RESUMO Introdução No início da carreira médica, o ortopedista em formação acadêmica necessita de metodologias válidas para o treinamento de cirurgias complexas em tecidos que simulem situações reais. Com o treinamento em tecido animal, adaptado para abordar o tecido humano, é possível simular procedimentos e decisões que serão necessários em situações reais. Objetivo Este estudo consiste na apresentação de um modelo de simulação simples e reprodutível para reparo cirúrgico de tendões por meio do treinamento em tendões frescos fixados em estrutura de madeira. Metodologia A construção do modelo consiste em uma peça plana de Fibra de Média Densidade (MDF) e foram utilizados dois ganchos roscados na prancha, aos quais são fixados fios de Nylon para amarrar o tendão, permitindo uma simulação satisfatória de um tendão humano. Conslusão É um método simples, barato e eficaz para o treinamento de suturas tendíneas, por meio do qual o trainee poderá desenvolver técnicas de reparo e princípios cirúrgicos básicos, como manuseio de instrumentos, segurança e descarte de objetos cortantes. Este método visa melhorar as habilidades e destreza do trainee quando colocado em cirurgias ao vivo. As técnicas cirúrgicas desenvolvidas incluem as suturas Kessler e Bunnel modificadas. Nível de Evidência IV, Estudo Descritivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction At the beginning of the medical career, the orthopedic surgeon in academic training needs valid methodologies for training complex surgeries in tissues that simulate real situations. With training in animal tissue, adapted to approach human tissue, it is possible to simulate procedures and decisions that will be necessary in real situations. Objective This study consists in presenting a simple and reproducible simulation model for surgical repair of tendons by training on fresh tendons fixed on a wooden frame. Methodology The model construction consists of a flat piece of Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) and two threaded hooks were used on the board, to which Nylon threads are attached to tie the tendon, allowing a satisfactory simulation of a human tendon. Conclusion This is a simple, inexpensive, and effective method for tendon suturing training, through which the trainee can develop repair techniques and basic surgical principles, such as instrument handling, safety, and sharps disposal. This approach aims to improve the trainee’s skills and dexterity when placed in live surgery. The surgical techniques developed include the modified Kessler and Bunnel sutures. Level of Evidence IV, Descriptive Study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar o uso da transferência de retalho livre do serrátil anterior no tratamento de lesões traumáticas. Métodos: Vinte e seis retalhos livres ou pediculados do serrátil anterior foram realizados para reconstrução de lesões traumáticas de extremidades. Resultados: A sobrevida completa do retalho foi registrada em 20 membros e 3 pacientes tiveram complicações circulatórias. Mesmo com a revisão das anastomoses vasculares, a necrose parcial do retalho não pôde ser prevenida e exigiu enxerto de pele após desbridamento da área necrótica. Outro retalho também necessitou reexploração em decorrência de forte congestão por dificuldade de retorno venoso. Infecção de ferida superficial foi encontrada em três pacientes, tratados com medidas conservadoras. Em relação à área doadora, a formação de seroma foi encontrada em 8 casos; em 2 foi necessária drenagem e os demais foram resolvidos espontaneamente. Em 2 houve formação de hematomas, que foram drenados. Em um membro havia lesão longa do nervo torácico e deformidade do tipo escapula alada. Conclusão: De acordo com este estudo, o retalho do músculo serrátil anterior é uma excelente ferramenta para o tratamento de lesões complexas e pouco extensas nas extremidades. Nível de Evidência IV; Série de casos .

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the use of the serratus anterior free tissue transfer in the treatment of traumatic injuries. Methods: Twenty-six free flaps or serratus pedicled flaps were performed for reconstruction of traumatic extremity injuries. Results: Complete flap survival was recorded in 20 limbs and 3 patients had circulatory complications. Even with the review of vascular anastomoses, partial flap necrosis could not be prevented and required a skin graft after debridement in the necrotic area. Another flap also required reexploration as a result of heavy congestion due to impaired venous return. Superficial wound infection was found in three patients and treated with conservative measures. Regarding the donor area, seroma formation was found in 8 cases; drainage was necessary in 2, and the others were resolved spontaneously. In 2, bruises formed and were later drained. In 1 limb there was long thoracic nerve injury and scapular winging. Conclusion: According to this study, the serratus anterior muscle flap is an excellent tool for treating small complex lesions in the extremities. Level of Evidence IV; Case series .

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as vantagens e desvantagens dos procedimentos reconstrutivos utilizados em lesões de partes moles do membro superior, conforme sua localização. Métodos: Foram analisados 116 pacientes, 94 do sexo masculino e 22 do sexo feminino, operados entre abril de 2001 e novembro de 2017 em consequência de lesões traumáticas no membro superior. As lesões restritas aos dedos foram excluídas. Foram avaliados quanto à idade, sexo, etiologia, área de reconstrução, método empregado e complicações. Resultados: Os procedimentos de reconstrução realizados incluem 29 enxertos de pele; 6 retalhos por avançamento; 7 retalhos por rotação; 33 retalhos fasciocutâneos pediculados, 9 retalhos fasciocutâneos livres; 5 retalhos musculares pediculados; 12 retalhos musculares livres, 3 retalhos musculocutâneos pediculados; 1 retalho musculocutâneo livre; 11 retalhos livres neurovasculares. Conclusão: Os procedimentos reconstrutivos nos membros superiores são muito variados, abrangendo desde a enxertia de pele até retalhos livres. A indicação depende do tipo de lesão e da escolha do cirurgião. O objetivo final é alcançar o melhor resultado funcional com a menor morbidade possível. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de casos.

ABSTRACT Objective: The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of reconstructive procedures applied in upper limb soft tissue injuries according to their location. Methods: The study involved 94 male and 22 female patients (116 total) operated between April 2001 and November 2017 due to traumatic injuries in a upper limb. Individuals were evaluated considering their age, sex, etiology, reconstruction area , applied methodology and complications. The finger injuries were excluded. Results: The performed reconstruction procedures include 29 skin grafts; six advancement flaps; seven rotation flaps; 33 pedicled fasciocutaneous flaps, 9 free fasciocutaneous flaps; 5 pedicled muscle flaps; 12 free muscle flaps, three pedicled musculocutaneous flaps; one free musculocutaneous flap; 11 neurovascular free flaps. Conclusion: Reconstructive procedures in the upper limbs are diverse, varying from skin grafting to free flaps. The indication of the best option depends on the type of injurie and the surgeon. The final goal is to reach the best functional result combined with the lowest possible morbidity. Level of Evidence IV, Case series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as variações anatômicas e patológicas osteoarticulares, musculares e tendíneas em pés de cadáveres portadores de hálux valgo e correlacionar com o grau de deformidade radiográfica. Métodos: Foram feitas dissecações e radiografias de 22 peças de pés de cadáveres portadores de hálux valgo, com idade entre 20 e 70 anos, que foram comparadas com 5 pés normais, no intuito de documentar as variações anatômicas e patológicas ósseas, miotendíneas e articulares encontradas. Resultados: Em todos os graus de deformidade encontramos um arqueamento dos tendões extensores longo e curto do hálux, causando um desvio lateral que forma a corda de arco do ângulo metatarsofalângico do hálux. Observamos, também, um desvio para a face plantar do tendão do músculo abdutor do hálux e desvio lateral do tendão do músculo flexor do hálux. Nas deformidades moderadas foi verificado o desvio medial da cabeça do primeiro metatarseano, deslizando para fora do aparelho sesamoide, pronação dessa cabeça e formação de exostoses mediais. Nas deformidades severas, além de todas as outras deformidades, encontramos o tendão extensor longo do hálux com duas inserções distais, ao invés de apenas uma. Conclusão: As alterações anatômicas encontradas no hálux valgo podem estar relacionadas com o grau de deformidade radiográfica. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the anatomical and pathological osteoarticular, muscular and tendinous variations in feet of cadavers with hallux valgus and to correlate them with the degree of radiographic deformity. Methods: Dissections and radiographs were conducted in the feet of 22 cadavers with halux valgus, aged between 20 and 70 years. The feet affected were compared with 5 normal feet in order to document the anatomical and pathological, myotendinous and articular variations found. Results: The extensor hallucis longus and brevis tendons were arched in all degrees of deformity, causing a lateral deviation that forms the arc chord of the metatarsophalangeal angle of the hallux. We also observed a deviation to the plantar face of the abductor muscle tendon and lateral deviation of the flexor hallucis muscle tendon. In the moderate deformities, the medial deviation of the first metatarsal head was observed, sliding out of the sesamoid apparatus, pronation of this head, and formation of medial exostoses. In severe deformities, in addition to all other deformities, we found the extensor hallucis longus tendon with two distal insertions, rather than just one. Conclusion: The anatomical alterations found in the hallux valgus may be related to the degree of radiographic deformity . Level of Evidence IV, Case series.

SUMMARY: The objective of the study was to evaluate the anatomical characteristics and variations of the palmaris longus nerve branch and define the feasibility of transferring this branch to the posterior interosseous nerve without tension. Thirty arms from 15 adult male cadavers were dissected after preparation with 20 % glycerin and formaldehyde intra-arterial injection. The palmaris longus muscle (PL) received exclusive innervation of the median nerve in all limbs. In most it was the second muscle of the forearm to be innervated by the median nerve. In 5 limbs the PL muscle was absent. In 5 limbs we identified a branch without sharing branches with other muscles. In 4 limbs it shared origin with the pronator teres (PT), in 8 with the flexor carpi radialis (FCR), in 2 with flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), in 4 shared branches for the PT and FCR and in two with PT, FCR, FDS. The mean length was (4.0 ± 1.2) and the thickness (1.4 ± 0.6). We investigated whether the branch for PL was long enough to be transferred to the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN). The branch diameter for PL corresponds to 46 % of the PIN. The PL muscle branch presented great variability. The PL branch could be transferred to the PIN proximally to the Froshe arcade without tension in all specimens even with full range of motion of the forearm. In 13 limbs was possible the tensionless transfer to PIN distal to the branches of the supinator muscle.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características anatómicas y las variaciones del ramo del músculo palmar largo y definir la posibilidad de transferir este ramo al nervio interóseo posterior sin tensión. Se disecaron 30 miembros superiores de 15 cadáveres de hombres adultos después de su preparación con 20 % de glicerina y formaldehído, inyectados por vía intraarterial. En todos los miembros el músculo palmar largo (PL) recibió inervación exclusiva del nervio mediano. En la mayoría de los casos, fue el segundo músculo del antebrazo inervado por el nervio mediano. En 5 miembros estaba ausente el músculo. En 5 miembros identificamos un ramo sin compartir ramos con otros músculos. En 4 miembros, compartió el origen con el músculo pronador redondo (PR), en 8 con el músculo flexor radial del carpo (FRC), en 2 con el músculo flexor superficial de los dedos (FCSD), en 4 ramos compartidos para el PR y FRC y en dos con PR, FRC, FCSD. La longitud media fue (4,0±1,2 cm) y el grosor (1,4±0,6 cm). Investigamos si el ramo del PL era lo suficientemente largo para ser transferido al nervio interóseo posterior (NIP). El diámetro del ramo para el PL corresponde al 46 % del NIP. El ramo del músculo PL presentó una gran variabilidad. El ramo del PL podría transferirse al NIP proximalmente a la «arcada de Frohse», sin tensión, en todas las muestras, incluso con el rango completo de movimiento del antebrazo. En 13 miembros fue posible la transferencia sin tensión al NIP distal a los ramos del músculo supinador.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as variações anatômicas da inervação do músculo flexor superficial dos dedos e determinar se o ramo do nervo mediano destinado a esse músculo pode ou não ser conectado aos ramos para os músculos extensor radial curto do carpo e pronador redondo sem tensão, e quão próximo dos músculos-alvo a transferência pode ser realizada. Métodos Foram dissecados 50 membros de 25 cadáveres para coletar dados sobre as variações anatômicas dos ramos para o músculo flexor superficial dos dedos. Resultados O referido músculo recebeu inervação do nervo mediano nos 50 membros. Em 22 recebeu um ramo, em 28 mais que um. O ramo proximal foi identificado em 22 membros e em 12 compartilhava ramos com outros músculos. O ramo distal estava presente em todos e desprendeu-se do nervo mediano como um ramo isolado ou de um tronco comum com o nervo interósseo anterior em 3 membros, e de um tronco comum com músculo flexor radial do carpo e nervo interósseo anterior em outro. Originou-se distalmente ao nervo interósseo anterior em 38, em 5 no mesmo nível e em 3 proximal ao nervo interósseo anterior. Em quatro recebeu inervação do nervo interósseo anterior, além daquela recebida pelo mediano. Ramos acessórios do nervo mediano para a porção distal do músculo flexor superficial dos dedos estavam presentes em oito membros. Conclusão Nos 28 membros em que existam 2 ou mais ramos, 1 desses poderia ser conectado aos ramos para o músculo extensor radial curto do carpo e pronador redondo sem tensão, mesmo durante os movimentos de pronossupinação do antebraço e flexão-extensão do cotovelo.

Abstract Objective To analyze the anatomical variations of the innervation of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle and to determine if the branch of the median nerve that supply this muscle is connected to the branches to the extensor carpi radialis brevis and the pronator teres muscles, without tension, and how close to the target-muscles the transfer can be performed. Methods Fifty limbs of 25 cadavers were dissected to collect data on the anatomical variations of the branches to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. Results This muscle received innervation from the median nerve in the 50 limbs. In 22 it received one branch, and in 28 more than one. The proximal branch was identified in 22 limbs, and in 12 limbs it shared branches with other muscles. The distal branch was present in all, and originated from the median nerve as an isolated branch, or a common trunk with the anterior interosseous nerve in 3 limbs, and from a common trunk with the flexor carpi radialis muscle and anterior interosseous nerve in another. It originated distally to the anterior interosseous nerve at 38, in 5 on the same level, and in 3 proximal to the anterior interosseous nerve. In four limbs, innervation came from the anterior interosseous nerve, as well as from the median nerve. Accessory branches of the median nerve for the distal portion of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle were present in eight limbs. Conclusion In 28 limbs with two or more branches, one of them could be connected to the branches to the extensor carpi radialis brevis and pronator teres muscles without tension, even during the pronation and supination movements of the forearm and flexion-extension of the elbow.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of nerve communication between the musculocutaneous and median nerve . Methods: Anatomical dissection of 40 limbs from 20 fetal cadavers was performed at the Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo . Results: A communicating branch was found in 10 upper limbs. In nine limbs there was a musculocutaneous-median anastomosis (type I); and in one limb there was a median-musculocutaneous anastomosis (type II) . Conclusion: It is very important to know these anatomical variations, especially when considering clinical examination, diagnostic, prognostic and surgical treatment. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

OBJETIVOS: Descrever anatomicamente a anastomose de Martin-Gruber e reconhecer suas repercussões clínicas. MÉTODO: Foram dissecados 100 antebraços de 50 cadáveres adultos no laboratório de anatomia. A dissecção foi feita através uma incisão mediana em todo o antebraço e terço inferior do braço, dois retalhos incluindo a pele e subcutâneo foram rebatidos, para o lado radial e ulnar respectivamente. RESULTADOS: A comunicação nervosa entre os nervos medianos e ulnar no antebraço (anastomose de Martin-Gruber) foi registrada em 27 antebraços. Classificamos a anastomose em seis tipos. Tipo I: anastomose entre o nervo interósseo anterior e o nervo ulnar (nove membros); Tipo II: anastomose entre o nervo interósseo anterior e o nervo ulnar em dois pontos (dupla anastomose - dois membros); Tipo III: anastomose entre o mediano e o nervo ulnar (quatro membros); Tipo IV: anastomose entre ramos dos nervos mediano e ulnar destinada ao músculo flexor profundo os dedos, esses fascículos formam uma alça de convexidade distal (cinco membros); Tipo V: anastomose intramuscular (cinco membros); Tipo VI: anastomose entre ramo do nervo mediano para o músculo flexor superficial e nervo ulnar (dois membros). CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento das variações anatômicas em relação à inervação da mão tem importância relevante, principalmente quando se considera o exame físico, diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento cirúrgico. Se essas variações não forem valorizadas, erros e consequências serão inevitáveis.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to describe Martin-Gruber anastomosis anatomically and to recognize its clinical repercussions. METHOD: 100 forearms of 50 adult cadavers were dissected in an anatomy laboratory. The dissection was performed by means of a midline incision along the entire forearm and the lower third of the upper arm. Two flaps including skin and subcutaneous tissue were folded back on the radial and ulnar sides, respectively. RESULTS: Nerve communication between the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm (Martin-Gruber anastomosis) was found in 27 forearms. The anastomosis was classified into six types: type I: anastomosis between the anterior interosseous nerve and the ulnar nerve (n = 9); type II: anastomosis between the anterior interosseous nerve and the ulnar nerve at two points (double anastomosis) (n = 2); type III: anastomosis between the median nerve and the ulnar nerve (n = 4); type IV: anastomosis between branches of the median nerve and ulnar nerve heading toward the flexor digitorum profundus muscle of the fingers; these fascicles form a loop with distal convexity (n = 5); type V: intramuscular anastomosis (n = 5); and type VI: anastomosis between a branch of the median nerve to the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle and the ulnar nerve (n = 2). CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the anatomical variations relating to the innervation of the hand has great importance, especially with regard to physical examination, diagnosis, prognosis and surgical treatment. If these variations are not given due regard, errors and other consequences will be inevitable.

Objective : This paper reports the incidence, origin, course and anatomical relationships of intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis. Methods : Anatomical dissection of 100 limbs from 50 adults cadavers was performed. The intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis was found in five forearms, three in the right and two in the left side, one was bilateral. All communication were located between the anterior interosseous nerve and the ulnar nerve. Conclusion : The purpose of intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis, which we found in 5% of dissected limbs, is to supply the flexor digitorum profundus muscle and it is unlikely to have any influence on the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Level of Evidence IV, Cases Series.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: Promover a descrição anatômica da inervação da cápsula do cotovelo com ilustração por meio da morfologia das dissecações. MÉTODOS: Foram dissecados 30 cotovelos de cadáveres adultos frescos e fixados, com idade entre 32 e 74 anos, de ambos os sexos. RESULTADOS: Observamos, dentre os braços dissecados, dois com nenhum ramo do nervo mediano, cinco com um ramo, dois com dois ramos, 10 com três ramos, nove com quatro ramos e dois com cinco ramos. Quando se trata do nervo radial, dois braços não apresentaram ramos, dois mostraram dois ramos, nove continham dois ramos, 10 contaram com três ramos, cinco tinham quatro ramos e dois tinham cinco ramos. Em relação ao nervo ulnar, tivemos três braços sem ramos articulares, seis com um ramo, quatro com dois ramos, cinco com três ramos, sete com quatro ramos, quatro com cinco ramos e um com seis ramos. CONCLUSÕES: Constatamos ramos do nervo radial, ulnar e medial na articulação do cotovelo, assim como a relação próxima entre os seus ramos capsulares e motores.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To put forward an anatomical description of the innervation of the elbow capsule, illustrated through morphological analysis on dissections. METHODS: Thirty elbows from fresh fixed adult cadavers aged 32-74 years, of both sexes, were dissected. RESULTS: Among the dissected arms, we observed that the median nerve did not have any branches in two arms, while it had one branch in five arms, two branches in two arms, three branches in ten arms, four branches in nine arms and five branches in two arms. The radial nerve did not have any branches in two arms, while it had one branch in two arms, two branches in nine arms, three branches in ten arms, four branches in five arms and five branches in two arms. The ulnar nerve did not have any branches in three arms, while it had one branch in six arms, two branches in four arms, three branches in five arms, four branches in seven arms, five branches in four arms and six branches in one arm. CONCLUSIONS: We observed branches of the radial, ulnar and medial nerves in the elbow joint, and a close relationship between their capsular and motor branches.

The organoclay/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites were prepared by in situ photopolymerization method using two solvents, ethanol and acetonitrile. The influences of organoclay loading, solvent nature and length of attached surfactant (C8 or C16) on thermal and mechanical properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis. Alkylammonium surfactants with C8 and C16 chain lengths were evaluated as clay modifiers. All the nanocomposites prepared in acetonitrile exhibited improvement in their thermal stability, mainly due to the interaction between the clay and the polymer which is maximized by the exfoliated clay structure. In the case of PMMA and nanocomposites synthesized in ethanol, the thermal stability of polymer and nanocomposites remained practically the same once the clay structure is predominantly of the intercalated type. In comparison with pure PMMA, glass transition temperature and storage modulus of polymer are notably increased by the presence of clay. It was found that the chain length of surfactant attached to the SWy-1 clay affects the Tg values. Glass transition temperatures of nanocomposites SWy-1-C16/PMMA were significantly higher than the values obtained for nanocomposites SWy-1-C8/PMMA. This can be attributed to the modifying agent C16, which has a greater hydrophobic chain length. The organic tail can provide a better dispersion of the MMA monomer in the organoclay, resulting in a nanocomposite with predominant exfoliated structure. Another significant factor to be considered was the effect of solvent used in the nanocomposite preparation. Considering nanocomposites with the same chain length (C8 or C16), Tg values obtained for nanocomposites prepared with ethanol is higher than those observed for those prepared in acetonitrile. This was attributed to the influence of the average molecular weight; once the nanocomposites prepared in ethanol exhibited higher polymeric chains.

Polyethilenetherephtalate (PET) is commonly used in manufacturing of beverage bottles representing a didactic appeal in thermal analysis education due to its presence in the student's day life. Additionally such polymer presents well defined thermal analytical curves and a well known thermal behavior. TGA curve is used to present the thermal stability. The thermal history effects in the thermal properties of a PET sample from a soft drink bottle are used to demonstrate the effect of different heating/cooling conditions on glass transition, melting, crystallization and crystalline degree using DSC curves.

Aspects of visible spectrophotometry can be presented to students using simple experiments in which the color of the crude extract of Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. is bleached in the presence of nitrite ions in acidic medium. The dependence of the absorption intensity with time, the reaction completeness and the Beer law can be demonstrated. Quantitative results for mineral water samples "contaminated" with nitrite ions were obtained from a method based on the Griess reaction and a procedure based on the bleaching reaction between the crude extract and NO2- ions. Both the Griess and the bleaching reactions were found to be time dependent. Recoveries of about 100 - 104% were obtained with these procedures. The use of natural dyes attracted students' interest enhancing the teaching process. Experiments performed by the teaching staff suggested that the proposed methodology can be performed in a 4 h class, with relative errors ranging from 0.19 to 1.86% in relation to the Griess method.