ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds from early and late maturing Coffea canephora clones, aiming to identify the ideal harvest time. The fruits were collected every two weeks from 188 days after anthesis (DAA) and characterized as green, cane green, cherry, raisin and dry. The seeds were evaluated for water content, germination percentage, normal and abnormal seedlings, nongerminated seeds and dead seeds, vigor index, hypocotyl lenght, and root length. Seed germination of the early maturing clone started at 202 DAA, while that of the late maturing clone started at 230 DAA, with both clones showing a water content of 63% and a dry mass of 37%. Although the optimum harvest point was identified at the cherry ripening stage, it was found that the late maturing clone showed a more pronounced variation in the maturation process, directly impacting the physiological quality of the seeds. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between the maturation stages and the physiological quality of the seeds. For the early maturing clone, the maximum physiological quality was recorded at 244 DAA, corresponding to 80% of fruits at the cherry stage, while for the late maturing clone this point was reached at 326 DAA, with 98% of the fruits ripe. time 18 DAA (DAA green percentage seedlings index lenght length 20 23 63 37 37% stage process Furthermore 24 80 32 98 ripe 1 2 6 3 8 9

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the osteogenic potential of hydroxyapatite (HA), Alginate (Alg), and Gelatine (Gel) composite in a critical-size defect model in rats. Twenty-four male rats were divided into three groups: a negative control with no treatment (Control group), a positive control treated with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM group), and the experimental group treated with the new HA-Alg-Gel composite (HA-Alg-Gel group). A critical size defect (8.5mm) was made in the rat's calvaria, and the bone formation was evaluated by in vivo microcomputed tomography analysis (µCT) after 1, 15, 45, and 90 days. After 90 days, the animals were euthanized and histological and histomorphometric analyses were performed. A higher proportion of mineralized tissue/biomaterial was observed in the DBBM group when compared to the HA-Alg-Gel and Control groups in the µCT analysis during all analysis periods. However, no differences were observed in the mineralized tissue/biomaterial proportion observed on day 1 (immediate postoperative) in comparison to later periods of analysis in all groups. In the histomorphometric analysis, the HA-Alg-Gel and Control groups showed higher bone formation than the DBBM group. Moreover, in histological analysis, five samples of the HA-Alg-Gal group exhibited formed bone spicules adjacent to the graft granules against only two of eight samples in the DBBM group. Both graft materials ensured the maintenance of defect bone thickness, while a tissue thickness reduction was observed in the control group. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the osteoconductive potential of HA-Alg-Gel bone graft by supporting new bone formation around its particles. HA, HA , (HA) Alg, Alg (Alg) Gel (Gel criticalsize Twentyfour Twenty four group, group) HAAlgGel . 8.5mm 85mm mm 8 5mm (8.5mm rat s calvaria (µCT 15 45 9 days performed tissuebiomaterial biomaterial However immediate postoperative Moreover HAAlgGal Gal conclusion particles (HA (Alg 4

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial osteogênico de um compósito de hidroxiapatita (HA), alginato (Alg) e gelatina (Gel) em um modelo de defeito de tamanho crítico em ratos. Vinte e quatro ratos machos foram divididos em três grupos: um controle negativo sem tratamento (grupo controle), um controle positivo tratado com osso bovino desproteinizado (grupo DBBM) e o grupo experimental tratado com o novo compósito HA-Alg-Gel (grupo HA-Alg-Gel). Um defeito de tamanho crítico (8,5mm) foi feito na calvária dos ratos, e a formação óssea foi avaliada por análise de microtomografia computadorizada in vivo (µCT) após 1, 15, 45 e 90 dias. Após 90 dias, os animais foram eutanasiados e análises histológicas e histomorfométricas foram realizadas. Uma maior proporção de tecido mineralizado/biomaterial foi observada no grupo DBBM quando comparado aos grupos HA-Alg-Gel e controle na análise de µCT durante todos os períodos de análise. Entretanto, não foram observadas diferenças na proporção tecido mineralizado/biomaterial no dia 1 (pós-operatório imediato) em relação aos períodos posteriores de análise em todos os grupos. Na análise histomorfométrica, os grupos HA-Alg-Gel e controle apresentaram maior formação óssea do que o grupo DBBM. Além disso, na análise histológica, cinco amostras do grupo HA-Alg-Gal exibiram espículas ósseas formadas adjacentes aos grânulos do enxerto contra apenas duas das oito amostras do grupo DBBM. Ambos os materiais de enxerto garantiram a manutenção da espessura óssea do defeito, enquanto uma redução da espessura do tecido foi observada no grupo controle. Em conclusão, este estudo demonstrou o potencial osteocondutor do enxerto ósseo de HA-Alg-Gel, promovendo a formação de osso novo ao redor das suas partículas. HA, HA , (HA) Alg (Alg Gel (Gel controle, controle) HAAlgGel HAAlgGel. . HA-Alg-Gel) 8,5mm 85mm mm 8 5mm (8,5mm (µCT 15 4 9 dias realizadas mineralizadobiomaterial mineralizado biomaterial Entretanto pósoperatório pós operatório imediato histomorfométrica disso histológica HAAlgGal Gal conclusão HAAlgGel, Gel, partículas (HA

Abstract Some evidence in vitro suggested that amoxicillin and fluoride could disturb the enamel mineralization. Objective: To assess the effect of amoxicillin and of the combination of amoxicillin and fluoride on enamel mineralization in rats. Methodology: In total, 40 rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control group (CG); amoxicillin group (AG - amoxicillin (500 mg/kg/day), fluoride group (FG - fluoridated water (100 ppm -221 mg F/L), and amoxicillin + fluoride group (AFG). After 60 days, the samples were collected from plasma and tibiae and analyzed for fluoride (F) concentration. The incisors were also collected to determine the severity of fluorosis using the Dental Fluorosis by Image Analysis (DFIA) software, concentration of F, measurements of enamel thickness, and hardness. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc test, or Games-Howell post-hoc test (α=0.05). Results: Enamel thickness of the incisors did not differ statistically among the groups (p=0.228). Groups exposed to fluoride (AFG and FG) have higher F concentrations in plasma, bone and teeth than those not exposed to fluoride (CG and AG). The groups showed a similar behavior in the DFIA and hardness test, with the FG and AFG groups showing more severe fluorosis defects and significant lower hardness when compared with the AG and CG groups, with no difference from each other. Conclusion: The rats exposed to fluoride or fluoride + amoxicillin developed dental fluorosis, while exposure to amoxicillin alone did not lead to enamel defects.

Abstract The exposure to amoxicillin has been associated with molar incisor hypomineralization. This study aimed to determine if amoxicillin disturbs the enamel mineralization in in vivo experiments. Fifteen pregnant rats were randomly assigned into three groups to received daily phosphatase-buffered saline or amoxicillin as either 100 or 500 mg/kg. Mice received treatment from day 13 of pregnancy to day 40 postnatal. After birth, the offsprings from each litter continued to receive the same treatment according to their respective group. Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content in the dental hard tissues were analyzed from 60 upper first molars and 60 upper incisors by the complexometric titration method and colorimetric analysis using a spectrophotometer at 680 nm, respectively. Lower incisors were analyzed by X-ray microtomography, it was measured the electron density of lingual and buccal enamel, and the enamel and dentin thickness. Differences in Ca and P content and electron density among the groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. There was no significant difference on enamel electron density and thickness among the groups (p > 0.05). However, in incisors, the higher dose of amoxicillin decreased markedly the electron density in some rats. There were no statistically significant differences in Ca (p = 0.180) or P content (p = 0.054), although the higher dose of amoxicillin could affect the enamel in some animals. The amoxicillin did not significantly alter the enamel mineralization and thickness in rats.

Resumo A autofagia é uma via de sobrevivência celular pela qual proteínas e organelas não funcionais são degradadas nos lisossomos, para reciclagem e geração de energia. Assim, a autofagia é fundamental para a manutenção da homeostase e viabilidade da célula, agindo como um controle de qualidade que evita o acúmulo de estruturas desnecessárias e o estresse oxidativo. Um número crescente de estudos tem demonstrado que disfunções na via autofágica estão relacionadas ao surgimento de diversas doenças, como as neurodegenerativas e o câncer. Estudos também têm indicado que a autofagia exerce um importante papel para a manutenção da homeostase óssea; por exemplo, estudos in vitro e em animais e humanos mostram que disfunções da autofagia nas células ósseas estão associadas ao surgimento de doenças ósseas, como a osteoporose. Nesta revisão, foram abordados esses estudos, a fim de melhor esclarecer se há uma relação entre disfunção autofágica e osteoporose.

Summary Autophagy is a survival pathway wherein non-functional proteins and organelles are degraded in lysosomes for recycling and energy production. Therefore, autophagy is fundamental for the maintenance of cell viability, acting as a quality control process that prevents the accumulation of unnecessary structures and oxidative stress. Increasing evidence has shown that autophagy dysfunction is related to several pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Moreover, recent studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. For instance, in vitro and animal and human studies indicate that autophagy dysfunction in bone cells is associated with the onset of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. This review had the purpose of discussing the issue to confirm whether a relationship between autophagy dysfunction and osteoporosis exits.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a presença de desvio apical por meio da plataforma radiográfica, avaliar a ação dos instrumentos, centralização do preparo e ampliação por meio de imagens digitais do canal e calcular a porcentagem de superfícies regulares e presença de debris por meio da análise histológica. Dez raízes mésiovestibulares de molares superiores extraídos foram incluídos em blocos de resina e seccionados no terço médio e apical. O preparo do canal foi feito empregando o sistema RaCe, a 250 rpm e torque de 1 Ncm. Cada sistema rotatório foi usado 5 vezes no sentido coroa-ápice na seguinte sequência: 40/0.10, 35/0.08, 25/0.06, 25/0.04, 25/0.02 (comprimento de trabalho - CT), 30/0/02 (CT) e 35/0/02 (CT). Cada amostra foi avaliada por 3 métodos de estudo: plataforma radiográfica, imagem digital e análise histológica. A plataforma radiográfica mostrou ausência de transporte apical. Em relação à ação dos instrumentos sobre as paredes dentinárias, centralização do preparo, ampliação, porcentagem de superfícies regulares e presença de debris, o teste estatístico de Wilcoxon não mostrou diferença significativa entre os terços apical e médio. O sistema RaCe se mostrou adequado para o preparo de canais radiculares curvos em relação à manutenção do trajeto original do canal, ação sobre as paredes dentinárias, ampliação e remoção de debris da luz do canal radicular.

In this study, curved maxillary molar root canals were instrumented with RaCe rotary system to evaluate: 1. the occurrence of canal transportation using a radiographic platform; 2. the action of the instruments on the dentin walls, centering ability and canal enlargement by analysis of digital images; and the percentage of regular dentin surfaces and debris within the canal by histological analysis. Ten mesiobuccal roots of extracted human maxillary molars were embedded in acrylic resin and sectioned at the middle and apical thirds. Root canal shaping was performed using the RaCe rotary system at 250 rpm and 1 Ncm torque. Each instrument set was used five times according to a crown-down technique in the following sequence: 40/0.10, 35/0.08, 25/0.06, 25/0.04, 25/0.02 (working length - WL), 30/0.02 (WL) and 35/0.02 (WL). Each instrument was inserted until resistance was felt and then pulled back, followed by brushing movements towards all canal walls. Each specimen was assessed by three study methods: radiographic platform, digitized image assessment and histological analysis. The radiographic platform showed lack of apical transportation. No statistically significant difference (Wilcoxon test, p>0.05) was found between the middle and apical thirds regarding instrument action on dentin walls, centering ability, area of root canal enlargement, percentage of regular dentin surfaces and debris within the root canal. It may be concluded that RaCe system is a suitable method for the preparation of curved root canals, regarding the maintenance of root canal original path, action on dentin walls, canal enlargement and removal of debris from the root canal lumen.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as correlações entre a produtividade da cana‑de‑açúcar e alguns atributos físicos e químicos do solo. Para isso, uma área de 42 ha, em Araras, SP, foi selecionada. As propriedades do solo foram determinadas a partir de amostras coletadas no início da safra 2003/2004, por meio de uma grade regular de 100x100 m. A produtividade foi avaliada por meio de um monitor de produtividade (Simprocana). Análises de correlação foram realizadas entre a produtividade da cana‑de‑açúcar e as seguintes propriedades do solo: pH, pH CaCl2, N, C, índice de cone, teor de argila, matéria orgânica, P, K, Ca, Mg, H + Al, capacidade de troca catiônica e saturação por bases. Os coeficientes de correlação foram respectivamente de ‑0,05, ‑0,29, 0,33, 0,41, ‑0,27, 0,22, 0,44, ‑0,24, traço, ‑0,06, 0,01, 0,32, 0,14 e 0,04. As correlações de atributos químicos e físicos do solo com a produtividade da cana‑de‑açúcar são baixas, por si mesmas, e não são capazes de explicar a variação na produtividade da cana‑de‑açúcar, o que indica que, além das propriedades do solo, outras variáveis devem ser analisadas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the correlation between sugarcane yield and some physical and chemical attributes of soil. For this, a 42‑ha test area in Araras, SP, Brazil, was used. Soil properties were determined from samples collected at the beginning of the 2003/2004 harvest season, using a regular 100x100 m grid. Yield assessment was done with a yield monitor (Simprocana). Correlation analyses were performed between sugarcane yield and the following soil properties: pH, pH CaCl2, N, C, cone index, clay content, soil organic matter, P, K, Ca, Mg, H+AL, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. Correlation coefficients were respectively ‑0.05, ‑0.29, 0.33, 0.41, ‑0.27, 0.22, 0.44, ‑0.24, trace, ‑0.06, 0.01, 0.32, 0.14, and 0.04. Correlations of chemical and physical attributes of soil with sugarcane yield are weak, and, per se, they are not able to explain sugarcane yield variation, which suggests that other variables, besides soil attributes, should be analysed.

Um dos desafios da agricultura de precisão é oferecer subsídios para a definição de unidades de manejo para posteriores intervenções. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos químicos do solo e a produtividade da cultura de cana-de-açúcar por meio da geoestatística e mineração de dados pela indução da árvore de decisão. A produtividade da cana-de-açúcar foi mapeada em uma área de aproximadamente 23ha, utilizando-se o critério de célula, por meio de um monitor de produtividade que permitiu a elaboração de um mapa digital que representa a superfície de produção para a área em estudo. Para determinar os atributos de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, foram coletadas as amostras no início da safra 2006/2007, utilizando-se uma grade regular de 50 x 50m, nas profundidades de 0,0-0,2m e 0,2-0,4m. Os dados dos atributos do solo e da produtividade foram analisados por meio da técnica de goestatística e classificados em três níveis de produção para indução de árvore de decisão. A árvore de decisão foi induzida no programa SAS Enterprise Miner, sendo utilizado algoritmo baseado na redução de entropia. As variáveis altitude e potássio apresentaram os maiores valores de correlação com a produtividade de cana-de-açúcar. A indução de árvores de decisão permitiu verificar que a altitude é a variável com maior potencial para interpretar os mapas de produtividade de cana-de-açúcar, auxiliando na agricultura de precisão e mostrando-se uma ferramenta adequada para o estudo de definição de zonas de manejo em área cultivada com essa cultura.

One of the challenges of precision agriculture is to offer subsidies for the definition of management units for posterior interventions. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate soil chemical attributes and sugarcane yield with the use of geostatistics and data mining by decision tree induction. Sugarcane yield was mapped in a 23ha field, applying the cell criterion, by using a yield monitor that allowed the elaboration of a digital map representing the surface of production of the studied area. To determine the soil attributes, soil samples were collected at the beginning of the harvest in 2006/2007 using a regular grid of 50 x 50m, in the depths of 0.0-0.2m and 0.2-0.4m. Soil attributes and sugarcane yield data were analyzed by using geostatistics techniques and were classified into three yield levels for the elaboration of the decision tree. The decision tree was induced in the software SAS Enterprise Miner, using an algorithm based on entropy reduction. Altitude and potassium presented the highest values of correlation with sugarcane yield. The induction of decision trees showed that the altitude is the variable with the greatest potential to interpret the sugarcane yield maps, then assisting in precision agriculture and, revealing an adjusted tool for the study of management definition zones in area cropped with sugarcane.