ABSTRACT Atta bisphaerica is a species of grass-cutting ants commonly found in the Cerrado biome. The Brazilian Cerrado (savanna) biome covers 2 million km representing 23% of the area of the country. It is an ancient biome with rich biodiversity, estimated at 160,000 species of plants, fungi and animals. However, little is known about their nest architecture development. This study investigated the architecture of fourteen A. bisphaerica nests from Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Molds were made of the nests by filling them with cement to allow better visualization of internal structures such as chambers and tunnels. After excavation, the depth and dimensions (length, width, and height) of the chambers were measured. As expected, there was a lateral development in the nests and increase in the number of chambers over time. Results showed that in nests with an estimated age of 14 months, the average depth was 1.6 ± 0.4 m; for those with 18 months it was 2.2 ± 0.7 m and at 28 months it was 2.5 ± 0.7 m. The number of chambers varied from 4 to 7 in 28-month nests, 2 to 4 in 18-month nests, and from 2 to 3 in 14-month nests. With respect to the dimensions of the internal tunnels, there were variations in their average width, increasing with time. The fungus chambers were located beneath the largest mound of loose soil. This study contributes to a better understanding of the so far unknown nest architecture development of A. bisphaerica grass-cutting ants.

RESUMO Várias espécies de moscas frugívoras (Diptera: Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae) assumem o status de pragas primárias em fruteiras cultivadas no Brasil, determinando prejuízos diretos à produção. O objetivo do trabalho foi conhecer aspectos da diversidade de moscas frugívoras e seus parasitoides no polo de fruticultura de Livramento de Nossa Senhora-BA. Foram realizadas amostragens de frutos em 19 espécies vegetais durante novembro/2011 e junho/2014. Foram calculados os índices de infestação em pupário.kg-1 de fruto e pupário.fruto-1. Os resultados indicaram a ocorrência de Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) e Neosilba pendula (Bezzi). As espécies vegetais Anacardium occidentale, Averrhoa carambola, Carica papaya, Eugenia uniflora, Malpighia emarginata, Mangifera indica var. “Haden”, “Rosa” e “Tommy Atkins”, Opuntia ficus indica, Pereskia bahiensis, Psidium guajava, Spondias lutea, Spondias purpurea e Spondias tuberosa são hospedeiros de moscas frugívoras na região. Registram-se, as relações bitróficas inéditas entre P. bahiensis e C. capitata e Anastrepha sp.; e entre Opuntia fícus indica e C. capitata e Anastrepha obliqua. Registra-se a relação tritrófica inédita para o Estado da Bahia A. carambola e C. capitata e parasitoide da Família Pteromalidae. Foram contatadas, também, as associações tritróficas entre M. indica var. “Tommy Atkins” e S. purpurea e A. obliqua e Doryctobracon areolatus; e entre S. purpurea e A. obliqua e Utetes anastrephae.

ABSTRACT Several fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) assume the status of primary pests in fruit trees grown in Brazil, causing direct production losses. The aims of the study were to know aspects of diversity of fruit flies and their parasitoids in the fruit growing region of Livramento de Nossa Senhora, Bahia. Fruit samples were collected from 19 plant species during November/2011 and June/2014. Infestation rates were calculated in pupae.kg-1 of fruit and pupae.fruit-1. The results indicate the occurrence of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and Neosilba pendula (Bezzi). Plant species Anacardium occidentale, Averrhoa carambola, Carica papaya, Eugenia uniflora, Malpighia emarginata, Mangifera indica var. “Haden”, “Rosa” and “Tommy Atkins”, Opuntia ficus indica, Pereskia bahiensis, Psidium guajava, Spondias lutea, Spondias purpurea and Spondias tuberosa are hosts of fruit flies in the region. Unprecedented bitrophic relationships between P. bahiensis and C. capitata and Anastrepha sp. and between Opuntia ficus indica and C. capitata and A. obliqua were recorded. Unprecedented tritrophic relationship for the state of Bahia Averrhoa carambola and C. capitata and parasitoid of the Pteromalidae Family were also recorded. Tritrophic associations between M. indica var. “Tommy Atkins” and S. purpurea and A. obliqua and Doryctobracon areolatus; and between S. purpurea and A. obliqua and Utetes anastrephae were observed.

A presença de abelhas em culturas de valor comercial, no período de florescimento, é importante não apenas para garantir a polinização cruzada, quando indispensável, mas também para incrementar a produção de frutos e sementes. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho teve a finalidade de identificar as abelhas visitantes das flores em pomar de laranjeira (Citrus sinensis) e tangerineira (Citrus reticulata) em Salinas - MG. O trabalho foi conduzido na fazenda experimental Santa Isabel, da Escola Agrotécnica Federal de Salinas - MG, em pomares de laranjeira com as variedades, pera, baía e baianinha, e de tangerineira, variedade poncã. As coletas das abelhas visitantes das culturas da laranjeira e tangerineira foram feitas nas floradas principais, entre os meses de agosto e outubro. Foram coletadas as abelhas que visitaram as flores nos horários entre 06 h e 18 h, totalizando 52 horas na laranjeira e 50 horas na tangerineira. No pomar de laranjeira, foram coletados 5.045 espécimes com riqueza de 12 espécies, e na tangerineira, 1.428 espécimes com 20 espécies. As espécies de abelhas de maior predominância e dominância em todos os horários amostrados foram Apis mellifera e Trigona spinipes na cultura da laranjeira e A. mellifera, T. spinipes e Tetragonisca angustula na cultura da tangerineira.

The presence of bees on cultures with commercial value during flowering is important to ensure the cross-pollination, when necessary, but also to increase the production of fruits and seeds. This work aimed to identify flowers' visiting bees on orange and tangerine orchards in Salinas - MG. The work was leaded on Santa Isabel experimental farm of the Federal Agro-technical School of Salinas - MG, on orange orchards (Citrus sinensis) with pear, bahia and baianinha varieties in the spacing of 5,0 x 6,0, and on tangerine orchards (C. reticulate) using poncã variety in the spacing of 5,0 x 5,0. The sampling of visiting bees from orange and tangerine orchards was made during the main flowerings, between August and October. The bees that visited the flowers between 06:00 a.m. and 06:00 p.m. were collected. 5045 bees were collected with richness of 12 species in orange and 1428 bees with richness of 20 species in tangerine. The species of bees with major predominance and dominance in all sampled times were Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes (orange) and Apis mellifera, Trigona spinipes e Tetragonisca angustula (tangerine).

As moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) são os principais entraves às exportações de manga nos pólos de fruticultura da Região Sudoeste da Bahia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar índices de infestação e a diversidade de moscas-das-frutas no pólo de fruticultura de Anagé, BA, visando obter subsídios para o manejo integrado dessas pragas na mangueira, na região. Os estudos foram realizados em 2004 e 2005, nos municípios de Anagé, Belo Campo e Caraíbas, BA, procedendo-se à coleta de frutos de 21 espécies vegetais, nativas e exóticas, e identificação das espécies de moscas associadas. Estimaram-se os índices de infestação em pupários/kg de fruto e pupários/fruto. Os maiores índices de infestação, em pupários/kg de fruto, ocorreram em serigüela (Spondias purpurea L.) com 61,3, juá (Ziziphus joazeiro L.), 38,3 e umbu (Spondias tuberosa L.), 33,1, considerados hospedeiros primários de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) e A. obliqua (Macquart). As maiores infestações em pupários/fruto ocorreram em serigüela (0,9); umbu (0,7) e cajarana (Spondias sp.) (0,2). Com base no monitoramento larval, registra-se, para as condições do pólo de fruticultura de Anagé, a ocorrência das espécies Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua, A. dissimilis, A. amita, A. distincta, A. sororcula, A. zenildae e Ceratitis capitata. Registram-se, pela primeira vez, as seguintes associações bitróficas: juá com A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, A. dissimilis e A. distincta; e umbu com A. amita e A. sororcula.

Fruit-flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are the main hindrance for mango exportation in the fruitculture areas of the Southwestern Region of Bahia. The purpose of the present work was to study the indexes of infestation and diversity of fruit-flies in the fruitculture area of Anagé, BA, in order to obtain subsidies to the integrated management of these pests in mango, in this region. Studies were carried out in 2004 and 2005 in the municipalities of Anagé, Belo Campo and Caraíbas, BA. Fruit sampling from 21 native and exotic vegetable species, were analyzed for identification of species of associated fly species. Infestation indexes in fruit weight (kg) and number of puparia were estimated. The obtained results demonstrated that the highest infestation indexes, in puparia/fruit kg, occurred in Spanish prune (Spondias purpurea L.) with 61,3, juá (Ziziphus joazeiro L.) 38,3 and umbu (Spondias tuberosa L.) , 33,1, which were considered primary hosts of the Anastrepha fraterculus and A. obliqua. On the other hand, infestation, in puparia/kg of sampled fruit, occurred in Spanish prune, 0,9 puparia/kg; umbu, with 0,7 and cajarana (Spondias sp.) with 0,2. Based on larval monitoring and under the conditions of the fruiticulture area in Anagé, the occurrence of the following species have been recorded Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua, A. dissimilis, A. amita, A. distincta, A. sororcula, A. zenildae and Ceratitis capitata has been recorded. For the first time, the following bitrophic associations: juá with A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, A. dissimilis and A. distincta; and umbu with A. amita and A. sororcula.