ABSTRACT The rational use of water while considering the increases in food production is a great challenge for agriculture currently. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the soil properties of rice paddy areas under different water management systems. For this, the rice cultivars BRS Tropical and IRGA 424 were grown under the following treatments: M1: Intermittent flooding; M2: Intermittent flooding, followed by continuous flooding; M3: Continuous flooding, followed by intermittent flooding; and M4: Continuous flooding for the entire plant cycle. As a control, a non-cultivated area, adjacent to the experimental plots was also evaluated. The variables analyzed were P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+ contents, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) Carbon Stock (C-Stock), nitrogen stock (N-Stock), Cation-exchange capacity (CEC), C/N ratio; CO2 emission, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB), metabolic coefficient (qMic) and acid phosphatase and urease activities. There was not difference among the different water management systems for P, K+, Mg2+, CEC and C/N ratio. The SMB and the acid phosphatase and urease activities were lower under the different treatments when compared to the control. The CO2 emission under rice paddy system was influenced by the phenological phase of the crop. The variables SOC, C-Stock, SMB, C/N ratio, K+, acid phosphatase and usease activities are those most sensitive attributes observed in the soil under different water management systems during rice cultivation. Water management in the rice paddy system influenced soil by changing its quality. currently this 42 M1 M M2 M3 M4 cycle control noncultivated non cultivated area evaluated P K K+ Ca2 Ca Ca2+ Mg2 Mg Al3 Al contents pH SOC , (SOC) TN (TN CStock, CStock C (C-Stock) NStock, NStock N (N-Stock) Cationexchange Cation exchange CEC, (CEC) CN ratio CO (SMB) qMic (qMic crop Stock, C-Stock cultivation quality 4 (SOC (C-Stock (N-Stock (CEC (SMB

RESUMO O uso racional da água na produção de alimentos é um desafio no cenário atual. Objetivou-se no presente estudo avaliar as características do solo em área de arroz irrigado sob diferentes sistemas de manejo da água. Para isso, avaliou-se os sistemas de manejos de irrigação do arroz: M1- Inundação intermitente; M2- Inundação intermitente na fase vegetativa até 50% de floração média, seguida de inundação contínua até a maturação; M3- Inundação contínua na fase vegetativa até 50% de floração, seguida de inundação intermitente até a maturação e M4- Inundação contínua durante todo o ciclo e duas cultivares BRS Tropical e IRGA 424. Como controle, uma área não cultivada, também foi avaliada. Avaliou-se os teores de P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+ e H + Al, pH, carbono orgânico do solo (COS), nitrogênio total, estoque de carbono, estoque de nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica, relação C/N; Emissão de CO2, carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo (CBMS), coeficiente metabólico (qMic) e atividades da fosfatase e da urease. Não houve diferença entre os sistemas de manejo de água quanto aos atributos P, K+ e Mg2+, CTC e relação C/N. O CBMS, as atividades da fosfatase e urease foram mais baixas em todos tratamentos quando comparados ao controle. A emissão de CO2 foi influenciada pela fase fenológica da cultura. O COS, estoque de carbono, CBMS, relação C/N, K+ e atividades da fosfatase foram os atributos mais sensíveis nos diferentes sistemas O manejo da água influencia as propriedades do solo, alterando sua qualidade. atual Objetivouse Objetivou se isso avaliouse avaliou M1 M M2 50 média M3 M4 424 controle cultivada avaliada Avaliouse Avaliou P K Ca2 Ca Ca2+ Mg2 Mg Mg2+ Al3 Al pH COS , (COS) total catiônica C/N CN C N CO CBMS (CBMS) qMic (qMic cultura qualidade 5 42 (COS (CBMS 4

La interpretación conjunta de la fenología y el metabolismo nutricional proporciona datos importantes sobre la reacción de tejidos vegetales y el período de inducción de agallas. En el estado de Goiás, Brasil se estudió una población de Aspidosperma macrocarpon Apocynaceae con agallas foliares inducidas por un Pseudophacopteron sp. Psylloidea. Suponiendo que la similitud morfológica entre las hojas del hospedero y las agallas intralaminares genera un gradiente de hojas sin agallas hacia hojas con agallas, se establece un continuo morfo-fisiológico. La fenología, la infestación de las agallas y el contenido de carbohidratos y nitrógeno se evaluaron mensualmente en 10-20 individuos, de septiembre 2009 a septiembre 2010. El objetivo fue analizar el estado nutricional y el establecimiento de un continuo fisiológico entre las hojas que producen agallas y las hojas sin agallas de A. macrocarpon. El período de emergencia de hojas coincidió con los niveles más altos de nitrógeno en las hojas nuevas, y los niveles más bajos de carbohidratos.Los nutrientes se consumieron previamente por las hojas en crecimiento, en el momento de inducción de las agallas. Los niveles de carbohidratos fueron más altos en las hojas con agallas que en aquellas sin agallas, en análisis basados en tiempo, lo que indica su ciclo de funcionalidad potencial. Las hojas hospederas se infestaron en octubre, el desarrollo y la senescencia de las agallas se llevó a cabo entre marzo y septiembre, en las hojas hospederas. Estas primeras hojas senescentes causaron mortalidad de insectos. Hay mayor disponibilidad de nutrientes en el momento de la inducción de las agallas y parece ser importante no sólo para el establecimiento del insecto que produce agallas, sino también para la capacidad de respuesta de los tejidos de la planta hospedera.

The joint interpretation of phenology and nutritional metabolism provides important data on plant tissues reactivity and the period of gall induction. A population of Aspidosperma macrocarpon Apocynaceae with leaf galls induced by a Pseudophacopteron sp. Psylloidea was studied in Goiás state, Brazil. Assuming the morphological similarity between host leaves and intralaminar galls, a gradient from non-galled leaves towards galls should be generated, establishing a morpho-physiological continuum. The phenology, infestation of galls, and the carbohydrate and nitrogen contents were monthly evaluated in 10-20 individuals, from September 2009 to September 2010. Our objective was to analyze the nutritional status and the establishment of a physiological continuum between the galls and the non-galled leaves of A. macrocarpon. The period of leaf flushing coincided with the highest levels of nitrogen allocated to the new leaves, and to the lowest levels of carbohydrates. The nutrients were previously consumed by the growing leaves, by the time of gall induction. The levels of carbohydrates were higher in galls than in non-galled leaves in time-based analyses, which indicateed their potential sink functionality. The leaves were infested in October, galls developed along the year, and gall senescence took place from March to September, together with host leaves. This first senescent leaves caused insect mortality. The higher availability of nutrients at the moment of gall induction was demonstrated and seems to be important not only for the establishment of the galling insect but also for the responsiveness of the host plant tissues.