Abstract The global scientific community has identified areas with anomalous warming in various areas of the planet; among which is the Hot Blob and/or “Warm Spot”. Various authors assign it a determining role in the Megadrought process in the Arid Andes. This sea surface temperature anomaly in eastern New Zealand has been gradually warming, however, it should be noted that approximately since the mid-2000s it has warmed more rapidly. Apparently the hand of man, as a result of human activity and the burning of fossil fuels, has influenced it. In this article, because the relationship between the Hot Blob and Global Climate Change is not objectively explicit, global temperature is implemented as an index to assess the association between it and the Warm Spot.

Resumen La comunidad científica mundial ha identificado áreas con un calentamiento anómalo en diversas zonas del planeta; entre las que se encuentra la Hot Blob y/o “Mancha Cálida”. Diversos autores le asignan un rol determinante en el proceso de megasequía en los Andes Áridos. Esta anomalía de la temperatura superficial del mar en el este de Nueva Zelanda, se ha ido calentando paulatinamente, sin embargo, se advierte que aproximadamente desde mediados de los 2000 se calentó con mayor velocidad. Al parecer la mano del hombre, como resultado de la actividad humana y la quema de combustibles fósiles, ha incidido en ella. En este artículo, debido a que la relación entre la Hot Blob y el Cambio Climático Global, no es explícita objetivamente, se implementa la temperatura global como índice para valuar asociación entre aquel y la Mancha Cálida.

ABSTRACT Background: Syphilis is associated with social and behavioral factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of syphilis and its associated risk factors among recyclable waste collectors in Central Brazil. Results: A lifetime syphilis prevalence rate of 7.91% (95% confidence interval: 5.25-11.75) was found among 278 participants. Low educational level, history of sexually transmitted infection, and age ≥ 36 years were associated with a high prevalence of lifetime syphilis. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the need for syphilis prevention, screening, and treatment among recyclable waste collectors, highlighting the potential for the spread of infection in vulnerable populations. Background Methods crosssectional cross sectional Brazil Results 791 7 91 7.91 95% 95 (95 interval 5.2511.75 5251175 5.25 11.75 5 25 11 75 5.25-11.75 27 participants level 3 Conclusions prevention screening populations 79 9 7.9 (9 2511 5.2511.7 525117 525 5.2 1175 11.7 2 1 5.25-11.7 7. ( 251 5.2511. 52511 52 5. 117 11. 5.25-11. 5.2511 5251 5.25-11 5.251 5.25-1 5.25-

Abstract Symbiotic fermented kinds of milk are products with probiotic microorganisms and a simultaneous prebiotic effect. The presence of fibers or oligosaccharides causes it. This work aimed to evaluate and model fermented milk beverage production with probiotic microorganisms and in situ Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) synthesis. GOS enzymatic production was maximized through the mathematical model, and finally, the mathematical prediction was experimentally validated. For this purpose, the enzymatic kinetics of GOS production from Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase enzyme was experimentally evaluated for different initial lactose concentrations (30%, 35%, and 40% w/v) and enzyme/lactose ratio (R: 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%). In addition, the fermentative kinetics of lactic acid and biomass production were evaluated using the probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus. The parameters correlation for both models was then performed. A unified model determined the process conditions that maximize GOS concentration in the fermented milk beverage. According to the model, the operating values that maximized the GOS production were 40% of initial lactose, R: 0.15%, 20 min of enzymatic reaction, and 17 h of fermentative reaction. The final fermented milk drink showed a GOS content of 2.9 g/portion of 200 g, guaranteeing the recommended daily values of the prebiotic with the consumption of two servings. effect it (GOS synthesis finally validated purpose βgalactosidase β galactosidase 30%, 30 (30% 35 35% 40 w/v wv w v enzymelactose R (R 02 0 2 0.2% 04 4 0.4% 0.6%. 06 0.6% . 6 0.6%) addition acidophilus performed 015 15 0.15% reaction 1 29 9 2. gportion g portion servings 30% 3 (30 0.2 0.4 0.6 01 0.15 (3 0. 0.1 (

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de cólon é a terceira doença maligna mais comum na Colômbia, superado apenas pelos cânceres de próstata e de mama. É o segundo câncer mais comum entre as mulheres e o terceiro mais comum entre os homens. A epidemiologia desta doença mudou na Colômbia, e o seu pico de incidência já ultrapassou a do câncer gástrico. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a associação entre o volume cirúrgico do Hospital e a mortalidade em pacientes com câncer de cólon submetidos a ressecção cirúrgica. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo nacional baseado em dados administrativos e incluiu pacientes adultos submetidos a ressecção cirúrgica para câncer de cólon que estavam inscritos no sistema de saúde contributivo entre 2012 e 2017. Definimos a exposição como o volume cirúrgico do hospital onde a cirurgia de câncer de cólon foi realizada. Classificamos os pacientes como expostos a um alto volume cirúrgico e expostos a um baixo volume cirúrgico. Os principais resultados foram a mortalidade em 30 dias e em 1 ano. Regressões de Poisson multivariadas foram utilizadas para identificar a associação entre a exposição e as taxas de mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 4.647 pacientes, dos quais 4.188 pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia em hospitais com um volume de colectomia inferior a 33 por ano e 459 foram submetidos a cirurgia em instituições com volumes iguais ou superiores a 33 por ano. Na análise multivariada, após o ajuste para variáveis observáveis, foi encontrada uma menor taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia em instituições com alto volume cirúrgico. Não foram encontradas diferenças na mortalidade em um ano. CONCLUSÕES: O alto volume cirúrgico de um hospital está associado à mortalidade em 30 dias no câncer de cólon, como descrito em outros estudos, mas a mortalidade em 1 ano não mostrou essa associação. Estudos prospectivos são necessários para estabelecer uma relação causal. INTRODUÇÃO Colômbia mama homens gástrico OBJETIVOS MÉTODOS 201 2017 realizada 3 RESULTADOS 4647 4 647 4.64 4188 188 4.18 45 multivariada observáveis CONCLUSÕES estudos causal 20 464 64 4.6 418 18 4.1 2 46 6 4. 41

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy in Colombia, only exceeded by prostate and breast cancers. It is the second most common cancer among females and the third most common among males. The epidemiology of this disease has changed in Colombia, and its peak incidence has now surpassed that of gastric cancer. AIMS: We aimed to determine the association between hospital surgical volume and mortality in patients with colon cancer undergoing surgical resection in Colombia. METHODS: This was a national retrospective cohort study based on administrative data and included adult patients undergoing surgical resection for colon cancer who were enrolled in Colombia’s contributory health system between 2012 and 2017. We defined exposure as the hospital’s surgical volume where the colon cancer surgery was performed. We classified the patients as exposed to a high surgical volume (above the 90th percentile of the provider distribution) and a low surgical volume (under the 90th percentile). The main outcomes were 30-day and 1-year mortality. Multivariate Poisson regressions were used to identify the association between exposure and mortality rates. RESULTS: The study included 4,647 patients, of which 4,188 underwent surgery at hospitals with a colectomy volume lower than 33 per year and 459 underwent surgery at institutions with volumes equal to or higher than 33 per year. In the multivariate analysis, after adjusting for observable variables, a lower risk of 30-day mortality was found in patients who underwent surgery at high surgical volume institutions (relative risk - RR 0.57, 95% confidence interval - 95%CI 0.033-0.97). No differences were found in the one-year mortality. CONCLUSION: The high surgical volume of a hospital is associated with a 30-day mortality in colon cancer, as described in other studies, but the 1-year mortality did not show this association. Prospective studies are required to establish a causal relationship. BACKGROUND Colombia cancers males AIMS METHODS Colombias s 201 2017 performed above th distribution under percentile. . percentile) 30day day 30 1year 1 rates RESULTS 4647 4 647 4,64 4188 188 4,18 3 45 analysis variables relative 057 0 57 0.57 95 95CI CI 0.0330.97. 0033097 0.033 0.97 033 97 0.033-0.97) oneyear one CONCLUSION relationship 20 464 64 4,6 418 18 4,1 05 5 0.5 9 0330 0.0330.97 003309 0033 0.03 097 0.9 03 0.033-0.97 2 46 6 4, 41 0. 0.0330.9 00330 003 0.0 09 0.033-0.9 0.0330. 00 0.033-0. 0.0330 0.033-0 0.033-

ABSTRACT: Current demographic and epidemiological changes will condition increased caries prevalence and incidence, specifically root caries lesions (RCLs) in the elderly. There will be a need, therefore, for therapeutic approaches with greater coverage and effectiveness. This article summarizes, in Spanish, the current available evidence leading to clinical recommendations for preventive, non-invasive, micro or minimally invasive and invasive interventions for the management of dental caries in older people, with special emphasis on RCLs. This publication is based on a consensus workshop, followed by an e-Delphi consensus process, conducted by a panel of experts nominated by the European Organization for Caries Research (ORCA), the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry (EFCD) and the German Federation of Conservative Dentistry (DGZ). The purpose of this article is to present the main conclusions reached in the ORCA/EFCD/DGZ consensus to allow a better dissemination of knowledge and the application of these concepts in clinical practice, guiding the correct decision-making for the disease management and the RCLs in the elderly.

RESUMEN: Los cambios demográficos y epidemiológicos actuales determinarán un aumento en la prevalencia e incidencia de caries, específicamente lesiones de caries radicular (RCLs, por sus siglas en inglés) en personas mayores, por lo que la necesidad de tratamiento de mayor cobertura y efectividad será también cada vez mayor. Este artículo resume en español la evidencia actual disponible acerca de las recomendaciones clínicas para las intervenciones preventivas, no invasivas, micro o mínimamente invasivas e invasivas para el manejo de la caries dental en personas mayores, con especial énfasis en RCLs. La presente publicación se basa en un taller de consenso, seguido de un proceso de consenso e-Delphi, realizado por un panel de expertos nominados por la Organización Europea para la Investigación en Caries (ORCA), la Federación Europea de Odontología Conservadora (EFCD) y la Federación Alemana de Odontología Conservadora (DGZ). El propósito de este artículo es presentar las principales conclusiones alcanzadas en el consenso de ORCA/EFCD/DGZ para permitir una mejor difusión del conocimiento y la aplicación de estos conceptos en la práctica clínica, orientando la correcta toma de decisiones en el manejo de la enfermedad y RCLs en las personas mayores.

ABSTRACT In the context of virtual education, it has been observed that teaching methods can be complex and confusing, which can lead to gaps in learning, extensive and manual calculations, as well as a lack of accountability on the part of those involved, often leading to unreliable results and delays in problem solving. However, with the advancement of technology, it has been identified that the use of Excel software as an additional tool can facilitate the understanding of mathematics education subject matter and increase interest in learning. To address this issue, a qualitative approach was conducted through a literature review of primary sources of information, and a sample of 21 students was used to conduct a parallel analysis. The results obtained indicate that Excel software is easy to use and meets the needs of basic mathematical content. In addition, it offers a wide range of mathematical functions and applications, such as solving equations, matrices and truth tables of molecular statements, which increases learning opportunities and allows putting the mathematical process into practice.

RESUMEN En el contexto de la educación virtual, se ha observado que los métodos de enseñanza pueden resultar complejos y confusos, lo que puede generar lagunas en el aprendizaje, cálculos extensos y manuales, así como una falta de responsabilidad por parte de los involucrados, lo que a menudo conduce a resultados poco confiables y retrasos en la resolución de problemas. Sin embargo, con el avance de la tecnología, se ha identificado que el uso del software Excel como una herramienta adicional puede facilitar la comprensión de la materia de educación matemática y aumentar el interés por aprender. Para abordar esta cuestión, se llevó a cabo un enfoque cualitativo mediante una revisión bibliográfica de las fuentes primarias de información, y se utilizó una muestra de 21 estudiantes para realizar un análisis paralelo. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el software Excel es fácil de usar y satisface las necesidades de contenido matemático básico. Además, ofrece una amplia gama de funciones y aplicaciones matemáticas, como la resolución de ecuaciones, matrices y tablas de verdad de enunciados moleculares, lo que aumenta las oportunidades de aprendizaje y permite poner en práctica el proceso matemático.

RESUMO Este artigo investiga a personagem Vupes, o alemão, do Grande sertão: veredas (1956). Para isso são considerados, a partir da narração de Riobaldo, aspectos históricos, poetológicos e sonoros que possam trazer informações tanto sobre a personagem como sobre a escuta de Riobaldo. Com ênfase na dimensão comunicacional da alteridade, da escuta e da condição de estrangeiro, fizemos um levantamento do estado da arte da relação de Guimarães Rosa com a Alemanha, analisamos cartas, diários, cadernetas, mapas, a biblioteca pessoal e papéis burocráticos do escritor no Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros da Universidade de São Paulo (IEB-USP). Vupes alemão sertão 1956. 1956 . (1956) considerados Riobaldo históricos alteridade estrangeiro Alemanha cartas diários cadernetas mapas IEBUSP. IEBUSP IEB USP (IEB-USP) 195 (1956 (IEB-USP 19 (195 1 (19 (1 (

ABSTRACT This article investigates the character Vupes, the German, from Grande Sertão: Veredas (1956). For this, based on Riobaldo’s narration, historical, poetological and sound aspects that can bring information about the character and about the listening of Riobaldo are considered. Vupes and Riobaldo are studied from the communicational dimension of alterity, listening and the condition of the foreigner. For the study of this German character, we surveyed the state of the art of Guimarães Rosa’s relationship with Germany, analyzed letters, diaries, notebooks, maps, the writer's personal library and bureaucratic papers at the Institute of Brazilian Studies at the University of São Paulo (IEB-USP). Sertão 1956. 1956 . (1956) Riobaldos s narration historical considered alterity foreigner Rosas Rosa Germany letters diaries notebooks maps writers writer IEBUSP. IEBUSP IEB USP (IEB-USP) 195 (1956 (IEB-USP 19 (195 1 (19 (1 (

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the development and the increase in the skin pigmentation of the organism Heros severus cultured in a biofloc system with diets enriched with carotenoid pigments. The culture was made in 80 L water tanks with 20 juvenile organisms of H. severus; each treatment was made by duplicate. Four experimental diets were used: a) trout feed, El Pedregal®; b) TetraColor®; c) carrot and d) beetroot. The diet that obtained the highest values regarding the growth of the fish was the control diet. Regarding the coloration of the fish, the beetroot diet was the diet that presented the highest values with 9.55 µg of total carotenoids in tissue, presenting significant differences (P = 0.001) concerning the other diets, proving that a diet based on beetroot can be a good option for the culture of ornamental fish. Because it allows the organisms to have a survival rate above 90%, have similar growth to the control group, and a significant improvement in coloration, being a natural carotenoid low-cost source to improve the commercialization of organisms. Nevertheless, it did not present significant differences (P = 0.005) regarding beetroot and TetraColor® diets, while it presented significant differences with the carrot diet.

Resumo Construir possibilidades de circulação das informações é essencial para qualquer área do conhecimento e quando se trata de uma área específica da Linguística, como a Linguística Contrastiva, par de língua Português e Alemão, torna-se imprescindível para o reconhecimento e a consolidação da área. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa se propõe a buscar a literatura produzida na área, ampliando levantamento anterior (Sipriano, Souza e Pereira 2021) para áreas intra- e extralinguísticas (Tekin 2012). O intento é concentrar os dados bibliográficos em locus acessível a toda comunidade científica. A partir das produções encontradas, traçamos análise quanti-qualitativa no que diz respeito ao número de produções, à concentração de trabalhos por área e por periódico científico. Os dados encontrados possibilitaram, ainda, uma reflexão a respeito da política de classificação dos periódicos científicos e seus impactos na comunidade científica e na sociedade.

Abstract It is essential for any area of knowledge to build possibilities of information circulation and, when it comes to a specific area of Linguistics, such as the Portuguese/German language pair Contrastive Linguistics, it is essential for the recognition and consolidation of the area. In this sense, this research proposes to review the literature produced in the area, extending the previous survey (Sipriano, Souza e Pereira 2021) to intra- and extralinguistic areas (Tekin 2012). The intent is to concentrate bibliographic data in a locus that will be accessible to the entire scientific community. From the publications found, we conducted a quanti-qualitative analysis of the number of productions, the concentration of studies per area and per scientific periodical. The obtained data also made it possible to reflect on the classification of scientific journals and their impact on the scientific community and on society.

Zusammenfassung Zugang zu Informationsmöglichkeiten zu verschaffen ist für jedes Wissensgebiet unerlässlich. Wenn es sich um ein spezifisches Gebiet der Linguistik handelt, wie z. B. die Kontrastive Linguistik für das Sprachenpaar Portugiesisch/Deutsch, ist dies für die Anerkennung und Konsolidierung des Fachs unbedingt nötig. In diesem Sinne wird in dieser Untersuchung vorgeschlagen, die in diesem Bereich entstandene Literatur zu durchsuchen und die bisherige Untersuchung (Sipriano, Souza e Pereira 2021) auf linguistische und außerlinguistische Disziplinen auszuweiten (Tekin 2012). Das eigentliche Ziel ist es, die bibliografischen Daten an einem Ort zu sammeln, der für die gesamte wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft zugänglich ist. Anhand der gefundenen Produktionen wird eine quantitative Analyse hinsichtlich der Anzahl der Produktionen verfolgt, der Konzentration der Werke pro Bereich und pro wissenschaftlicher Zeitschrift. Die erfassten Daten ermöglichten auch eine Diskussion über das Rangsystem wissenschaftlicher Zeitschriften und ihre Auswirkungen auf die wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft und die Gesellschaft.

Abstract Between 1909 and 2021, the region of the San Juan River basin and its surroundings endured two significant periods of extreme drought, registering 2021 as the scarcest snowy season since 1909. These deficit intervals have not only impacted on the availability of water for human consumption, but also affected the productive sector and water infrastructure. This prompted the authors to investigate the nature of these droughts, which is fundamental for hydroclimatic studies, particularly in this region. This work studies the dominant climatic factors and agents that contributed to the occurrence of extreme snow drought, aiming to identify and assign them a level of importance, thus providing the physical basis for the development of downscaling from dynamic and statistical forecasting models, which can be used as potential predictors of future snow seasons. In conclusion, it is found that the complexity of the interplay of factors leading to the most severe snow droughts in the Arid Andes in most cases are neither coincident nor periodic due to the fact that these predictors are not always associated in the same way; therefore, the prognosis is very complex.

Resumen La región de la cuenca del río San Juan y su entorno soportó entre 1909 y 2021 dos grandes períodos de sequía extrema, registrándose en 2021 la temporada nival más escasa desde 1909. Dichos intervalos deficitarios, repercuten no solo en la disponibilidad de agua para el consumo humano, sino también en el sector productivo y la infraestructura hídrica. Esto motivó a los autores a indagar sobre la naturaleza de las sequías, ya que es fundamental para el estudio hidroclimático, sobretodo en dicha región. Este trabajo estudia los factores y agentes climáticos dominantes que incidieron para que se produzcan años de sequía nival extrema, con el objeto de identificarlos y asignarles un orden de importancia, y de esa manera contar con la base física para la elaboración de downscaling a partir de modelos dinámicos y estadísticos de previsión, utilizándolos como posibles predictores de las temporadas nivales futuras. Como conclusión, se obtiene que la complejidad de la concatenación de factores que generan las sequías nivales más severas en los Andes Áridos en la mayoría de los casos no son coincidentes ni periódicas; debido a que estos predictores no se asocian siempre de la misma manera; por lo cual el pronóstico es muy complejo.

Resumo O presente estudo se ocupa criticamente com a recepção da teoria dos princípios de Robert Alexy como modelo de dogmática para os direitos fundamentais sociais no Brasil. Para tal, serão apresentadas algumas das características fundamentais dessa teoria dos princípios em seu contexto de criação, qual seja, o Direito alemão, procurando identificar os problemas com os quais ela se ocupa e as possíveis soluções que apresenta para tais problemas. Em um segundo momento, será demonstrado que as diferenças contextuais entre Alemanha e Brasil, do ponto de vista do direito constitucional positivo, tornam o modelo alexyano inadequado para pensar a problemática brasileira dos direitos fundamentais sociais. Trata-se, em termos metodológicos, de um estudo comparado entre os direitos constitucionais alemão e brasileiro, com ênfase na diferença em termos de positivação entre as duas constituições no âmbito dos direitos fundamentais e, assim, da pergunta acerca da adequação entre método (modelo dogmático) e objeto (direito positivo).

Abstract The present study is critically concerned with the reception of Robert Alexy‘s theory of principles as a model of dogmatics for fundamental social rights in Brazil. For that, some of the fundamental characteristics of this theory of principles will be presented in its context of creation, namely, the German Law, trying to identify the problems with which it is concerned and the possible solutions it presents to such problems. In a second moment, it will be demonstrated that the contextual differences between Germany and Brazil, from the point of view of positive constitutional law, make the Alexyan model inadequate to think about the Brazilian question of fundamental social rights. It is, in methodological terms, a comparative study between German and Brazilian constitutional Laws, with emphasis on the difference in terms of positivization between the two constitutions in the scope of fundamental rights and, thus, the question about the adequacy between method (model of dogmatic) and object (positive Law).

Resumen: En el derecho chileno, se presentan dificultades a la hora de imputar responsabilidad penal como autores a los órganos directivos empresariales que imparten órdenes a sus subalternos para que estos cometan delitos dolosos de dominio. Esto se explica por un entramado de razones dogmáticas y de derecho positivo. Así, conforme al «modelo de imputación penal individual», autor directo de un delito es quien lleva a cabo la conducta típica personalmente. Como en el ámbito empresarial existe una escisión entre las actividades de ejecución y la toma de decisiones, los órganos directivos no acostumbran a realizar ellos mismos la respectiva conducta típica y, consiguientemente, no podrán responder como autores directos. Tampoco será frecuente que realicen contribuciones de coautoría en el sentido del artículo 15, numerales 1 y 3 del Código Penal chileno. Por otra parte, será inusual que utilicen instrumentos no plenamente responsables para la comisión de un delito, quedando fuera de consideración una autoría mediata. Luego, los órganos directivos empresariales solo podrán responder como inductores. Adicionalmente, el planteamiento de la jurisprudencia alemana según el cual es posible extender al campo empresarial la figura del dominio de organización, y así castigar como autores mediatos a los órganos superiores que dictan instrucciones antijurídicas, no puede acogerse en el derecho chileno. Por último, las propuestas doctrinarias para hacer responsables como coautores a los directivos que ordenan a sus subordinados la comisión de delitos tampoco pueden aceptarse.

Abstract: In Chilean law, difficulties arise when it comes to ascribing criminal responsibility to corporate management bodies that give orders to their subordinates to commit intentional crimes of domination. This is explained by a variety of reasons, both dogmatic and of positive law. According to the “individual ascription of legal responsibility model”, the direct perpetrator of a crime is the person who carries out both the actus rea and means rea of an offence, without grounds for justificatory or excusatory defenses of guilt. Due to the existing division between making decisions and taking action in the corporate sphere, management bodies do not typically carry out the respective criminal conduct and, consequently, cannot be perceived as principal perpetrators. Moreover, they will often avoid making co-perpetration contributions, as described in article 15, Nos. 1 and 3 of the Chilean Criminal Code. On the other hand, it is uncommon for them to use instruments that are not fully responsible for the perpetration of a crime, and thus cannot be considered as principal perpetrators by proxy. Therefore, corporate management bodies may only be held liable as instigators. Furthermore, the approach of German jurisprudence according to which it is possible to extend the concept of organizational control to the corporate field, and thus punish the superior bodies that issue unlawful instructions as perpetrators by proxy, cannot be accepted in Chilean law; nor can the doctrinal proposal to make managers who order their subordinates to commit crimes liable as co-perpetrators be accepted.

ABSTRACT Introduction: This paper presents results achieved in the obtaining and characterization of doped and undoped ZnO thin films with morphological changes, from which chemical and optical-property modifications are achieved; resistivity behavior is elucidated in ZnO films, aiming to control, in a convenient and reproducible manner, useful properties when utilizing it. Methods: ZnO:Cd,Te and ZnO:N films were obtained by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) techniques with inorganic ZnO+CdTe and poly (ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate)+ZnO hybrid targets respectively. ZnO:Al films were obtained by combination with the inclined substrate technique (OAD). Results and discussion: ZnO:Cd,Te and ZnO:N films have high resistivity because of passivation of defects due to the incorporation of Cd, Te and N into the ZnO network and, consequently, the formation of ZnO compounds of the type CdxZn1-xO1-yTey and ZnxOyNz. The ZnO:Al films were obtained with nanocolumnar morphology using the rf-sputtering technique combined with oblique angle deposition (OAD). This allowed for optical dispersion engineering to modify the effective refractive index by up to 20% and the energy gap by up to 3%, in addition to varying the resistivity. The cause of a contradictory behavior of the electrical properties in ZnO films grown by PLD and different partial oxygen pressure was elucidated, which was linked to the significant influence of interstitial oxygen configurations and interstitial Zn, and residual stresses that are relevant in the behavior of resistivity in thin films grown by high energy techniques.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el presente trabajo se agrupan resultados logrados en la obtención y caracterización de películas delgadas de ZnO dopadas y sin dopar y con cambios morfológicos a partir de los cuales se logran modificaciones químicas y de las propiedades ópticas, además de que se dilucidan comportamientos de la resistividad en películas de ZnO, con el objetivo de controlar de manera conveniente y reproducible propiedades útiles en su aplicación. Métodos: Películas de ZnO:Cd,Te y ZnO:N se obtuvieron por las técnicas de depósito por láser pulsado (PLD) con blanco inorgánico de ZnO+CdTe e híbrido de poli(etil 2-cianoacrilato)+ZnO respectivamente. Las películas de ZnO:Al fueron obtenidas combinando con la técnica de sustrato inclinado (OAD). Resultados y discusión: Las películas de ZnO: Cd, Te y ZnO: N poseen alta resistividad por pasivación de los defectos por incorporación de Cd, Te y N a la red del ZnO y, consecuentemente, la formación de compuestos de ZnO del tipo CdxZn1-xO1-yTey y ZnxOyNz. Las películas de ZnO:Al se obtuvieron con morfología nanocolumnar usando la técnica de rf-sputtering combinada con la de sustrato inclinado (OAD). Esto permitió hacer ingeniería de dispersión óptica para modificar el índice de refracción efectivo en hasta 20 % y el gap de energía en hasta 3 %, además de variar la resistividad. Se dilucidó la causa del comportamiento contradictorio de las propiedades eléctricas en películas ZnO crecidas por PLD con diferentes presiones parciales de oxígeno que se vinculó a la influencia significativa de configuraciones intersticiales de oxígeno y Zn intersticial y tensiones residuales que son relevantes en el comportamiento de la resistividad en películas delgadas crecidas por técnicas de alta energía.

ABSTRACT With the health emergency triggered by the circulation of the SARS COV 2 virus, all sectors of society have been affected, which has brought with it new challenges. The inclusion of a risk-based management approach is very useful in this scenario to maintain Health and Safety at work. For this reason, this study proposes an approach to the regulatory framework around risk management and pursues as an objective the evaluation of risks for public companies in Ecuador in the face of the pandemic. For this, theoretical methods were used such as analysis and synthesis, historical and hermeneutic. Four steps are proposed to carry out this evaluation, as well as management indicators to facilitate the decision-making process.

RESUMEN Con la emergencia sanitaria desencadenada a raíz de la circulación del virus SARS COV 2, todos los sectores de la sociedad se han visto afectados, lo que ha traído consigo nuevos retos. La inclusión de un enfoque de gestión basado en riesgos es de gran utilidad frente a este escenario para mantener la Seguridad y Salud en el trabajo. Por esta razón el presente estudio propone un acercamiento al marco normativo entorno a la gestión de riesgos y persigue como objetivo la evaluación de riesgos para las empresas públicas en Ecuador frente a la pandemia. Para ello se emplearon métodos teóricos como el análisis y síntesis, el histórico y el hermenéutico. Se proponen 4 pasos para realizar esta evaluación, así como indicadores de gestión para facilitar el proceso de toma de decisiones.