolescentes foram identificados por varredura espacial e agrupados em estratos com diferentes prevalências. Avaliou-se a associação entre esses estratos e a vulnerabilidade social individual das mães pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Ajustaram-se modelos de regressão linear para avaliar associação entre a PMA e fatores socioeconômicos por setor censitário e tendência temporal da PMA nos diferentes estratos. Resultados: Identificaram-se cinco aglomerados de alta prevalência nas regiões periféricas e seis de baixa na região central do município. Proporcionalmente houve mais mães adolescentes com pior índice de vulnerabilidade no estrato de alta prevalência do que no de baixa. Locais com piores condições socioeconômicas apresentaram maior PMA, perfil que não mudou ao longo do tempo. Para o aumento de uma unidade do Índice Brasileiro de Privação e da proporção de mulheres responsáveis por domicílio, a PMA aumentou respectivamente 3,8 (IC95% 3,1–4,4) e 0,086% (IC95% 0,03–0,14). Houve uma redução na PMA global em parte do período, que ocorreu mais tardiamente nos estratos de maior prevalência, mas as proporções voltaram a ficar estáveis nos últimos anos de estudo. Conclusão: A gravidez na adolescência se concentra em regiões de pior condição socioeconômica e com maior vulnerabilidade materna e seu comportamento no tempo ocorreu, nessas áreas, de modo distinto. Objetivo (PMA Métodos Realizouse Realizou 32 PR (PR 201 2019 prevalências Avaliouse Avaliou quiquadrado qui quadrado Pearson Ajustaramse Ajustaram Resultados Identificaramse Identificaram município domicílio 38 3 8 3, IC95% IC95 IC (IC95 3,1–4,4 3144 1 4 0086 0 086 0,086 0,03–0,14. 003014 0,03–0,14 . 03 14 0,03–0,14) período Conclusão áreas distinto 20 IC9 (IC9 3,1–4, 314 008 08 0,08 00301 0,03–0,1 2 (IC 3,1–4 31 00 0,0 0030 0,03–0, 3,1– 0, 003 0,03–0 3,1 0,03– 0,03

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the distribution of the proportion of teenage mothers (PTM) in time and space and its relationship with socioeconomic indicators and social vulnerability. Methods: An ecological study was carried out with teenage mothers living in 322 census tracts in Foz do Iguaçu (state of Paraná, Brazil) between 2013 and 2019. Spatial clusters of teenage mothers were identified by spatial scanning and grouped into strata with different prevalence. The association between these strata and the individual social vulnerability of the mothers was evaluated using the Pearson's Chi-square test. Linear regression models were adjusted to evaluate the association between PTM and socioeconomic factors by census tract and temporal trend in PTM in different strata. Results: We identified five high prevalence clusters in peripheral regions and six with low prevalence in the central region of the municipality. Proportionally, there were more teenage mothers with a worse vulnerability index in the high prevalence stratum than in the low prevalence stratum. Places with worse socioeconomic conditions present higher PTM, a profile that did not change over time. For the increase of one unit in the Brazilian Deprivation Index and proportion of women responsible for the household, the PTM increased, respectively, by 3.8 (95%CI 3.1–4.4) and 0.086% (95%CI 0.03–0.14). There was a reduction in the global PTM in part of the period, which occurred later in the higher prevalence strata, but the proportions were stable again in the last years of study. Conclusion: Teenage pregnancy is concentrated in regions with worse socioeconomic conditions and greater maternal vulnerability and its behavior over time occurred differently in these areas. Objective (PTM Methods 32 state Paraná Brazil 201 2019 Pearsons Pearson s Chisquare Chi square test Results municipality Proportionally household increased respectively 38 3 8 3. 95%CI 95CI CI 95 3.1–4.4 3144 1 4 0086 0 086 0.086 0.03–0.14. 003014 0.03–0.14 . 03 14 0.03–0.14) period Conclusion areas 20 9 3.1–4. 314 008 08 0.08 00301 0.03–0.1 2 3.1–4 31 00 0.0 0030 0.03–0. 3.1– 0. 003 0.03–0 3.1 0.03– 0.03

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a distribuição da proporção de mães adolescentes (PMA) no tempo e espaço e sua relação com indicadores socioeconômicos e vulnerabilidade social. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo ecológico com mães adolescentes residentes em 322 setores censitários de Foz do Iguaçu (PR) entre 2013 e 2019. Aglomerados espaciais de mães adolescentes foram identificados por varredura espacial e agrupados em estratos com diferentes prevalências. Avaliou-se a associação entre esses estratos e a vulnerabilidade social individual das mães pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Ajustaram-se modelos de regressão linear para avaliar associação entre a PMA e fatores socioeconômicos por setor censitário e tendência temporal da PMA nos diferentes estratos. Resultados: Identificaram-se cinco aglomerados de alta prevalência nas regiões periféricas e seis de baixa na região central do município. Proporcionalmente houve mais mães adolescentes com pior índice de vulnerabilidade no estrato de alta prevalência do que no de baixa. Locais com piores condições socioeconômicas apresentaram maior PMA, perfil que não mudou ao longo do tempo. Para o aumento de uma unidade do Índice Brasileiro de Privação e da proporção de mulheres responsáveis por domicílio, a PMA aumentou respectivamente 3,8 (IC95% 3,1–4,4) e 0,086% (IC95% 0,03–0,14). Houve uma redução na PMA global em parte do período, que ocorreu mais tardiamente nos estratos de maior prevalência, mas as proporções voltaram a ficar estáveis nos últimos anos de estudo. Conclusão: A gravidez na adolescência se concentra em regiões de pior condição socioeconômica e com maior vulnerabilidade materna e seu comportamento no tempo ocorreu, nessas áreas, de modo distinto.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the distribution of the proportion of teenage mothers (PTM) in time and space and its relationship with socioeconomic indicators and social vulnerability. Methods: An ecological study was carried out with teenage mothers living in 322 census tracts in Foz do Iguaçu (state of Paraná, Brazil) between 2013 and 2019. Spatial clusters of teenage mothers were identified by spatial scanning and grouped into strata with different prevalence. The association between these strata and the individual social vulnerability of the mothers was evaluated using the Pearson's Chi-square test. Linear regression models were adjusted to evaluate the association between PTM and socioeconomic factors by census tract and temporal trend in PTM in different strata. Results: We identified five high prevalence clusters in peripheral regions and six with low prevalence in the central region of the municipality. Proportionally, there were more teenage mothers with a worse vulnerability index in the high prevalence stratum than in the low prevalence stratum. Places with worse socioeconomic conditions present higher PTM, a profile that did not change over time. For the increase of one unit in the Brazilian Deprivation Index and proportion of women responsible for the household, the PTM increased, respectively, by 3.8 (95%CI 3.1–4.4) and 0.086% (95%CI 0.03–0.14). There was a reduction in the global PTM in part of the period, which occurred later in the higher prevalence strata, but the proportions were stable again in the last years of study. Conclusion: Teenage pregnancy is concentrated in regions with worse socioeconomic conditions and greater maternal vulnerability and its behavior over time occurred differently in these areas.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a evolução espaço-temporal da mortalidade por acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em Minas Gerais, 1980 a 2021. Métodos Estudo ecológico, com dados agregados por microrregião. Na análise de tendência, foi utilizada regressão linear segmentada; na análise espacial, mapas com taxas quinquenais e estatística scan. Resultados Ocorreram 392.521 mortes por AVC (taxa de 52,6/100 mil habitantes-ano). Todas as taxas (bruta, ajustada, por faixas etárias) apresentaram tendência de diminuição, com velocidade menor na taxa bruta (variação percentual anual [VPA] = -0,70) e maior na faixa etária de 20 a 39 anos (VPA = -4,48). Foi identificado um conglomerado no sul com taxas altas (1980-1999; risco relativo [RR] = 2,06), e no noroeste, com taxas baixas (2008-2021; RR = 0,59). A diminuição foi mais intensa no sul (VPA = -3,64). Conclusão Verificou-se tendência de diminuição da mortalidade por AVC. A identificação de conglomerados e áreas com maior risco no nordeste do estado, nos últimos anos, merece atenção dos gestores.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar la evolución espacio-temporal de la mortalidad por accidentes cerebrovasculares (ACV) en Minas Gerais, 1980-2021. Métodos estudio ecológico, con datos por microrregión. En el análisis de tendencia se utilizó regresión lineal segmentada, en el análisis espacial estadística scan. Resultados Hubo 392.521 muertes por ACV (tasa de 52,6/100.000-años). Todas las tasas (bruta, ajustada, grupos de edad) indicaron una tendencia decreciente, con menor velocidad en tasa bruta (Variación Porcentual Anual [VPA] = -0,70), mayor en el grupo de 20-39 años (VPA = -4,48). Se identificó un conglomerado con tasas altas en el sur (1980-1999; Riesgo Relativo [RR] = 2,06) y uno con tasas bajas en el noroeste (2008-2021; RR = 0,59). El descenso fue más intenso en el sur (VPA = -3,64). Conclusión Se observó tendencia de disminución de mortalidad. La identificación de conglomerados y áreas con mayores tasas en el noreste en los últimos años merece la atención de los gestores.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze spatio-temporal evolution of stroke mortality in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, 1980-2021. Methods Ecological study with aggregated data by micro-region. Segmented linear regression was used for trend analysis; maps with rates per five-year period and scan statistics were used for spatial analysis. Results There were 392,521 stroke-related deaths (rate of 52.6/100,000-year). All rates (crude, adjusted, by age group) showed a decreasing trend, less so in the crude rate (Annual Percent Change [APC] = -0.70) and a faster decrease in the 20-39 age group (APC = -4.48). A high-rate cluster was identified in the southern region (1980-1999; Relative Risk [RR] = 2.06), and a low-rate cluster in the northwest (2008-2021; RR = 0.59). The most significant decrease occurred in the south (APC = -3.64). Conclusion Stroke mortality showed a decreasing trend. Clusters and areas with higher rates identified in the northeast in recent years require attention by service managers.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a evolução espaço-temporal da mortalidade por acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em Minas Gerais, 1980 a 2021. Métodos Estudo ecológico, com dados agregados por microrregião. Na análise de tendência, foi utilizada regressão linear segmentada; na análise espacial, mapas com taxas quinquenais e estatística scan. Resultados Ocorreram 392.521 mortes por AVC (taxa de 52,6/100 mil habitantes-ano). Todas as taxas (bruta, ajustada, por faixas etárias) apresentaram tendência de diminuição, com velocidade menor na taxa bruta (variação percentual anual [VPA] = -0,70) e maior na faixa etária de 20 a 39 anos (VPA = -4,48). Foi identificado um conglomerado no sul com taxas altas (1980-1999; risco relativo [RR] = 2,06), e no noroeste, com taxas baixas (2008-2021; RR = 0,59). A diminuição foi mais intensa no sul (VPA = -3,64). Conclusão Verificou-se tendência de diminuição da mortalidade por AVC. A identificação de conglomerados e áreas com maior risco no nordeste do estado, nos últimos anos, merece atenção dos gestores. espaçotemporal espaço temporal (AVC Gerais 198 2021 ecológico microrregião segmentada espacial scan 392521 392 521 392.52 526100 52 6 100 52,6/10 habitantesano. habitantesano habitantes ano . habitantes-ano) bruta, (bruta ajustada etárias variação VPA [VPA 0,70 070 0 70 -0,70 2 3 4,48. 448 4,48 4 48 -4,48) 19801999 1999 (1980-1999 [RR 2,06, 206 2,06 , 06 2,06) noroeste 20082021 2008 (2008-2021 0,59. 059 0,59 59 0,59) 3,64. 364 3,64 64 -3,64) Verificouse Verificou se estado gestores 19 202 39252 392.5 52610 5 10 52,6/1 habitantes-ano 0,7 07 7 -0,7 44 4,4 -4,48 1980199 199 (1980-199 2,0 2008202 200 (2008-202 05 0,5 36 3,6 -3,64 1 3925 392. 5261 52,6/ 0, -0, 4, -4,4 198019 (1980-19 2, 200820 (2008-20 3, -3,6 526 52,6 -0 -4, 19801 (1980-1 20082 (2008-2 -3, 52, - -4 (1980- (2008- -3 (1980 (2008 (198 (200 (19 (20 (1 (2 (

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar la evolución espacio-temporal de la mortalidad por accidentes cerebrovasculares (ACV) en Minas Gerais, 1980-2021. Métodos estudio ecológico, con datos por microrregión. En el análisis de tendencia se utilizó regresión lineal segmentada, en el análisis espacial estadística scan. Resultados Hubo 392.521 muertes por ACV (tasa de 52,6/100.000-años). Todas las tasas (bruta, ajustada, grupos de edad) indicaron una tendencia decreciente, con menor velocidad en tasa bruta (Variación Porcentual Anual [VPA] = -0,70), mayor en el grupo de 20-39 años (VPA = -4,48). Se identificó un conglomerado con tasas altas en el sur (1980-1999; Riesgo Relativo [RR] = 2,06) y uno con tasas bajas en el noroeste (2008-2021; RR = 0,59). El descenso fue más intenso en el sur (VPA = -3,64). Conclusión Se observó tendencia de disminución de mortalidad. La identificación de conglomerados y áreas con mayores tasas en el noreste en los últimos años merece la atención de los gestores. espaciotemporal espacio temporal (ACV Gerais 19802021. 19802021 1980 2021. 2021 1980-2021 ecológico microrregión segmentada scan 392521 392 521 392.52 52,6/100.000años. 526100000años 52,6/100.000 . 52 6 100 000 52,6/100.000-años) bruta, (bruta ajustada edad decreciente Variación VPA [VPA 0,70, 070 0,70 , 0 70 -0,70) 2039 20 39 20-3 4,48. 448 4,48 4 48 -4,48) 19801999 1999 (1980-1999 [RR 2,06 206 2 06 20082021 2008 (2008-2021 0,59. 059 0,59 59 0,59) 3,64. 364 3,64 3 64 -3,64) gestores 1980202 198 202 1980-202 39252 392.5 000años 52,6/100.000años 526100000 52,6/100.00 5 10 00 52,6/100.000-años 07 0,7 7 -0,70 203 20- 44 4,4 -4,48 1980199 199 (1980-199 2,0 2008202 200 (2008-202 05 0,5 36 3,6 -3,64 198020 19 1980-20 3925 392. 52610000 52,6/100.0 1 0, -0,7 4, -4,4 198019 (1980-19 2, 200820 (2008-20 3, -3,6 19802 1980-2 5261000 52,6/100. -0, -4, 19801 (1980-1 20082 (2008-2 -3, 1980- 526100 52,6/100 -0 -4 (1980- (2008- -3 52610 52,6/10 - (1980 (2008 5261 52,6/1 (198 (200 526 52,6/ (19 (20 52,6 (1 (2 52, (

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze spatio-temporal evolution of stroke mortality in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, 1980-2021. Methods Ecological study with aggregated data by micro-region. Segmented linear regression was used for trend analysis; maps with rates per five-year period and scan statistics were used for spatial analysis. Results There were 392,521 stroke-related deaths (rate of 52.6/100,000-year). All rates (crude, adjusted, by age group) showed a decreasing trend, less so in the crude rate (Annual Percent Change [APC] = -0.70) and a faster decrease in the 20-39 age group (APC = -4.48). A high-rate cluster was identified in the southern region (1980-1999; Relative Risk [RR] = 2.06), and a low-rate cluster in the northwest (2008-2021; RR = 0.59). The most significant decrease occurred in the south (APC = -3.64). Conclusion Stroke mortality showed a decreasing trend. Clusters and areas with higher rates identified in the northeast in recent years require attention by service managers. spatiotemporal spatio temporal state Brazil 19802021. 19802021 1980 2021. 2021 1980-2021 microregion. microregion micro region. micro-region analysis fiveyear five year 392521 392 521 392,52 strokerelated related 52.6/100,000year. 526100000year 52.6/100,000 . 52 6 100 000 52.6/100,000-year) crude, (crude adjusted Annual APC [APC 0.70 070 0 70 -0.70 2039 20 39 20-3 4.48. 448 4.48 4 48 -4.48) highrate high 19801999 1999 (1980-1999 [RR 2.06, 206 2.06 , 2 06 2.06) lowrate low 20082021 2008 (2008-2021 0.59. 059 0.59 59 0.59) 3.64. 364 3.64 3 64 -3.64) managers 1980202 198 202 1980-202 39252 392,5 000year 52.6/100,000year 526100000 52.6/100,00 5 10 00 52.6/100,000-year 0.7 07 7 -0.7 203 20- 44 4.4 -4.48 1980199 199 (1980-199 2.0 2008202 200 (2008-202 05 0.5 36 3.6 -3.64 198020 19 1980-20 3925 392, 52610000 52.6/100,0 1 0. -0. 4. -4.4 198019 (1980-19 2. 200820 (2008-20 3. -3.6 19802 1980-2 5261000 52.6/100, -0 -4. 19801 (1980-1 20082 (2008-2 -3. 1980- 526100 52.6/100 - -4 (1980- (2008- -3 52610 52.6/10 (1980 (2008 5261 52.6/1 (198 (200 526 52.6/ (19 (20 52.6 (1 (2 52. (

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between covid-19 hospital mortality and risk factors, innovating by considering contextual and individual factors and spatial dependency and using data from the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS The study was performed with a spatial hierarchical retrospective cohort design using secondary data (individuals and contextual data) from hospitalized patients and their geographic unit residences. The study period corresponded to the first year of the pandemic, from February 25, 2020 to February 24, 2021. Mortality was modeled with the Bayesian context, Bernoulli probability distribution, and the integrated nested Laplace approximations. The demographic, distal, medial, and proximal covariates were considered. RESULTS We found that per capita income, a contextual covariate, was a protective factor (odds ratio: 0.76 [95% credible interval: 0.74–0.78]). After adjusting for income, the other adjustments revealed no differences in spatial dependence. Without income inequality in São Paulo, the spatial risk of death would be close to one in the city. Other factors associated with high covid-19 hospital mortality were male sex, advanced age, comorbidities, ventilation, treatment in public healthcare settings, and experiencing the first covid-19 symptoms between January 24 and February 24, 2021. CONCLUSIONS Other than sex and age differences, geographic income inequality was the main factor responsible for the spatial differences in the risk of covid-19 hospital mortality. Investing in public policies to reduce socioeconomic inequities, infection prevention, and other intersectoral measures should focus on lower per capita income, to control covid-19 hospital mortality. covid19 covid 19 covid-1 Paulo Brazil individuals residences pandemic 25 202 2021 context distribution approximations demographic distal medial considered covariate odds ratio 076 0 76 0.7 95% 95 [95 interval 0.74–0.78. 074078 0.74–0.78 . 74 78 0.74–0.78]) dependence comorbidities ventilation settings 2 inequities prevention covid1 1 covid- 20 07 7 0. 9 [9 07407 0.74–0.7 0.74–0.78] [ 0740 0.74–0. 074 0.74–0 0.74– 0.74

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between covid-19 hospital mortality and risk factors, innovating by considering contextual and individual factors and spatial dependency and using data from the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS The study was performed with a spatial hierarchical retrospective cohort design using secondary data (individuals and contextual data) from hospitalized patients and their geographic unit residences. The study period corresponded to the first year of the pandemic, from February 25, 2020 to February 24, 2021. Mortality was modeled with the Bayesian context, Bernoulli probability distribution, and the integrated nested Laplace approximations. The demographic, distal, medial, and proximal covariates were considered. RESULTS We found that per capita income, a contextual covariate, was a protective factor (odds ratio: 0.76 [95% credible interval: 0.74–0.78]). After adjusting for income, the other adjustments revealed no differences in spatial dependence. Without income inequality in São Paulo, the spatial risk of death would be close to one in the city. Other factors associated with high covid-19 hospital mortality were male sex, advanced age, comorbidities, ventilation, treatment in public healthcare settings, and experiencing the first covid-19 symptoms between January 24 and February 24, 2021. CONCLUSIONS Other than sex and age differences, geographic income inequality was the main factor responsible for the spatial differences in the risk of covid-19 hospital mortality. Investing in public policies to reduce socioeconomic inequities, infection prevention, and other intersectoral measures should focus on lower per capita income, to control covid-19 hospital mortality.

Resumo A leptospirose é uma zoonose que apresenta potencial epidêmico, principalmente após fortes chuvas que acarretam inundações, alagamentos e enxurradas. Algumas características da região costeira de Santa Catarina, localizada no Sul do Brasil, influenciam nesses processos. Portanto, a partir do estudo da leptospirose nos seis municípios do estado com as maiores incidências e picos epidêmicos de 2000 a 2015, buscou-se conhecer a tendência dessa doença e as variáveis climáticas e ambientais associadas à sua ocorrência, ajustando dois modelos com resposta binomial negativa. As maiores incidências foram encontradas em 2008 e 2011, com picos no mesmo mês ou no posterior aos eventos de desastres. A incidência apresentou forte comportamento sazonal, sendo maior nos meses do verão. Observou-se tendência de queda na incidência dos municípios estudados, estimada em 3,21% ao ano. Os fatores climáticos e ambientais mais fortemente associados foram o número de dias de chuva, a temperatura máxima e a presença de enxurrada e de inundação, com diferentes impactos entre os municípios. Houve interações significativas, indicando que o efeito de inundações na incidência não é o mesmo em todos os municípios e que as diferenças nas incidências entre os municípios dependem da ocorrência ou não de inundações.

Abstract Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with epidemic potential, especially after heavy rainfall causing river, urban and flash floods. Certain features of Santa Catarina’s coastal region influence these processes. Using negative binomial regression, we investigated trends in the incidence of leptospirosis in the six municipalities with the highest epidemic peaks between 2000 and 2015 and the climatic and environmental variables associated with the occurrence of the disease. Incidence was highest in 2008 and 2011, and peaks occurred in the same month or month after disasters. Incidence showed a strong seasonal trend, being higher in summer months. There was a decrease trend in incidence across the six municipalities (3.21% per year). The climatic and environmental factors that showed the strongest associations were number of rainy days, maximum temperature, presence of flash floods, and river flooding. The impact of these variables varied across the municipalities. Significant interactions were found, indicating that the effect of river flooding on incidence is not the same across all municipalities and differences in incidence between municipalities depend on the occurrence of river flooding.

ABSTRACT Since the reintroduction of dengue viruses in 1987, Sao Paulo State (SP), Brazil, has experienced recurrent epidemics in a growing number of municipalities, each time with more cases and deaths. In the present study, we investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of dengue-related deaths and associated factors in SP. This was an ecological study with spatial and temporal components, based on notified dengue-related deaths in the municipalities of SP between 2007 and 2017. A latent Gaussian Bayesian model with Poisson probability distribution was used to estimate the standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for dengue and relative risks (RR) for the socioeconomic, demographic, healthcare-related, and epidemiological factors considered. Epidemiological factors included the annual information on the number of circulating serotypes. A total of 1,019 dengue-related deaths (0.22 per 100,000 inhabitant-years) between 2007 and 2017 were confirmed in SP by laboratory testing. Mortality increased with age, peaking at 70 years or older (1.41 deaths per 100,000 inhabitant-years). Mortality was highest in 2015, and the highest SMR values were found in the North, Northwest, West, and coastal regions of SP. An increase of one circulating serotype, one standard deviation in the number of years with cases, and one standard deviation in the degree of urbanization were associated with increases of 75, 35, and 45% in the risk of death from dengue, respectively. The risk of death from dengue increased with age, and the distribution of deaths was heterogeneous in space and time. The positive relationship found between the number of dengue serotypes circulating and years with cases at the municipality/micro-region level indicates that this information can be used to identify risk areas, intensify surveillance and control measures, and organize healthcare to better respond to this disease.

Resumo A leptospirose é uma zoonose que apresenta potencial epidêmico, principalmente após fortes chuvas que acarretam inundações, alagamentos e enxurradas. Algumas características da região costeira de Santa Catarina, localizada no Sul do Brasil, influenciam nesses processos. Portanto, a partir do estudo da leptospirose nos seis municípios do estado com as maiores incidências e picos epidêmicos de 2000 a 2015, buscou-se conhecer a tendência dessa doença e as variáveis climáticas e ambientais associadas à sua ocorrência, ajustando dois modelos com resposta binomial negativa. As maiores incidências foram encontradas em 2008 e 2011, com picos no mesmo mês ou no posterior aos eventos de desastres. A incidência apresentou forte comportamento sazonal, sendo maior nos meses do verão. Observou-se tendência de queda na incidência dos municípios estudados, estimada em 3,21% ao ano. Os fatores climáticos e ambientais mais fortemente associados foram o número de dias de chuva, a temperatura máxima e a presença de enxurrada e de inundação, com diferentes impactos entre os municípios. Houve interações significativas, indicando que o efeito de inundações na incidência não é o mesmo em todos os municípios e que as diferenças nas incidências entre os municípios dependem da ocorrência ou não de inundações.

Abstract Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with epidemic potential, especially after heavy rainfall causing river, urban and flash floods. Certain features of Santa Catarina’s coastal region influence these processes. Using negative binomial regression, we investigated trends in the incidence of leptospirosis in the six municipalities with the highest epidemic peaks between 2000 and 2015 and the climatic and environmental variables associated with the occurrence of the disease. Incidence was highest in 2008 and 2011, and peaks occurred in the same month or month after disasters. Incidence showed a strong seasonal trend, being higher in summer months. There was a decrease trend in incidence across the six municipalities (3.21% per year). The climatic and environmental factors that showed the strongest associations were number of rainy days, maximum temperature, presence of flash floods, and river flooding. The impact of these variables varied across the municipalities. Significant interactions were found, indicating that the effect of river flooding on incidence is not the same across all municipalities and differences in incidence between municipalities depend on the occurrence of river flooding.

ABSTRACT Dengue fever is re-emerging worldwide, however the reasons of this new emergence are not fully understood. Our goal was to report the incidence of dengue in one of the most populous States of Brazil, and to assess the high-risk areas using a spatial and spatio-temporal annual models including geoclimatic, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. An ecological study with both, a spatial and a temporal component was carried out in Sao Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil, between January 1st, 2007 and December 31st, 2019. Crude and Bayesian empirical rates of dengue cases following by Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR) were calculated considering the municipalities as the analytical units and using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation in a Bayesian context. A total of 2,027,142 cases of dengue were reported during the studied period. The spatial model allocated the municipalities in four groups according to the SIR values: (I) SIR<0.8; (II) SIR 0.8<1.2; (III) SIR 1.2<2.0 and SIR>2.0 identified the municipalities with higher risk for dengue outbreaks. “Hot spots” are shown in the thematic maps. Significant correlations between SIR and two climate variables, two demographic variables and one socioeconomical variable were found. No significant correlations were found in the spatio-temporal model. The incidence of dengue exhibited an inconstant and unpredictable variation every year. The highest rates of dengue are concentrated in geographical clusters with lower surface pressure, rainfall and altitude, but also in municipalities with higher degree of urbanization and better socioeconomic conditions. Nevertheless, annual consolidated variations in climatic features do not influence in the epidemic yearly pattern of dengue in southeastern Brazil.

O câncer de mama é o tipo de câncer mais diagnosticado e a principal causa de morte por câncer na população feminina. As mamografias de rastreamento e o tratamento precoce são geralmente os meios mais utilizados na tentativa de reduzir essa mortalidade e são incentivados no Outubro Rosa, uma campanha de divulgação anual. Contudo, estudos recentes têm relacionado o aumento do rastreamento com uma maior morbimortalidade em razão do sobrediagnóstico e do sobretratamento. No presente estudo, avaliaram-se as buscas relativas ao câncer de mama e à mamografia no Google Trends, entre 2004 e 2019, em termos da tendência, da sazonalidade e da distribuição nas Unidades Federativas brasileiras. Avaliou-se também a correlação entre a quantidade de buscas no Google Trends e a quantidade de exames de rastreamento mamográfico. As duas séries tiveram um padrão sazonal com picos em outubro, e houve excesso de exames realizados fora da faixa etária recomendada. O Outubro Rosa transmitiu informações de saúde, as popularizou e induziu comportamentos relativos a informações transmitidas; três aspectos desejáveis na comunicação e na educação em saúde. Porém, gerou um excesso de mamografias de rastreamento e não incentivou a autonomia e o consentimento livre e esclarecido. O Outubro Rosa mostrou o potencial da comunicação em saúde para massas e a necessidade de que as mensagens sejam alinhadas com as melhores evidências científicas.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed type of cancer and is the leading cause of death from cancer in the female population. Screening mammograms and early treatment are the most frequently used means to attempt to reduce this mortality and are promoted during Pink October, an annual awareness-raising campaign. However, recent studies have correlated the increase in screening with higher morbidity and mortality, due to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. The current study assessed searches related to breast cancer and mammogram in Google Trends from 2004 to 2019 in terms of trend, seasonality, and distribution in Brazilian states. The study also evaluatedH the correlation between the number of searches in Google Trends and the number of screening mammograms. The two series showed a seasonal pattern with peaks in October, and there was an excess in tests performed outside the recommended age bracket. Pink October transmitted and popularized health information and induced behaviors related to this information, which are three desirable aspects in health communication and education. However, the campaign also generated an excess in screening mammograms and did not encourage autonomy and free and informed consent. Pink October revealed both the potential of mass communication in health and the need for messages to be aligned with the best available scientific evidence.

El cáncer de mama es el tipo de cáncer más diagnosticado y la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en la población femenina. Las mamografías de rastreo y el tratamiento precoz son generalmente los medios más utilizados en la tentativa de reducir esa mortalidad, y son incentivados en el Octubre Rosa, una campaña de divulgación anual. No obstante, estudios recientes han relacionado el aumento del rastreo con una mayor morbimortalidad, debido al sobrediagnóstico y al sobretratamiento. En el presente estudio se evaluaron las búsquedas relativas al cáncer de mama, y a la mamografía en Google Trends entre 2004 y 2019, en términos de tendencia, de estacionalidad y de su distribución en las Unidades Federativas brasileñas. Se evaluó también la correlación entre la cantidad de búsquedas en Google Trends y la cantidad de exámenes de rastreo mamográfico. Las dos series tuvieron un patrón estacional con picos en octubre, y hubo un exceso de exámenes realizados fuera de la franja etaria recomendada. Octubre Rosa transmitió información de salud, la popularizó e indujo a comportamientos relacionados con la información transmitida; tres aspectos deseables en la comunicación y educación en salud. Sin embargo, generó un exceso de mamografías de rastreo y no incentivó la autonomía y el consentimiento libre e informado. Octubre Rosa mostró el potencial de la comunicación en salud para las masas y la necesidad de que los mensajes estén alineados con mejores evidencias científicas.

El cáncer de mama es el tipo de cáncer más diagnosticado y la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en la población femenina. Las mamografías de rastreo y el tratamiento precoz son generalmente los medios más utilizados en la tentativa de reducir esa mortalidad, y son incentivados en el Octubre Rosa, una campaña de divulgación anual. No obstante, estudios recientes han relacionado el aumento del rastreo con una mayor morbimortalidad, debido al sobrediagnóstico y al sobretratamiento. En el presente estudio se evaluaron las búsquedas relativas al cáncer de mama, y a la mamografía en Google Trends entre 2004 y 2019, en términos de tendencia, de estacionalidad y de su distribución en las Unidades Federativas brasileñas. Se evaluó también la correlación entre la cantidad de búsquedas en Google Trends y la cantidad de exámenes de rastreo mamográfico. Las dos series tuvieron un patrón estacional con picos en octubre, y hubo un exceso de exámenes realizados fuera de la franja etaria recomendada. Octubre Rosa transmitió información de salud, la popularizó e indujo a comportamientos relacionados con la información transmitida; tres aspectos deseables en la comunicación y educación en salud. Sin embargo, generó un exceso de mamografías de rastreo y no incentivó la autonomía y el consentimiento libre e informado. Octubre Rosa mostró el potencial de la comunicación en salud para las masas y la necesidad de que los mensajes estén alineados con mejores evidencias científicas.

O câncer de mama é o tipo de câncer mais diagnosticado e a principal causa de morte por câncer na população feminina. As mamografias de rastreamento e o tratamento precoce são geralmente os meios mais utilizados na tentativa de reduzir essa mortalidade e são incentivados no Outubro Rosa, uma campanha de divulgação anual. Contudo, estudos recentes têm relacionado o aumento do rastreamento com uma maior morbimortalidade em razão do sobrediagnóstico e do sobretratamento. No presente estudo, avaliaram-se as buscas relativas ao câncer de mama e à mamografia no Google Trends, entre 2004 e 2019, em termos da tendência, da sazonalidade e da distribuição nas Unidades Federativas brasileiras. Avaliou-se também a correlação entre a quantidade de buscas no Google Trends e a quantidade de exames de rastreamento mamográfico. As duas séries tiveram um padrão sazonal com picos em outubro, e houve excesso de exames realizados fora da faixa etária recomendada. O Outubro Rosa transmitiu informações de saúde, as popularizou e induziu comportamentos relativos a informações transmitidas; três aspectos desejáveis na comunicação e na educação em saúde. Porém, gerou um excesso de mamografias de rastreamento e não incentivou a autonomia e o consentimento livre e esclarecido. O Outubro Rosa mostrou o potencial da comunicação em saúde para massas e a necessidade de que as mensagens sejam alinhadas com as melhores evidências científicas.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed type of cancer and is the leading cause of death from cancer in the female population. Screening mammograms and early treatment are the most frequently used means to attempt to reduce this mortality and are promoted during Pink October, an annual awareness-raising campaign. However, recent studies have correlated the increase in screening with higher morbidity and mortality, due to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. The current study assessed searches related to breast cancer and mammogram in Google Trends from 2004 to 2019 in terms of trend, seasonality, and distribution in Brazilian states. The study also evaluatedH the correlation between the number of searches in Google Trends and the number of screening mammograms. The two series showed a seasonal pattern with peaks in October, and there was an excess in tests performed outside the recommended age bracket. Pink October transmitted and popularized health information and induced behaviors related to this information, which are three desirable aspects in health communication and education. However, the campaign also generated an excess in screening mammograms and did not encourage autonomy and free and informed consent. Pink October revealed both the potential of mass communication in health and the need for messages to be aligned with the best available scientific evidence.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Use of antibiotic and bacterial resistance is the result of a complex interaction not completely understood. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of entire antimicrobial use (community plus hospitals) on the incidence of bloodstream infections in intensive care units adjusted by socioeconomic factors, quality of healthcare, and access to the healthcare system. Design: Ecologic study using a hierarchical spatial model. Setting: Data obtained from 309 hospitals located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil from 2008 to 2011. Participants: Intensive care units located at participant hospitals. Outcome: Hospital acquired bloodstream infection caused by MDRO in ICU patients was our primary outcome and data were retrieved from São Paulo Health State Department. Socioeconomic and healthcare indexes data were obtained from IBGE (Brazilian Foundation in charge of national decennial census) and SEADE (São Paulo Planning and Development Department). Information on antimicrobial sales were obtained from IMS Brazil. We divided antibiotics into four different groups (1-4). Results: We observed a direct association between the use of group 1 of antibiotics and the incidences of bloodstream infections caused by MRSA (1.12; 1.04-1.20), and CR-Acinetobacter sp. (1.19; 1.10-1.29). Groups 2 and 4 were directly associated to VRE (1.72; 1.13-2.39 and 2.22; 1.62-2.98, respectively). Group 2 was inversely associated to MRSA (0.87; 0.78-0.96) and CR-Acinetobacter sp. (0.79; 0.62-0.97). Group 3 was inversely associated to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.69; 0.45-0.98), MRSA (0.85; 0.72-0.97) and VRE (0.48; 0.21-0.84). No association was observed for third generation cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Conclusions: The association between entire antibiotic use and resistance in ICU was poor and not consistent for all combinations of antimicrobial groups and pathogens even after adjusted by socioeconomic indexes. Selective pressure exerted at the community level seemed not to affect the incidences of MDRO infection observed in intensive care setting.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Brazil that can become an epidemic during the rainy season resulting from floods in areas susceptible to natural disasters. These areas are widespread in Santa Catarina, particularly in the coastal region. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify environmental, climatic, and demographic factors associated with the incidence of leptospirosis in the municipalities of Santa Catarina from 2001 to 2015, taking into account possible spatial dependence. METHODS: This was an ecological study aggregated by municipality. To evaluate the association between the incidence of leptospirosis and the factors under study (temperature, altitude, occurrence of natural disasters, etc.) while taking into account spatial dependence, linear regression models and models with global spatial error were used. RESULTS: Lower altitudes, higher temperatures, and areas of natural disaster risk in the municipality contributed the most to explaining the variability in the incidence rate. After taking spatial dependence into account, only the minimum altitude variable remained significant. The regions of lower altitude, where the highest rates of leptospirosis were recorded, corresponded to the eastern portion of the state near the coastal region, where floods, urban floods, and overflows are common occurrences. No associations were found concerning demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of leptospirosis in Santa Catarina was associated with environmental factors, particularly low altitude, even when considering the spatial dependence structure present in the data. The spatial error model allowed for adequate modeling of spatial autocorrelation.

A leishmaniose visceral é uma doença emergente e negligenciada em processo de expansão para áreas urbanas. A incidência da doença humana está relacionada com a infecção canina. Araçatuba e Birigui são municípios do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, com soroprevalência da infecção canina de 8 a 10%, que empregam estratégias de controle voltadas ao reservatório canino baseado em inquérito sorológico e eutanásia dos cães soropositivos. Usando dados desses programas de controle para parametrizar modelos matemáticos, este estudo avaliou a eficácia dessas atividades. Estimamos que o controle atualmente empregado é capaz de reduzir em cerca de 20% a incidência de casos de leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC). Considerando-se um controle contínuo e um esforço das atividades de inquérito sorológico igual ao triplo da média do observado em Araçatuba e Birigui, a atividade de eutanásia de cães com diagnóstico positivo seria efetiva para o controle da infecção canina. Embora teoricamente possível, na prática, o controle da LVC com as estratégias preconizadas atualmente é insuficiente, pois exigiria superpor dificuldades enfrentadas por estas atividades como falta de recursos materiais, humanos e financeiros, além das questões éticas e jurídicas associadas.

Visceral leishmaniasis is an emerging and neglected disease that is currently expanding to urban areas. The incidence of human disease is related to canine infection. Araçatuba and Birigui are municipalities (counties) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with 8-10% seroprevalence of canine infection and that employ control strategies targeting the canine reservoir, based on serological survey and culling of seropositive dogs. Using data from these control programs to parameterize mathematical models, this study assessed the efficacy of these activities. We estimated that current control is capable of reducing the incidence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) by approximately 20%. Assuming continuous control and three times the current serological survey activities in Araçatuba and Birigui, culling dogs with a positive CVL diagnosis would be effective for the control of canine infection. Although theoretically possible, in practice the control of CVL with the currently recommended strategies is insufficient, since it would require overcoming the difficulties in these activities, such as lack of material, human, and financial resources, besides associated ethical and legal issues.

La leishmaniasis visceral es una enfermedad emergente y pasada por alto en proceso de expansión hacia áreas urbanas. La incidencia de la enfermedad humana está relacionada con la infección canina. Araçatuba y Birigui son municipios del estado de São Paulo, Brasil, con una seroprevalencia de infección canina de un 8 a un 10% que emplean estrategias de control dirigidas al reservorio canino, basado en una encuesta serológica y eutanasia de los perros seropositivos. Usando datos de esos programas de control para proporcionar parámetros en modelos matemáticos, este estudio evaluó la eficacia de esas actividades. Estimamos que el control actualmente empleado es capaz de reducir cerca de un 20% la incidencia de casos de leishmaniasis visceral canina (LVC). Si se considera un control continuo y un esfuerzo de las actividades de encuesta serológica igual al triple de la media de lo observado en Araçatuba y Birigui, la actividad de eutanasia de perros con diagnóstico positivo sería efectiva para el control de la infección canina. A pesar de que teóricamente es posible, en la práctica el control de la LVC con las estrategias preconizadas actualmente es insuficiente, puesto que exigiría superar dificultades a las que se enfrentan estas actividades como la falta de recursos materiales, humanos y financieros, además de las cuestiones éticas y jurídicas asociadas.