ABSTRACT Sugarcane (Saccharum L. spp. hybrids) is a globally important crop. While roots contribute to its net primary production, knowledge of sugarcane root growth is incomplete and limited in scope. The objective of this study was to determine cumulative root density (LA), root distribution, effective rooting depth (ERD), and root growth rate for four sugarcane genotypes across three crop cycles (plant cane [PC], first ratoon [FR], and second ratoon [SR]). The experiment was conducted in a rain shelter on four sugarcane genotypes (ROC22, YZ04-241, YZ05-194, and YZ05-51) using minirhizotron tubes to a soil profile depth of 1.08 m. Most roots in were found at 0–0.36 m-depth, and about 85.0% were within a 0–0.72 m depth in PC. In FR and SR, however, > 81.8% of roots were found at 0–0.54 m-depth regardless of genotype. The LA of ROC22 was often significantly higher than that of the other genotypes at depths < 0.54 m regardless of crop cycle. The genotype ROC22 had greater root length and faster root growth rate than YZ05-194 at 0.18–0.36 m in PC and FR, while SR YZ05-194 had slower root growth than the other genotypes at 0–0.18m. Ratooning ability of sugarcane genotypes may be related to these root growth attributes.

Abstract This study aimed to identify potential therapeutic targets in osteosarcoma (OS) through the network analysis of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMIs) and mRNAs (DEMs) were identified between OS cell lines and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from the data deposited under GSE70415 using limma package. Functional analysis of DEMs was performed using DAVID and clusterProfiler to identify significantly enriched Gene Ontology biological processes and KEGG pathways, respectively. The DEMI-DEM interaction network was constructed using Cytoscape. LncRNA–miRNA interactions were predicted using starBase database. The ceRNA regulatory network was constructed by integrating mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs, and functional enrichment analysis was performed for the genes involved. The analysis revealed a total of 326 DEMs and 54 DEMIs between OS cells and hMSCs. We identified several novel therapeutic targets involved in the progression and metastasis of OS, such as CBX7, RAD9A, SNHG7 and miR-34a-5p. The miRNA, miR-543 (target gene: CBX7) was found to be associated with the pathway Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis. Using the ceRNA network, we established the following regulatory interactions: NEAT1/miR-543/CBX7, SNHG7/miR-34a-5p/RAD9A, and XIST/miR-34a-5p/RAD9A. CBX7, RAD9A, lncRNA SNHG7, miR-543, and miR-34a-5p may be explored as novel therapeutic targets for treatment of OS.

Abstract Though China looms large in the Mexican consciousness as an economic competitor, the same is not the same from the Chinese perspective. This study of the reporting of Mexico in China reflects on the lack of understanding of Mexico in China other than as a function of China’s international political economy. Though the prospects for greater cooperation may appear significant, the likelihood of this happening should clearly not be exaggerated. Mexico-China relations are asymmetrical and likely to stay that way for some time. Mexico’s value to China lies in its relationship to the USA, and not for anything intrinsic in the Mexican economy or society.

Resumen Aunque China ocupa un lugar preponderante en la conciencia mexicana como competidor económico, no es lo mismo desde la perspectiva china. Este estudio de los informes de México en China refleja la falta de comprensión de México en China, aparte de como una función de la economía política internacional de China. Si bien las perspectivas de una mayor cooperación pueden parecer importantes, la probabilidad de que esto ocurra no debe ser exagerada. Las relaciones México-China son asimétricas y es probable que se mantengan así por algún tiempo. El valor de México para China radica en su relación con los Estados Unidos, y no en nada intrínseco a la economía o la sociedad mexicana.

Abstract Background: Prognosis remains one of most crucial determinants of gastric cancer (GC) treatment, but current methods do not predict prognosis accurately. Identification of additional biomarkers is urgently required to identify patients at risk of poor prognoses. Methods: Tissue microarrays were used to measure expression of nine GC-associated proteins in GC tissue and normal gastric tissue samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis of microarray data and feature selection for factors associated with survival were performed. Based on these data, prognostic scoring models were established to predict clinical outcomes. Finally, ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used to identify a biological GC network. Results: Eight proteins were upregulated in GC tissues versus normal gastric tissues. Hierarchical cluster analysis and feature selection showed that overall survival was worse in cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)2, Akt1, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), Notch4, and phosphorylated (p)-protein kinase C (PKC) α/β2 immunopositive patients than in patients that were immunonegative for these proteins. Risk score models based on these five proteins and clinicopathological characteristics were established to determine prognoses of GC patients. These proteins were found to be involved in cancer related-signaling pathways and upstream regulators were identified. Conclusion: This study identified proteins that can be used as clinical biomarkers and established a risk score model based on these proteins and clinicopathological characteristics to assess GC prognosis.

Abstract Background: Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is the main cause of pediatric brain tumor death. This study was designed to identify key genes associated with DIPG. Methods: The gene expression profile GSE50021, which consisted of 35 pediatric DIPG samples and 10 normal brain samples, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by limma package. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed by the DAVID tool. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and transcription factor (TF)-microRNA (miRNA)-target gene network were constructed using Cytoscape. Moreover, the expression levels of several genes were validated in human glioma cell line U251 and normal glia HEB cells through real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: A total of 378 DEGs were screened (74 up-regulated and 304 down-regulated genes). In the PPI network, GRM1, HTR2A, GRM7 and GRM2 had higher degrees. Besides, GRM1 and HTR2A were significantly enriched in the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, and calcium signaling pathway. In addition, TFAP2C was a significant down-regulated functional gene and hsa-miR-26b-5p had a higher degree in the TF-miRNA-target gene network. PCR analysis revealed that GRM7 and HTR2A were significantly downregulated while TFAP2C was upregulated in U251 cells compared with that in HEB cells (p < 0.001). GRM2 was not detected in cells. Conclusions: GRM1 and HTR2A might function in DIPG through the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway and the calcium signaling pathway. Furthermore, the TFAP2C and hsa-miR-26b-5p might play important roles in the development and progression mechanisms of DIPG.

RESUMO Objetivo Estendemos o modelo EPIC da Organização Mundial da Saúde e aplicamos para analisar o impacto macroeconômico das doenças não transmissíveis (DNT) e as condições de saúde mental na Costa Rica, Jamaica e Peru. Métodos O modelo EPIC quantifica o impacto das DNT e condições de saúde mental na produção agregada unicamente através do efeito de condições crônicas na oferta de trabalho devido à mortalidade. Em contrapartida, a estrutura ampliada EPIC-H Plus também incorpora reduções na oferta de trabalho efetiva devido à morbidade e aos efeitos negativos das despesas de saúde na produção através do desvio de poupanças produtivas e redução da acumulação de capital. Aplicamos essa metodologia à Costa Rica, Jamaica e Peru e estimamos a perda de produto interno bruto devido a quatro DNT (doenças cardiovasculares, câncer, doenças respiratórias crônicas e diabetes) e condições de saúde mental nesses países de 2015 a 2030. Também estimamos as perdas de todas as DNT e condições de saúde mental combinadas. Resultados No geral, nossos resultados mostram perdas totais associadas a todas as DNT e condições de saúde mental no período 2015–2030 de USD 81,96 bilhões (USD de 2015) para a Costa Rica, USD 18,45 bilhões para a Jamaica e USD 477,33 bilhões para o Peru. Existe variação moderada na magnitude da carga das doenças para os três países. Na Costa Rica e no Peru, as doenças respiratórias e as condições de saúde mental são dois principais contribuintes para a perda de produção, enquanto na Jamaica, a doença cardiovascular sozinha representa 20,8% da perda total, seguida de câncer. Conclusões Esses resultados indicam que o impacto econômico das doenças não transmissíveis e as condições de saúde mental são substanciais e que as intervenções para reduzir a prevalência de condições crônicas em países da América Latina e do Caribe são benéficos em relação ao custo.

ABSTRACT Objective We extend the EPIC model of the World Health Organization (WHO) and apply it to analyze the macroeconomic impact of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health conditions in Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Peru. Methods The EPIC model quantifies the impact of NCDs and mental health conditions on aggregate output solely through the effect of chronic conditions on labor supply due to mortality. In contrast, the expanded EPIC-H Plus framework also incorporates reductions in effective labor supply due to morbidity and negative effects of health expenditure on output via the diversion of productive savings and reduced capital accumulation. We apply this methodology to Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Peru and estimate gross domestic product (GDP) output lost due to four leading NCDs (cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes) and mental health conditions in these countries from 2015 to 2030. We also estimate losses from all NCDs and mental health conditions combined. Results Overall, our results show total losses associated with all NCDs and mental health conditions over the period 2015–2030 of US$ 81.96 billion (2015 US$) for Costa Rica, US$ 18.45 billion for Jamaica, and US$ 477.33 billion for Peru. Moderate variation exists in the magnitude of the burdens of diseases for the three countries. In Costa Rica and Peru, respiratory disease and mental health conditions are two leading contributors to lost output, while in Jamaica, cardiovascular disease alone accounts for 20.8% of the total loss, followed by cancer. Conclusions These results indicate that the economic impact of NCDs and mental health conditions is substantial and that interventions to reduce the prevalence of chronic conditions in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are likely to be highly cost-beneficial.

RESUMEN Objetivo Ampliamos el modelo EPIC de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y lo aplicamos para analizar el impacto macroeconómico de las enfermedades no transmisibles y la enfermedad mental en Costa Rica, Jamaica y Perú. Métodos El modelo EPIC cuantifica el impacto de las enfermedades no transmisibles y la enfermedad mental en la producción agregada únicamente a través del efecto que las enfermedades crónicas producen sobre la oferta de trabajo debido a la mortalidad que estas causan. En cambio, el marco ampliado EPIC-H Plus también incorpora reducciones en la oferta efectiva de trabajo debido a la morbilidad y los efectos negativos del gasto en salud sobre la producción a través del desvío del ahorro productivo y la reducción de la acumulación de capital. Aplicamos esta metodología a Costa Rica, Jamaica y Perú y estimamos la pérdida en términos de producto interno bruto debida a cuatro enfermedades no transmisibles (enfermedades cardiovasculares, cáncer, enfermedad respiratoria crónica y diabetes) y a la enfermedad mental en estos países desde 2015 a 2030. También estimamos las pérdidas de todas las enfermedades no transmisibles y la enfermedad mental combinadas. Resultados En general, nuestros resultados muestran pérdidas totales asociadas con todas las enfermedades no transmisibles y la enfermedad mental durante el período 2015–2030 de USD 81,96 mil millones (en dólares de 2015) para Costa Rica, USD 18,45 mil millones para Jamaica y USD 477,33 mil millones para Perú. Existe una variación moderada en la magnitud de la carga de las enfermedades para los tres países. En Costa Rica y Perú, las afecciones respiratorias y la enfermedad mental son los dos factores principales que contribuyen a la pérdida de producción, mientras que en Jamaica la enfermedad cardiovascular sola representa el 20,8% de la pérdida total, seguida por el cáncer. Conclusiones Estos resultados indican que el impacto económico de las enfermedades no transmisibles y la enfermedad mental es considerable y que las intervenciones para reducir la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas en América Latina y el Caribe probablemente sean muy beneficiosas en relación al costo.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factors and assess knowledge of those risk factors in the indigenous community of Santiago Atitlán in Guatemala, a lower-middle income country. Methods A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted using a modified version of the World Health Organization’s STEPS protocol. Adults aged 20–65 years were surveyed regarding demographics and NCD risk factors, and the survey was followed by anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Results Out of 501 screened individuals, 350 respondents were enrolled. The mean age was 36.7 years, and 72.3% were women. Over 90% reported earning less than US$ 65 per month. Almost 80% were stunted. Among women, 37.3% were obese and over three-quarters had central obesity. Over three-quarters of the entire group had dyslipidemia and 18.3% had hypertension, but only 3.0% had diabetes. Overall, 36.0% of participants met criteria for metabolic syndrome. There was no significant association between participants’ education and NCD risk factors except for an inverse association with obesity by percent body fat. Conclusions Santiago Atitlán is a rural, indigenous Guatemalan community with high rates of poverty and stunting coexisting alongside high rates of obesity, particularly among women. Additionally, high rates of hypertension and dyslipidemia were found, but a low rate of diabetes mellitus. Knowledge of NCDs and their risk factors was low, suggesting that educational interventions may be a high-yield, low-cost approach to combating NCDs in this community.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) y evaluar el conocimiento de esos factores de riesgo en la comunidad indígena de Santiago Atitlán en Guatemala, un país de ingresos medianos bajos. Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal basado en la población usando una versión modificada del protocolo STEPS de mediciones físicas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se realizó una encuesta a adultos de 20 a 65 años de edad con respecto a algunas características demográficas y los factores de riesgo de las ENT; la encuesta fue seguida de mediciones antropométricas y bioquímicas. Resultados De las 501 personas encuestadas, se registraron 350 para el sondeo. La media de edad fue 36,7 años, y 72,3% eran mujeres. Más de 90% informó tener un ingreso inferior a los US$ 65 mensuales. Casi 80% padecía retraso del crecimiento. Entre las mujeres, 37,3% eran obesas y más de tres cuartas partes tenían obesidad central. Más de tres cuartas partes del grupo tenían dislipidemia y 18,3% tenían hipertensión, pero solo 3,0% tenía diabetes. En términos generales, 36,0% de los participantes satisfacía los criterios de síndrome metabólico. No se observó una asociación significativa entre el nivel de escolaridad de los participantes y los factores de riesgo de las ENT, excepto una asociación inversa con la obesidad por porcentaje de tejidos grasos. Conclusiones Santiago Atitlán es una comunidad indígena rural de Guatemala con tasas elevadas de pobreza y retraso del crecimiento, que coexisten con tasas altas de obesidad, en particular en las mujeres. Además, se encontraron tasas elevadas de hipertensión y dislipidemia, pero una tasa baja de diabetes mellitus. Se observó un conocimiento bajo de las ENT y sus factores de riesgo, lo que indica que las intervenciones educativas pueden ser un enfoque de alto rendimiento y bajo costo para combatir las ENT en esta comunidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar resultados do método de treinamento e educação continuada de 18 cirurgiões, em 2014, e 28 cirurgiões, em 2015, nas Santas Casas de Ribeirão Preto, Araraquara, Franca e São Carlos do Estado de São Paulo, na realização da Herniorrafia Inguinal à Lichtenstein, tutorados pela Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo e pela organização HERNIA HELP - "Hernia Repair for the Underserved". Métodos: treinamento tutorado e sistematizado, através de metodologia ativa de ensino e aprendizagem, visando a oferecer competência, habilidade e atitudes, auferidas por um Formulário de Qualificação previamente validado, qualificando líderes no aperfeiçoamento de treinandos. Resultados: em 2014, os desfechos foram: dificuldade do caso, direção, incisão, dissecção, preparo da tela, corte da tela, fixação da tela, fechamento, instrumentos, respeito aos tecidos, fluxo, tempo e movimento e desempenho, apresentaram mudança na Classificação Geral (p=0,000002); houve maior confiança na execução do procedimento em 80% dos treinandos, sendo considerado "Muito Valioso" em 93,3% das participações. Em 2015, os 28 cirurgiões foram treinados por dez cirurgiões previamente qualificados em 2014. A taxa de identificação dos nervos, tempo relevante da técnica de Lichtenstein, foi 95,5 % para o ílio-hipogástrico, 98,5% para o ilioinguinal e 89,4% para o ramo genital do nervo genitofemoral. Conclusão: o método de ensino aplicado é possível, reprodutível, confiável e válido. Os mutirões oferecem a enorme oportunidade do ensino, dirigido, atingindo populações carentes, revelando a grande responsabilidade social docente-discente.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the method of training and continuing education of 18 surgeons in 2014, and 28 surgeons in 2015, in the Holy Homes of Ribeirao Preto, Araraquara, Franca and San Carlos of São Paulo, in the performance of Lichtenstein inguinal herniorrhaphy, tutored by the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the São Paulo Holy Home and the organization HERNIA HELP - "Hernia Repair for the Underserved". Methods: the training was tutored and systematized through an active methodology of teaching and learning, aiming to offer competence, skills and attitudes, measured by a previously validated Qualification Form, qualifying leaders in trainees' improvement. Results: in 2014 the outcomes were: the difficulty of the case, direction, incision, dissection, mesh preparation, mesh cutting, mesh setting, closing, instruments, respect to tissues, flow, time and motion, and performance, all presented change in the general rating (p=0.000002); there was greater confidence in the execution of the procedure in 80% of trainees, considered "very valuable" in 93.3% of the interventions. In 2015, 28 surgeons were trained by ten surgeons previously qualified in 2014. The nerve identification rate, a relevant time the Lichtenstein technique, was 95.5% for the Iliohypogastric, 98.5% for the ilioinguinal and 89.4% for the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve. Conclusion: the applied teaching method is possible, reproducible, reliable and valid. The joint efforts offer enormous opportunity of directed education, reaching underserved populations, revealing the great teacher-student social responsibility.

Simple ionic liquids exhibit unique physical and chemical properties that make them very useful for deployment in electrochemical devices such as solvent-free electrolytes in capacitors and batteries. However, incorporating redox functionality into ionic liquid structures opens up in situ faradaic electrochemistry which allows access to a large array of new electrochemical applications reliant upon heterogeneous or homogenous electron-transfer processes. This paper presents and discusses the opportunities and challenges for these types of electro-materials across a myriad of applications by considering exemplar quinone-functionalised ionic liquids.

Los líquidos iónicos simples exhiben propiedades físicas y químicas únicas, lo que los hace de utilidad en dispositivos electroquímicos, funcionando como electrolitos libres de disolvente en capacitores y baterías. Sin embargo, la incorporación de funcionalidades redox en las estructuras de líquidos iónicos permite realizar electroquímica faradaica in situ, abriendo una nueva categoría de aplicaciones electroquímicas relevantes como procesos de transferencia electrónica heterogénea u homogénea. Este trabajo presenta y discute las oportunidades y retos en la generación de estos nuevos materiales sobre diversas aplicaciones, ejemplificadas mediante el uso de líquidos iónicos funcionalizados con grupos quinona.

La fibrilación auricular (FA) es la arritmia más frecuente en la población adulta. Es sabido que la FA se asocia con un aumento del riesgo de presentar muchos eventos adversos, entre los que se incluyen accidente cerebrovascular, insuficiencia cardíaca, muerte por todas las causas, así como muerte súbita cardíaca. Más recientemente también ha habido un creciente interés en la asociación de FA con deterioro cognitivo y demencia. En esta revisión narrativa describimos la actual evidencia a favor de la relación entre la FA y la declinación cognitiva, el deterioro cognitivo o la demencia en pacientes sin antecedentes de accidente cerebrovascular. Aun cuando no queda muy claro cuáles son los mecanismos exactos que explican la asociación entre la FA y la declinación cognitiva, los mecanismos propuestos incluyen isquemia silente, estado pro inflamatorio, microsangrados cerebrales e hipoperfusión cerebral. Se necesitan más estudios para dilucidar los mecanismos de base que faciliten el descubrimiento de alguna estrategia de prevención.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the adult population. AF is widely known to be associated with an increased risk of many adverse outcomes including stroke, heart failure, all-cause death, as well as sudden cardiac death. More recently, there has also been growing interest in the association of AF with cognitive impairment and dementia. In this narrative review, we describe the current evidence that supports the relationship of AF to cognitive decline, cognitive impairment, or dementia in patients without a history of stroke. The exact mechanisms underlying the association of AF with cognitive decline are unclear; however, proposed mechanisms include silent ischemia, pro-inflammatory state, cerebral microbleeds, and cerebral hypoperfusion. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms to facilitate discovery of prevention strategies.

摘要 目的 估计中国儿童虐待的健康和经济负担。 方法 我们使用PubMed、Embase、PsycInfo、CINAHL-EBSCO、ERIC和中国国家知识基础设施数据库（中国知网）对中国儿童虐待研究做了系统回顾。我们对符合纳入标准的研究进行荟萃分析，估计儿童忽视和儿童身体、情感以及性虐待流行率。我...

Résumé Objectif Estimer la charge sanitaire et économique de la maltraitance des enfants en Chine. Méthodes Nous avons réalisé une revue systématique des études sur la maltraitance des enfants en Chine en utilisant les bases de données PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL-EBSCO, ERIC et de l'Infrastructure nationale de connaissances chinoises. Nous avons effectué les méta-analyses des études qui satisfaisaient les critères d'inclusion, afin d'estimer la prévalence de l'abandon moral des enfants et des abus physiques, psychologiques et sexuels des enfants. Nous avons utilisé les données des estimations 2010 de la charge mondiale de morbidité pour calculer l'espérance de vie corrigée de l'incapacité (EVCI) perdue du fait de la maltraitance des enfants. Résultats À...

Резюме Цель Оценить влияние бремени жестокого обращения с детьми в Китае на состояние здоровья и экономику. Методы С помощью сведений, полученных из баз...

Objective To estimate the health and economic burdens of child maltreatment in China. Methods We did a systematic review for studies on child maltreatment in China using PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL-EBSCO, ERIC and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. We did meta-analyses of studies that met inclusion criteria to estimate the prevalence of child neglect and child physical, emotional and sexual abuse. We used data from the 2010 global burden of disease estimates to calculate disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost as a result of child maltreatment. Findings From 68 studies we estimated that 26.6% of children under 18 years of age have suffered physical abuse, 19.6% emotional abuse, 8.7% sexual abuse and 26.0% neglect. We estimate that emotional abuse in childhood accounts for 26.3% of the DALYs lost because of mental disorders and 18.0% of those lost because of self-harm. Physical abuse in childhood accounts for 12.2% of DALYs lost because of depression, 17.0% of those lost to anxiety, 20.7% of those lost to problem drinking, 18.8% of those lost to illicit drug use and 18.3% of those lost to self-harm. The consequences of physical abuse of children costs China an estimated 0.84% of its gross domestic product – i.e. 50 billion United States dollars – in 2010. The corresponding losses attributable to emotional and sexual abuse in childhood were 0.47% and 0.39% of the gross domestic product, respectively. Conclusion In China, child maltreatment is common and associated with large economic losses because many maltreated children suffer substantial psychological distress and might adopt behaviours that increase their risk of chronic disease.

ملخص الغرض تقدير الأعباء الصحية والاقتصادية لإساءة معاملة الأطفال في الصين. الطريقة أجرينا استعراضاً منهجياً للدراسات المعنية بإساءة معاملة الأطفال في...

Resumen Objetivo Estimar la carga sanitaria y económica del maltrato infantil en China. Métodos Se realizó una revisión sistemática de los estudios sobre el maltrato infantil en China utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL-EBSCO, ERIC y Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. También se efectuó un metaanálisis de los estudios que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión para estimar la prevalencia del abandono infantil y del abuso infantil físico, emocional y sexual. Se emplearon datos de las estimaciones de la carga mundial de morbilidad del año 2010 para calcular los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD) perdidos como consecuencia del maltrato infantil. Resultados A partir de 68 estudios se estimó que el 26,6 % de los niños menores de 18 años de edad han sufrido abuso físico, el 19,6 % abuso emocional, el 8,7 % abuso sexual y el 26,0 % abandono. Asimismo, se estimó que el abuso emocional en la infancia representa el 26,3 % de los AVAD perdidos a causa de trastornos mentales y el 18,0 % de los perdidos por autolesión. El abuso físico en la infancia representa el 12,2 % de los AVAD perdidos a causa de la depresión, el 17,0 % por ansiedad, el 20,7 % por problemas con el alcohol, el 18,8 % por uso de drogas ilícitas y el 18,3 % por autolesión. Las consecuencias del abuso físico de niños le cuestan a China aproximadamente el 0,84 % de su producto interior bruto, es decir, 50 mil millones de dólares de los Estados Unidos, en 2010. Las pérdidas correspondientes atribuibles al abuso emocional y sexual en la infancia representaron el 0,47 % y el 0,39 % del producto interior bruto, respectivamente. Conclusión En China, el maltrato infantil es común y está asociado con grandes pérdidas económicas, ya que muchos niños maltratados sufren trastornos psicológicos importantes y podrían adoptar conductas que aumentan su riesgo de sufrir enfermedades crónicas.

Utilizing fluorescence, we generated excitation-emission matrices, which provided us with a map of fluorophores present in keratin tissues. Our findings suggest that all of the tested keratin substrates have features in common. We monitor the quantity of tryptophan as well as some of its metabolic and degradation products, the kynurenines. The peak due to kynurenine fluorescence is dominant and is a conglomerate of several molecular species including L-kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine and N-formylkynurenine. The ratio of tryptophan to the kynurenines depends on the type of tissue and the amount of pigmentation present. The emission wavelength also greatly depends on these factors.

Utilizando una técnica de fluorescencia, registramos mapas de los fluoróforos presentes en varios tipos de tejidos queratinosos. Descubrimos que la fluorescencia de todas las muestras analizadas tienen rasgos en común. Observamos el aminoácido triptófano en todos los tejidos. Asimismo, nos parece que la máxima principal es debido a las kinureninas que son productos metabólicos y degradativos del triptófano. Esta máxima constituye un conglomerado de varias moléculas como L-kinurenina, 3-hidroxikinurenina y N-formilkinurenina. La proporción de kinureninas que tiene el triptófano depende del tipo de tejido y del grado de pigmentación. También, la longitud de onda de excitación y emisión depende de estos parámetros.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate influenza-associated mortality in urban China. METHODS: Influenza-associated excess mortality for the period 2003-2008 was estimated in three cities in temperate northern China and five cities in the subtropical south of the country. The estimates were derived from models based on negative binomial regressions, vital statistics and the results of weekly influenza virus surveillance. FINDINGS: Annual influenza-associated excess mortality, for all causes, was 18.0 (range: 10.9-32.7) deaths per 100000 population in the northern cities and 11.3 (range: 7.3-17.8) deaths per 100000 in the southern cities. Excess mortality for respiratory and circulatory disease was 12.4 (range: 7.4-22.2) and 8.8 (range: 5.5-13.6) deaths per 100000 people in the northern and southern cities, respectively. Most (86%) deaths occurred among people aged >65 years. Influenza-associated excess mortality was higher in B-virus-dominant seasons than in seasons when A(H3N2) or A(H1N1) predominated, and more than half of all influenza-associated mortality was associated with influenza B virus. CONCLUSION: Between 2003 and 2008, seasonal influenza, particularly that caused by the influenza B virus, was associated with substantial mortality in three cities in the temperate north of China and five cities in the subtropical south of the country.

OBJETIVO: Calcular la mortalidad asociada a la gripe en la China urbana. MÉTODOS: Se calculó el exceso de mortalidad asociado a la gripe durante el periodo comprendido entre 2003 y 2008 en tres ciudades del norte de China con clima templado y en cinco ciudades del sur del país con clima subtropical. Los cálculos se obtuvieron de modelos basados en regresiones binomiales negativas, estadísticas vitales y de los resultados de la vigilancia semanal del virus de la gripe. RESULTADOS: El exceso de mortalidad anual asociado a la gripe, por todas las causas, fue de 18,0 (rango: 10,9-32,7) muertes por cada 100000 habitantes en las ciudades del norte y de 11,3 (rango: 7,3-17,8) muertes por cada 100000 habitantes en las ciudades del sur. La mayor parte de este exceso de mortalidad - 12,4 (rango: 7,4-22,2) y 8,8 (rango: 5,5-13,6) muertes por cada 100000 habitantes en las ciudades del norte y del sur, respectivamente - se atribuyeron a una enfermedad respiratoria y/o circulatoria. La mayoría de las muertes (el 86%) ocurrió en personas con una edad >65 años. El exceso de mortalidad asociado a la gripe fue superior en épocas con un virus B dominante que en épocas en las que predominaron los virus A(H3N2) o A(H1N1). Más de la mitad de la mortalidad total asociada a la gripe se asoció al virus B de la gripe. CONCLUSIÓN: Entre 2003 y 2008, la gripe estacional, particularmente la causada por el virus B de la gripe, estuvo asociada a la mortalidad sustancial en tres ciudades de China con clima templado y en cinco ciudades del sur del país con clima subtropical.

OBJECTIF: Estimer la mortalité associée à la grippe en Chine urbaine. MÉTHODES: La mortalité excessive associée à la grippe pour la période 2003-2008 a été évaluée dans trois villes de la zone tempérée du nord de la Chine et dans cinq villes de la zone subtropicale du pays. Les estimations ont été établies sur des modèles basés sur des régressions binomiales négatives, des statistiques vitales et les résultats de la surveillance hebdomadaire de la grippe. RÉSULTATS: La mortalité annuelle excessive associée à la grippe, dans tous les cas, a été de 18 (plage: 10,9-32,7) décès pour une population de 100 000 personnes dans les villes du nord et de 11,3 (plage: 7,3-17,8) décès pour une population de 100 000 personnes dans les villes du sud. La plus grande partie de cette mortalité excessive - respectivement 12,4 (plage: 7,4-22,2) et 8,8 (plage: 5,5-13,6) décès pour une population de 100 000 personnes dans les villes du nord et du sud - a été attribuée à des maladies respiratoires et/ou circulatoires. La plupart des décès (86%) sont survenus chez des personnes de >65 ans. La mortalité excessive associée à la grippe a été plus élevée lors des saisons où prédominait le virus B plutôt que lors de celles où prédominaient les virus A(H3N2) ou A(H1N1) et plus de la moitié de l'ensemble de la mortalité associée à la grippe a été associée au virus B de la grippe. CONCLUSION: De 2003 à 2008, la grippe saisonnière, surtout celle provoquée par le virus B, a été associée à une mortalité substantielle dans trois villes du nord tempéré de Chine et dans cinq villes du sud subtropical du pays.