Abstract Background Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are the recommended first-line treatment for left ventricular thrombus (LVT); however, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been considered an alternative therapy. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of DOACs compared with VKAs therapy in patients with LVT. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane were systematically searched for randomized clinical trials or cohort studies that compared DOACs versus VKAs for LVT. Risk ratios (RRs) were computed for binary endpoints, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Statistical significance was defined as p value < 0.05. Results A total of 4 randomized clinical trials and 29 cohort studies were included, with 4,450 patients assigned to either DOACs or VKAs. There was no significant difference between groups for stroke or systemic embolic (SSE) events (RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.07; p = 0.157), stroke (RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.48 to 1.11; p = 0.140), systemic embolic (SE) events (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.40 to 1.17; p = 0.166), thrombus resolution (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.11; p = 0.077), any bleeding (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.00; p = 0.054), clinically relevant bleeding (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.46 to 1.03; p = 0.066), minor bleeding (RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.43 to 1.23; p = 0.234), major bleeding (RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.42 to 1.80; p = 0.705), and all-cause mortality (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.79 to 1.39; p = 0.752). Compared with VKAs, rivaroxaban significantly reduced SSE events (RR 0.35; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.91; p = 0.029) and SE events (RR 0.39; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.95; p = 0.037). Conclusions DOACs had a similar rate of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events, as well as thrombus resolution, compared to VKAs in the treatment of LVTs. Rivaroxaban therapy had a significant reduction in thromboembolic events, compared to VKAs. (VKAs firstline first line LVT (LVT) however (DOACs PubMed Embase RRs (RRs endpoints 95 (95 CIs. CIs . CIs) 005 0 05 0.05 2 included 4450 450 4,45 (SSE RR 0.84 084 84 065 65 0.6 1.07 107 1 07 0.157, 0157 0.157 , 157 0.157) 0.73 073 73 048 48 0.4 1.11 111 11 0.140, 0140 0.140 140 0.140) (SE 0.69 069 69 040 40 1.17 117 17 0.166, 0166 0.166 166 0.166) 1.05 105 099 99 0.9 0.077, 0077 0.077 077 0.077) 0.78 078 78 060 60 1.00 100 00 0.054, 0054 0.054 054 0.054) 046 46 1.03 103 03 0.066, 0066 0.066 066 0.066) 043 43 1.23 123 23 0.234, 0234 0.234 234 0.234) 0.87 087 87 042 42 1.80 180 80 0.705, 0705 0.705 705 0.705) allcause all cause 079 79 0.7 1.39 139 39 0.752. 0752 0.752 752 0.752) 0.35 035 35 016 16 0.1 0.91 091 91 0.029 0029 029 0.39 039 0.95 095 0.037. 0037 0.037 037 0.037) LVTs (LVT 9 (9 0.0 445 45 4,4 0.8 08 8 06 6 0. 1.0 10 015 0.15 15 7 04 1.1 014 0.14 14 09 007 0.07 006 0.06 1.2 12 023 0.23 1.8 18 070 0.70 70 1.3 13 3 075 0.75 75 0.3 01 0.02 002 02 003 0.03 ( 44 4, 1. 0.2

Resumo Fundamento Os antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs) são o tratamento de primeira linha recomendado para trombo ventricular esquerdo (TVE); entretanto, os anticoagulantes orais diretos (AODs) têm sido considerados uma terapia alternativa. Objetivos Avaliar a eficácia e a segurança dos AODs em comparação com a terapia com AVKs em pacientes com TVE. Métodos PubMed, Embase e Cochrane foram sistematicamente pesquisados em busca de ensaios clínicos randomizados ou estudos de coorte que comparassem AODs versus AVKs para TVE. As razões de risco (RR) foram calculadas para desfechos binários, com intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95%. A significância estatística foi definida como valor de p < 0,05. Resultados Foram incluídos um total de 4 ensaios clínicos randomizados e 29 estudos de coorte, com 4.450 pacientes designados para AODs ou AVKs. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos para acidente vascular cerebral ou eventos embólicos sistêmicos (AVC/EES) (RR 0,84; IC 95% 0,65 a 1,07; p = 0,157), acidente vascular cerebral (RR 0,73; IC 95% 0,48 a 1,11; p = 0,140), eventos embólicos sistêmicos (EES) (RR 0,69; IC 95% 0,40 a 1,17; p = 0,166), resolução do trombo (RR 1,05; IC 95% 0,99 a 1,11; p = 0,077), qualquer sangramento (RR 0,78; IC 95% 0,60 a 1,00; p = 0,054), sangramento clinicamente relevante (RR 0,69; IC 95% 0,46 a 1,03; p = 0,066), sangramento menor (RR 0,73; IC 95% 0,43 a 1,23; p = 0,234), sangramento maior (RR 0,87; IC 95% 0,42 a 1,80; p = 0,705) e mortalidade por todas as causas (RR 1,05; IC 95% 0,79 a 1,39; p = 0,752). Em comparação com AVKs, a rivaroxabana reduziu significativamente AVC/EES (RR 0,35; IC 95% 0,16 a 0,91; p = 0,029) e EES (RR 0,39; IC 95% 0,16 a 0,95; p = 0,037). Conclusões Os AODs tiveram uma taxa semelhante de eventos tromboembólicos e hemorrágicos, bem como de resolução do trombo, em comparação com os AVKs no tratamento de TVE. A terapia com rivaroxabana teve uma redução significativa nos eventos tromboembólicos, em comparação com os AVKs. (AVKs TVE (TVE) entretanto (AODs alternativa PubMed RR binários (IC 95 005 0 05 0,05 2 4450 450 4.45 AVCEES AVC (AVC/EES 0,84 084 84 065 65 0,6 1,07 107 1 07 0,157, 0157 0,157 , 157 0,157) 0,73 073 73 048 48 0,4 1,11 111 11 0,140, 0140 0,140 140 0,140) (EES 0,69 069 69 040 40 1,17 117 17 0,166, 0166 0,166 166 0,166) 1,05 105 099 99 0,9 0,077, 0077 0,077 077 0,077) 0,78 078 78 060 60 1,00 100 00 0,054, 0054 0,054 054 0,054) 046 46 1,03 103 03 0,066, 0066 0,066 066 0,066) 043 43 1,23 123 23 0,234, 0234 0,234 234 0,234) 0,87 087 87 042 42 1,80 180 80 0,705 0705 705 079 79 0,7 1,39 139 39 0,752. 0752 0,752 . 752 0,752) 0,35 035 35 016 16 0,1 0,91 091 91 0,029 0029 029 0,39 039 0,95 095 0,037. 0037 0,037 037 0,037) hemorrágicos (TVE 9 0,0 445 45 4.4 0,8 08 8 06 6 0, 1,0 10 015 0,15 15 7 04 1,1 014 0,14 14 09 007 0,07 006 0,06 1,2 12 023 0,23 1,8 18 0,70 070 70 1,3 13 3 075 0,75 75 0,3 01 0,02 002 02 003 0,03 44 4. 1, 0,2

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewater from hospitals in Peru. Materials and methods. Water samples were collected from the effluents of nine hospitals in Peru during March and September 2022. SARS-CoV-2 was identified by using Illumina sequencing. Variant, lineage and clade assignments were carried out using the Illumina and Nextclado tools. We verified whether the SARS-CoV-2 variants obtained from wastewater were similar to those reported by the National Institute of Health of Peru from patients during the same period and region. Results. Eighteen of the 20 hospital wastewater samples (90%) provided sequences of sufficient quality to be classified as the Omicron variant according to the WHO classification. Among them, six (30%) were assigned by Nextclade to clades 21K lineage BA.1.1 (n=1), 21L lineage BA.2 (n=2), and 22B lineages BA.5.1 (n=2) and BA .5.5 (n=1). Conclusions. SARS-CoV-2 variants were found in hospital wastewater samples and were similar to those reported by the surveillance system in patients during the same weeks and geographic areas. Wastewater monitoring could provide information on the environmental and temporal variation of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar la presencia del virus SARS-CoV-2 en aguas residuales de hospitales en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron muestras de agua en los efluentes de nueve hospitales del Perú durante marzo y septiembre de 2022 y se realizó la identificación de SARS-CoV-2 mediante secuenciación Illumina. Las asignaciones de variantes, linajes y clados se llevaron a cabo con las herramientas Illumina y Nextclado. Verificamos si las variantes de SARS-CoV-2 obtenida de las aguas residuales fueron similares a las reportadas por el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Perú procedentes de pacientes durante el mismo período y región. Resultados. Dieciocho de las 20 muestras de aguas residuales hospitalarias (90%) proporcionaron secuencias con la calidad suficiente para ser clasificadas como variante Ómicron según la clasificación de la OMS. Entre ellos, seis (30%) fueron asignados por Nextclade a los clados 21K linaje BA.1.1 (n=1), 21 L linaje BA.2 (n=2) y 22B linajes BA.5.1 (n=2) y BA.5.5 (n=1). Conclusiones. Se encontraron variantes del SARS-CoV-2 en muestras de aguas residuales hospitalarias y que fueron similares a las reportadas por el sistema de vigilancia en pacientes durante las mismas semanas y áreas geográficas. El monitoreo de aguas residuales podría proporcionar información sobre la variación ambiental y temporal de virus como el SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract Understanding forest dynamics is fundamental to their ecological restoration. This is particularly important in forests rich in species of commercial value, such as those of the Juglans genus, which known allelopathic effect could have an impact on the diversity of locations where it exists. The objective of this study was to evaluate the floristic composition and tree diversity of a forest dominated by Juglans neotropica Diels, establishing a permanent plot of 100 x 100 m in the Chanchamayo valley. In the plot, all trees were evaluated with DBH ≥ 10 cm. The permanent plot presented 300 individuals, which corresponded to 47 species in 20 families. The Fisher’s Alpha diversity index value was 15.62, and the Shannon-Wiener index value 1.65. These values are notoriously low in comparison with similar sites located in tropical premontane forests referred to in the present work. Due to the allelopathic nature of J. neotropica Diels, it is possible that this condition is a determining factor for the high abundance of this species in the plot and the low tree diversity identified. Since J. neotropica Diels is categorized as endangered by IUCN, the area becomes an important location for its conservation and that of its gene pool.

Resumen La comprensión de la dinámica de los bosques es fundamental para su restauración ecológica. Esto es particularmente importante en aquellos bosques con abundancia de especies de valor comercial, como es el caso de los del género Juglans, cuyo conocido efecto alelopático podría tener incidencia en la diversidad de las localizaciones en las que existe. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la composición florística y diversidad arbórea de un bosque dominado por Juglans neotropica Diels, estableciendo una parcela permanente de 100 x 100 m, en el valle de Chanchamayo. En la parcela evaluamos todos los árboles con DAP ≥ 10 cm. La parcela presentó 300 individuos, correspondientes a 47 especies en 20 familias. El valor de diversidad alfa de Fisher fue de 15.62 y el del índice Shannon-Wiener de 1.65. Estos valores son notoriamente bajos en comparación con sitios similares, ubicados en bosques premontanos tropicales referidos en el presente trabajo. Debido a la naturaleza alelopática de J. neotropica, es posible que esta condición sea determinante para la gran abundancia de esta especie en la parcela y la baja diversidad arbórea identificada. Dado que esta especie se encuentra bajo la categoría casi amenazada (NT), el sitio de estudio es una localización importante para su conservación y la de su acervo genético.

Resumen Cetrimida (CTR) es un detergente y surfactante catiónico con actividad antimicrobiana y antibiofilm. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el tiempo de fraguado, pH, solubilidad y actividad antibiofilm del cemento de silicato tricálcico (CST) con óxido de zirconio (ZrO2) y su asociación con CTR a 0.2% y 0.4%. Tiempo de fraguado inicial y final (TFI y TFF) fueron determinados con base en las normas ISO-6876. pH fue evaluado en los períodos de 1,3, 7,14 y 21 días. Solubilidad fue analizada por la pérdida de masa/peso. El test de contacto directo modificado (TCDM) fue realizado sobre biofilm de Enterococcus faecalis formado en dentina radicular bovina, después de 6 horas de manipulación de los cementos y 15 horas de contacto. El análisis fue realizado por la cuantificación de UFC mL¯¹. Los datos fueron analizados usando las pruebas de ANOVA y Tukey (α=0.05). Mayor TFI fue observado para CST/ ZrO2+CTR en las dos concentraciones que para TSC/ZrO2 y menor TFF para TSC/ ZrO2+CTR 0.4% (p<0.05). En 1 día, TSC/ZrO2 mostró menor pH que las asociaciones con CTR (p<0.05). En los otros períodos, TSC/ZrO2 y las asociaciones promovieron alcalinización de forma similar (p>0.05). Todos los materiales mostraron aumento de masa. TSC/ZrO2+CTR 0.4% tuvo menor gano de masa que los otros materiales (p<0.05). Mayor actividad antibiofilm fue observado para CST/ZrO2+CTR en las dos concentraciones, cuando comparados con el grupo control positivo (p<0.05). En conclusión, CTR demostró potencial para promover superior actividad antibiofilm al cemento de silicato tricálcico (CST), sin perjudicar sus propiedades físico-químicas de tiempo de fraguado, pH y solubilidad.

Abstract Cetrimide (CTR) is a cationic surfactant detergent with antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate setting time, pH, solubility and antibiofilm activity of tricalcium silicate cement (TSC) with zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and its association with 0.2 and 0.4% cetrimide. Initial and final setting times (IST and FST) were assessed based on ISO-6876. pH was evaluated at periods of 1,3,7,14 and 21 days. Solubility was analyzed by weight loss. A modified direct contact test (MDCT) on the biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis formed on bovine root dentin blocks was performed, after 6 hours of manipulation and 15 hours of contact time. The analysis was performed by UFC mL ¯¹ counting. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α=0.05). Higher IST was observed for TSC/ZrO2+CTR in both concentrations than for TSC/ZrO2 and lower FST for TSC/ZrO2+0.4% CTR (p<0.05). On day 1, TSC/ZrO2 showed lower pH than the associations with CTR (p<0.05). During the other periods, TSC/ZrO2 and associations promoted similar alkalinization (p>0.05). All materials exhibited increased mass. TSC/ZrO2+CTR 0.4% had lower mass gain than the other materials (p<0.05). The highest antibiofilm activity was observed for TSC/ZrO2+CTR in both concentrations, when compared with the positive control (p<0.05). In conclusion, CTR exhibited potential to promote greater antibiofilm activity to tricalcium silicate cement, without harming its physicochemical properties of setting time, pH and solubility.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Currently, there are no studies for assessing, specifically, the status of Peruvian biomedical journals based on criteria such as the use of editorial process software or the predominant type of articles in the publications. It is desired that a biomedical journal has, in more than half of its pages, original articles. Objective: To describe the general and editorial characteristics, as well as the scientific production, of the Peruvian biomedical journals indexed in Latindex-Peru as of 2015. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study. Peruvian health sciences journals were included, from the Regional Cooperative Online Information System for Scholarly Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal (Latindex). The population was made up of 44 Peruvian biomedical journals, under the topic health sciences (human medicine, dental medicine, nursing, pharmacy and biochemistry). The list of these was obtained through the Latindex advanced search engine. Results: General characteristics were described: location, type of publishing organization, periodicity, article publication format, use of DOI and OJS, peer review and h-index. 54.4% of the journals had a university as their responsible and 86.3% used OJS. The editorial venue of 68.18% of the journals was in Lima. Conclusions: The journals have a tendency to adapt to OJS. They publish mainly original articles and clinical cases, and use peer review as a criterion for editorial quality.

RESUMEN Introducción: En la actualidad no hay estudios que evalúen específicamente el estado de las revistas biomédicas peruanas sobre la base de criterios como el uso de softwares de proceso editorial o el tipo de artículo predominante en las publicaciones. Se desea que una revista científica biomédica tenga, en más de la mitad de sus páginas, artículos originales. Objetivo: Describir las características generales y editoriales, y la producción científica, de las revistas biomédicas peruanas indexadas en Latindex-Perú a partir de 2015. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se incluyeron revistas peruanas de Ciencias de la Salud encontradas en el directorio Sistema Regional de Información en Línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal (Latindex). La población estuvo formada por 44 revistas científicas biomédicas peruanas, con temática “Ciencias de la Salud” (medicina humana, odontología, enfermería, farmacia y bioquímica). El listado de estas se obtuvo mediante el motor de búsquedas avanzadas de Latindex. Resultados: Se describieron características generales: localización, tipo de organización editora, periodicidad, formato de publicación de los artículos, uso de DOI y OJS, revisión por pares y h-index. El 54,4 % de las revistas tuvo su organización encargada en una universidad y el 86,3 % utilizó el OJS. La sede editorial del 68,18 % de las revistas fue Lima. Conclusiones: Las revistas presentan una tendencia a adaptarse al OJS, publican principalmente artículos originales y casos clínicos, y utilizan la revisión por pares como criterio de calidad editorial.

Abstract Michoacán is the leading avocado producing state in the world; however, root diseases decimate and damage the trees causing their death. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the organic control of the in vitro growth of Phytophthora cinnamomi with essential oils of oregano (Lippia berlandieri) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum). In the months of October and November 2016, root samples were collected from trees with symptoms of the disease in avocado (Persea americana Mill. Var. Hass), in the INIFAP experimental garden located in San Juan Nuevo Parangaricutiro, Michoacán. The isolates were identified morphologically and molecularly. The control of P. cinnamomi with essential oils of oregano and clove was evaluated determining the mean inhibitory concentration and its fiducial limits to 95% by means of a Probit regression by the method of maximum likelihood. The analyzes were carried out using the statistical program R 3.4. According to the results obtained, in relation to the inhibition of growth there is a reduction in the growth of P. cinnamomi. The essential oils of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and oregano (Lippia berlandieri) are a natural alternative for the control of the oomycete P. cinnamomi for their fungicidal activity at low concentrations so they can be included in integrated disease management programs.

Resumen Michoacán es el principal estado productor de aguacate en el mundo; sin embargo, las enfermedades radiculares diezman y dañan los árboles ocasionando su muerte. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el control orgánico del crecimiento in vitro de Phytophthora cinnamomi con aceites esenciales de orégano (Lippia berlandieri) y clavo (Syzygium aromaticum). En los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2016, se recolectaron muestras de raíces en árboles con síntomas de la enfermedad en aguacate (Persea americana Mill. var. Hass), en la huerta experimental del INIFAP ubicada en San Juan Nuevo Parangaricutiro, Michoacán. Los aislados se identificaron morfológica y molecularmente. Se evaluó el control de P. cinnamomi con aceites esenciales de orégano y clavo determinando la concentración media inhibitoria y sus límites fiduciales al 95% mediante una regresión Probit por el método de máximas verosimilitud. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando el programa estadístico R 3.4. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, en relación con la inhibición del crecimiento hay una reducción en el crecimiento de P. cinnamomi. Los aceites esenciales de clavo (Syzygium aromaticum) y orégano (Lippia berlandieri) son una alternativa natural para el control del oomiceto P. cinnamomi por su actividad fungicida a bajas concentraciones y pueden incluirse en programas de manejo integrado de enfermedades.

ABSTRACT The conditions that allow thallium (I) determination in the presence of lead (II) and copper (II) were optimized without prior separation of these cations, using a previously developed differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) method, with a hanging mercury drop working electrode (HMDE) and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Unfortunately, the electrochemical activity of lead (II) interferes with this determination, but the addition of 0.1 M EDTA complexing agent (at pH = 4.6) causes a shift in the Pb(II) peak to more negative values, making it possible to quantify Tl(I) in its presence at an optimal deposition potential of -0.550 V. However, the Cu(II) reduction peak, which is normally found far away from that of Tl(I), is also shifted when complexed with EDTA, approaching the Tl(I) peak and becoming an interfering ion. The deposition time and scan rate that were found optimal for the determination were 30 s and 10 mV/s, respectively. Under these conditions it was found that maximum concentration ratios for Pb(II)/Tl(I) and Cu(II)/Tl(I) of 2000 and 400, respectively, did not show interference thus duplicating and quadruplicating the concentrations of Pb(II) and Cu(II), respectively above which interference with Tl(I) occurs, as compared to the standard method published. The proposed methodology has a detection limit of 2 μg/L, a quantification limit of 7 μg/L, and a linear range between 2.3 and 20 μg/L. Enriched Tl solutions of 0.5, 2.5 and 9 μg/L showed excellent recoveries. The methodology was applied to extractions of contaminated soil samples with Tl contents from 0.05 to 3.2 mg/kg.

RESUMEN Se optimizaron las condiciones para la determinación de talio (I) en presencia de plomo (II) y cobre (II) sin separación preliminar de estos iones, a partir de un método ya establecido de voltametría de redisolución anódica diferencial de pulsos, usando un electrodo colgante de gota de mercurio y un electrodo de Ag/AgCl. Desafortunadamente, la actividad electroquímica del plomo (II) interfiere en la determinación de talio (I), pero la adición del agente complejante EDTA 0.1 M (a pH = 4.6) provoca un desplazamiento del pico del plomo (II) a valores más negativos, a un potencial de deposición óptimo de -0.550 V. Sin embargo, el pico de reducción del Cu(II) también se desplaza al complejarse con el agente EDTA, acercándose al del Tl(I) y convirtiéndose en un ion interferente. El tiempo de deposición y la velocidad de barrido que se encontraron óptimos para la determinación fueron de 30 s y 10 mV/s, respectivamente. Bajo estas condiciones se encontró que relaciones máximas de concentración Pb(II)/Tl(I) y Cu(II)/Tl(I) de 2000 y 400, respectivamente, no interfieren, permitiendo duplicar y cuadruplicar la concentración de Pb(II) y de Cu(II), respectivamente, que no interfieren con el Tl(I) respecto al método estándar publicado. La metodología propuesta tiene un límite de detección de 2 µg/L, un límite de cuantificación de 7 µg/L y un intervalo lineal entre 2.3 y 20 µg/L. Soluciones de Tl enriquecidas con 0.5, 2.5 y 9 µg/L mostraron excelentes porcentajes de recuperación. Se aplicó la metodología en diferentes extractos de suelos contaminados cuyo contenido de Tl varió de 0.05 a 3.2 mg/kg.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the absorption/fluid uptake, solubility and porosity of White mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Angelus, Biodentine (BIO), and zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE). Material and Methods: Solubility was evaluated after immersion in distilled water for 7 and 30 days. Porosity was evaluated using digital inverted microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). For the fluid uptake test, specimens were immersed in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) for 1, 7, 14 and 28 days. Fluid absorption, solubility and porosity of the materials were measured after each period. Statistical evaluation was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests, with a significance level at 5%. Results: After 7 and 30 days, BIO showed the highest solubility (p<0.05). All methods demonstrated that MTA had total porosity higher than BIO and ZOE (p<0.05). Micro-CT analysis showed that MTA had the highest porosity at the initial period, after its setting time (p<0.05). After 7 and 30 days, ZOE had porosity lower than MTA and BIO (p<0.05). Absorption was similar among the materials (p>0.05), and higher fluid uptake and solubility were observed for MTA in the fluid uptake test (p<0.05). Conclusions: BIO had the highest solubility in the conventional test and MTA had higher porosity and fluid uptake. ZOE had lower values of solubility, porosity and fluid uptake. Solubility, porosity and fluid uptake are related, and the tests used provided complementary data.

RESUMO Aniba riparia (Lauraceae) é uma importante planta medicinal encontrada na região amazônica que apresenta alcaloides do tipo alcamida e conhecidos como riparinas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos antioxidantes, antitumorais e leishmanicidas in vitro da riparina A. Riparina A apresentou fraca capacidade antioxidante pelas técnicas do DPPH• (CE50 de 296,2 μg mL-1) e ABTS•+ (CE50 de 450,1 μg mL-1), mostrou moderada atividade contra carcinoma de cólon (HCT-116: CI50 de 21,7 μg mL-1) e atividade leishmanicida sobre formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis (CI50 de 307,0 ± 79,6; 193,7 ± 44,3 e 81,8 ± 11,2 μg mL-1, respectivamente, após 24, 48 e 72 h de incubação). Assim, além de sua simplicidade estrutural, a riparina A revelou atividades biológicas promissoras e significativa ação leishmanicida in vitro, resultado importante diante da relevância epidemiológica para controle da leishmaniose no Brasil, inclusive na região amazônica.

ABSTRACT Aniba riparia (Lauraceae) is an important medicinal plant found in the Amazon region and presents alkaloids of the type alkamide known as riparins. Riparin A is structurally represented as the fundamental core of all Amazon riparins. This work aimed to assess the in vitro antioxidant, antitumor and antileishmanial effects of riparin A. Riparin A presented weak antioxidant capacity by tecniques of DPPH• (EC50 of 296.2 μg mL-1) and ABTS•+ (EC50 of 450.1 μg mL-1), showed moderate activity against colon carcinoma (HCT-116: IC50 of 21.7 μg mL-1) and leishmanicidal activity on promastigotes of L. amazonensis (IC50 of 307.0 ± 79.6, 193.7 ± 44.3 and 81.8 ± 11.2 μg mL-1, respectively, after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation). Then, in addition to its structural simplicity, riparin A revealed promising biological activities and remarkable in vitro leishmanicidal action, an important result in epidemiological point of view to control leishmaniasis in Brazil, including in the Amazon region.

The objective of this study was to identify the predaceous thrips species associated with the avocado crop in the state of Nayarit. This research was carried out in four avocado orchards of the cultivars Hass, Choquette and Hall. Weekly samples were taken from January to December, 2008, using the knockdown and net sweeping sampling methods. A total of 294 thrips were identified as predators within 16 species. Franklinothrips vespiformis was the dominant species (21.8%) followed by Lepto-Cambero-Campos et al.: Trips depredadores en aguacate de Nayarit thrips primigenus (21.4%) and F. orizabensis (19.0%), the remaining species collected accounted for 37.8%.

El objetivo fue identificar las especies de trips depredadoras asociadas al cultivo del aguacate en el Estado de Nayarit. El trabajo se llevó a cabo en cuatro huertas de aguacate del cultivar "Hass" y una con los cultivares "Choquette" y "Hall". Se realizaron muestreos semanales de enero a diciembre de 2008, utilizando las técnicas de muestreo de derribo y redeo. Se determinaron 294 trips con hábitos depredadores, resultando 16 especies. Franklinothrips vespiformis fue la especie más representada (21.8 %), seguida de Leptothrips primigenus (21.4%), y F. orizabensis (19.0 %), las restantes especies recolectadas representaron el 37.8 %.

Fusobacterium nucleatum é um organismo que cumpre o papel de ponte de ligação entre os colonizadores iniciais e tardios no biofilme dentário, e é considerado um possível periodontopatógeno. Em Odontologia, agentes antimicrobianos são usados para o tratamento e controle de doenças infecciosas associadas com a placa dental. Anti-sépticos têm sido usados em associação com antibióticos para reduzir infecções após cirurgias orais. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a influência de concentrações subinibitórias de clorexidina, triclosan, penicilina G e metronidazol, sobre a hidrofobicidade, aderência às células epiteliais bucais, e a ultra-estrutura de F. nucleatum. Todos os isolados foram susceptíveis a clorexidina, triclosan, e metronidazol. A maioria deles foi sensível à penicilina G. Também, a maioria dos isolados, foi hidrofílica quando cresceram com ou sem antimicrobianos. A aderência foi diminuída pela ação dos antimicrobianos usados. Os resultados sugerem que a aderência de F. nucleatum foi influenciada por adesinas devido a que estruturas como fímbrias ou cápsula não foram observadas pela microscopia eletrônica de transmissão.

Fusobacterium nucleatum is considered a bridge organism between earlier and later colonizers in dental biofilms and a putative periodontopathogen. In Dentistry, antimicrobial agents are used for treatment and control of infectious diseases associated with dental plaque. Antiseptics have been used in association with antibiotics to reduce infections after oral surgeries. In this study, the influence of subinhibitory concentrations (SC) of chlorhexidine, triclosan, penicillin G and metronidazole, on hydrophobicity, adherence to oral epithelial cells, and ultra-structure of F. nucleatum was examined. All isolates were susceptible to chlorhexidine, triclosan, and metronidazole; however, most of the isolates were susceptible to penicillin G, and all of them were hydrophilic when grown with or without antimicrobials. Adherence was decreased by all antimicrobials. Results suggest that adherence of F. nucleatum was influenced by adhesins because structures such as fimbries or capsule were not observed by transmission electronic microscope.

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans é considerado um importante patógeno na doença periodontal, particularmente na periodontite juvenil localizada. O mecanismo de adesão bacteriana às células epiteliais bucais (CEB), aos dentes e a outras bactérias, constitui-se o passo inicial na colonização e patogênese nos quadros de gengivite e periodontite. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a aderência às CEB, a sua variabilidade e os aspectos ultra-estruturais de 21 isolados e de uma cepa de referência de A. actinomycetemcomitans, quando submetidos a repiques sucessivos. Todos os isolados testados aderiram às CEB e os repiques sucessivos determinaram variações nas taxas de aderência de cada isolado. Os isolados que apresentaram altos índices de aderência também produziram quantidades elevadas de componentes extracelulares, tais como fímbrias, vesículas e/ou material amorfo extracelular.

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is considered an important pathogen in periodontal disease, especially in localized juvenile periodontitis. The bacterial mechanism of adherence to oral epithelial cells (OEC), teeth or other bacteria is the initial step in colonization and in the pathogenesis of oral infectious processes, such as gingivitis and periodontitis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the adherence and its variability, as well as ultrastructural aspects of A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates on OEC, when they were submitted to repeated subcultures. Twenty-one fresh isolates from 21 patients with periodontal disease and one reference strain were tested. All tested isolates adhered to OEC and repeated subcultures produced variations in the adhesion rates of each isolate. Furthermore, a direct correlation between high levels of adherence and the presence of large amounts of extracellular components, such as fimbriae, vesicles and extracellular amorfous material, was observed.