Abstract The purpose of this article is to explain some of the implications of using the CRISPR-Cas technique in the germinal line for non-therapeutic purposes, in the context of transhumanism. After giving a brief explanation about the nature of this technique, the state of the question is offered in relation to the current international regulations. Afterwards, the consequences of the development of this technique within the framework of the transhumanism project are observed and it offers legal, political and anthropologi- cal reflections on these consequences.

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo es explicar algunas de las implicaciones que conlleva la utilización de la técnica CRISPR-Cas en línea germinal con fines no terapéuticos, en el contexto del transhumanismo. Después de dar una breve explicación sobre la naturaleza de esta técnica, se ofrece el estado de la cuestión en lo referente a la normativa internacional vigente. Posteriormente, se observan las consecuencias que tiene el desarrollo de esta técnica en el marco del proyecto transhumanista y se ofrece una reflexión jurídica, una política y una antropológica sobre las mismas.

Resumen Objetivo: describir las características anatómicas, la evolución clínica y la sobrevida de los pacientes con atresia pulmonar que han sido llevados a angioplastia con stent en ductus arterioso persistente y determinar si existen diferencias significativas en la saturación al inicio y final del procedimiento y a las 6, 12 y 24 horas posprocedimiento. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico, descriptivo tipo cohorte. La población de estudio se tomó de las bases de datos del servicio de Cardiología pediátrica de una institución especializada en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de atresia pulmonar sometidos a angioplastia, en tanto que se excluyeron aquellos con cirugía cardiovascular previa. El análisis estadístico se realizó en STATA® 12,0, mediante estadística descriptiva, curvas de Kaplan-Meier y ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Resultados: se identificaron 237 pacientes con atresia pulmonar. Se seleccionaron 30 de los cuales se excluyeron 5. En total se construyó una cohorte de 25 pacientes que fueron llevados a angioplastia, 52% con atresia pulmonar con comunicación interventricular. Edad promedio 12,2 días, peso 2.698 g, diámetro del DAP 3,8 mm (DE = 1,1), índice de McGoon media 1,35. El implante del stent fue exitoso en todos los pacientes; sin embargo 2 fallecieron en la sala de procedimientos y uno durante las 6 horas siguientes. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron paro cardiorrespiratorio (n = 2), trombosis del stent (n = 2) y bacteriemia (n = 2). La mortalidad a 30 días fue del 28% (n = 7); durante el tiempo total fue del 36% (n = 9). Por medio del ANOVA no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los promedios de saturación en los cinco tiempos de interés. Conclusiones: la atresia pulmonar es una patología compleja que requiere intervención invasiva para el mantenimiento de la capacidad circulatoria de los pacientes. Este estudio muestra que a pesar de una intervención efectiva, la mortalidad a los 30 días es elevada. No se encontraron diferencias en los tiempos de saturación, lo que sugiere que mantiene la saturación de los pacientes de una forma no distinta que con la prostaglandina E (PGE1) pero garantiza la permeabilidad del ductus.

Abstract Objective: the aim of this study is to describe the anatomical characteristics, the clinical progression, and survival of patients with pulmonary atresia subjected to angioplasty with a stent in patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and to determine if there are significant difference in the saturation at the beginning and the end of the procedure, and at 6, 12, and 24 hours after the procedure. Materials and methods: An analytical and descriptive cohort study was conducted on a population taken from the database of a Paediatric Cardiology Department of a specialised institution in the city of Bogota, Colombia. Patients with pulmonary atresia subjected to angioplasty were included, and those with previous cardiovascular were excluded. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA® 12.0, by means of descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier curves and repeated measurements ANOVA. Results: A total of 237 patients with pulmonary atresia were identified. Of the 30 that were selected, 5 were excluded, leaving a total of 25 patients that were subjected to angioplasty. Interventricular communication was observed in 52%. The mean age was 12.2 days, with a mean weight of 2.698 g, a mean PDA diameter of 3.8 mm (SD = 1.1), and a mean McGoon index of 1.35. Although the stent implant was successful in all patients, two died in the procedures room, and another one during the following 6 hours. The most common complications were, cardiorespiratory arrest in 2 patients, thrombosis of the stent in 2, and bacteraemia in two patients. The mortality at 30 days was 28% (7), and 36% (9) during the total time. Using ANOVA, no significant differences were found in the saturation means at the five times of interest. Conclusions: Pulmonary atresia is a complicated condition that requires invasive intervention in order to maintain the circulatory capacity of the patients. This study shows that, despite an effective intervention, the 30-day mortality is elevated. No differences were, found in the saturation times, which suggest that saturation is maintained in the patients in a way not unlike that with prostaglandin E (PGE1), but ensures the patency of the ductus.

Background:Bloodstream infection by Candida species has a high mortality in Latin American countries. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients with documented bloodstream infections caused by Candida species in third level hospitals and determine the risk factors for in-hospital-mortality.Methods:Patients from seven tertiary-care hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia, with isolation of a Candida species from a blood culture were followed prospectively from March 2008 to March 2009. Epidemiologic information, risk factors, and mortality were prospectively collected. Isolates were sent to a reference center, and fluconazole susceptibility was tested by agar-based E-test. The results of susceptibility were compared by using 2008 and 2012 breakpoints. A multivariate analysis was used to determinate risk factors for mortality.Results:We identified 131 patients, with a median age of 41.2 years. Isolates were most frequently found in the intensive care unit (ICU). Candida albicans was the most prevalent species (66.4% of the isolates), followed by C. parapsilosis (14%). Fluconazole resistance was found in 3.2% and 17.6% of the isolates according to the 2008 and 2012 breakpoints, respectively. Fluconazole was used as empirical antifungal therapy in 68.8% of the cases, and amphotericin B in 22%. Hospital crude mortality rate was 35.9%. Mortality was associated with age and the presence of shock at the time of Candida detection. Fluconazole therapy was a protective factor for mortality.Conclusions:Candidemia is associated with a high mortality rate. Age and shock increase mortality, while the use of fluconazole was shown to be a protective factor. A higher resistance rate with new breakpoints was noted.

It reduced the knowledge about the effects of water stress on bean grain constituents. An experiment with eight bean genotypes differing genetic backgrounds of two contrasting regions (Celaya, Guanajuato and Ahome, Sinaloa) during 2007-2008. The plants were grown under irrigation and terminal drought stress. Total phenols were quantified, condensed tannins and seed oligosaccharides in raw and cooked. Independent of the factors under study, cooking certain compounds decreased (p< .01). Sinaloa harvested seed sown under water stress showed higher total phenolic content, while the irrigated harvested in Guanajuato, showed higher content of condensed tannins and oligosaccharides. For total phenolics and condensed tannins, the seed of the cultivars of race Jalisco, pink, were higher than Pinto Durango race bean and Yellow, Nueva Granada race. In oligosaccharides seed Yellow pinto cultivars showed higher seed content pink. Among the pintos, Zapata was superior to Saltillo in the total phenolic content and condensed tannins. No clear trend was observed in the oligosaccharide content between bean genotypes in response to water stress terminal. The terminal water stress showed a specific effect on total phenols, while I was watering for condensed tannins and oligosaccharides. The seed harvested in Sinaloa showed higher content of the components studied, the seed harvested in Guanajuato. The terminal drought had a specific effect of location and genotype on the contents of raw seed components.

Es reducido el conocimiento sobre los efectos del estrés hídrico sobre los constituyentes del grano de frijol. Se estableció un experimento con ocho genotipos de frijol de diferente origen genético en dos regiones contrastantes (Celaya, Guanajuato y Ahome, Sinaloa) durante 2007-2008. Las plantas fueron crecidas bajo irrigación y estrés hídrico terminal. Se cuantificaron los fenoles totales, taninos condensados y oligosacáridos en semilla cruda y cocida. Independiente de los factores en estudio, la cocción disminuyó los compuestos determinados (p< 0.01). La semilla cosechada en Sinaloa sembrada bajo estrés hídrico, mostró mayor contenido de fenoles totales; mientras que la cosechada bajo riego en Guanajuato, mostró mayor contenido de taninos condensados y oligosacáridos. Para fenoles totales y taninos condensados, la semilla de los cultivares de la raza Jalisco, de color rosa, fueron superiores a la de frijol Pinto de raza Durango y Amarilla de raza Nueva Granada. En oligosacáridos, la semilla de los cultivares pintos y Amarillos mostró mayor contenido que la semilla de color rosa. Entre los pintos, Zapata fue superior a Saltillo en el contenido de fenoles totales y taninos condensados. No se observó tendencia definida en el contenido de oligosacáridos entre los genotipos de frijol en respuesta al estrés hídrico terminal. El estrés hídrico terminal mostró un efecto específico sobre los fenoles totales; mientras que el riego lo tuvo para los taninos condensados y los oligosacáridos. La semilla cosechada en Sinaloa mostró mayor contenido en los componentes estudiados, que la semilla cosechada en Guanajuato. La sequía terminal tuvo un efecto específico de localidad y genotipo en el contenido de componentes en semilla cruda.

The family Polyomaviridae is composed of small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses widely used to study cell transformation in vitro and tumor induction in vivo. The development of pilomatricomas in mice experimentally infected with polyomavirus led us to detect the viral major capsid protein VP-1 in human pilomatricomas. This tumor, even uncommon, is one of the most frequent benign hair follicle tumors in humans and is composed of proliferating matrix cells that undergo keratinization, and form cystic neoplasms. The detection of VP-1 was performed using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique in paraffin-embedded slides with a specific primary serum. Adjacent slides treated with normal rabbit serum as a primary were employed as internal control. Positive and negative controls were also employed as well as slides of lesions caused by human papillomavirus to rule out any unspecific cross-reactivity. In 4 out of 10 cases polyomavirus VP-1 was clearly detected in nuclei of human pilomatricomas proliferating cells, in a patchy pattern of distribution. The controls confirmed the specificity of the immunocytochemical procedure. These results could indicate either an eventual infection of the virus in already developed tumors or alternatively, a direct involvement of polyomavirus in the pathogenesis of some pilomatricomas. The recent discovery of a new human polyomavirus associated with Merkel cell carcinomas has been a strong contribution to better understand the pathogenesis of some human uncommon skin cancers. Hopefully the results reported in this work will encourage further research on the role of polyomavirus in other human skin neoplasms.

La familia Poliomaviridae está compuesta por virus oncogénicos pequeños, no envueltos, con ADN de doble cadena. En un modelo experimental murino pudimos desarrollar pilomatricomas inducidos por la inoculación de virus polioma. Eso nos llevó a estudiar la posibilidad de que otro virus polioma estuviera involucrado en la génesis de pilomatricomas humanos. Los pilomatricomas son neoplasias benignas originadas en las células de la matriz del folículo piloso, que van madurando hacia la queratinización y terminan formando tumores quísticos. Se empleó la técnica de peroxidasa-antiperoxidasa para detectar VP-1 de polioma en cortes parafinados, usando un suero primario específico contra esa proteína. Como controles internos se trataron cortes adyacentes con suero normal de conejo como primario. Se emplearon, además, controles positivos y negativos y cortes de lesiones producidas por el virus papiloma humano. En 4 de los 10 casos estudiados se observó la presencia de VP-1 en los núcleos de células tumorales distribuidas en focos dispersos. Los controles empleados permitieron descartar cualquier inespecificidad de la reacción inmunocitoquímica. Estos resultados podrían indicar una eventual replicación del virus en tumores en desarrollo o, alternativamente, podrían significar un compromiso directo de poliomavirus en la etiopatogenia de algunos pilomatricomas. Recientemente se ha descubierto un nuevo virus polioma humano asociado al carcinoma de células de Merkel. Quizás los resultados descriptos en este trabajo permitan profundizar en el estudio de la asociación entre poliomavirus y neoplasias cutáneas humanas.

A new wheat variety, Kronstad F2004, was developed by the National Wheat program of INIFAP from improved germplasm provided by CIMMYT, specifically from the cross VEE/KOEL//SIREN/ARIV92. Compared with Rayon F89, Kronstad F2004 display a slightly higher yield under limited irrigation (5.65 vs 5.55 t ha-1), exceptional industrial quality and tolerance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriksson). The plant height of Kronstad F2004 is 92 cm, with 79 day to spike formation and 120 day to physiological maturity; it is recommended for irrigated conditions in the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico. Kronstad F2004 was registered at the National Service of Seed Inspection and Certification with the number 1681-TRI-054-081204/C.

Objective: To report the acute and long term results of percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA), for the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). PTSMA has been considered as an alternative to surgical treatment in patients with HOCM and drug-refractory symptoms or unresponsive to the implantation of a pacemaker. Acute response is generally satisfactory, but long term results have not been sufficiently described. Methods: We did PTSMA in eight patients, with functional class III-IV of NYHA, and with a transaortic gradient at rest > 40 mmHg. Alcohol was administered to seven of them, and small absorbant gelatin sponge particles in the other. Acute and long term clinical and echocardiographical follow-up was done. Results: During the procedure the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient at rest was reduced significantly and the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM) also. Five remained on functional class I, and two in class II. One patient died one year later of sepsis unrelated to the cardiopathy. Conclusions: PTSMA is an excellent non surgical option to reduce the LOVT gradient and the consequent symptoms in this patients. Long term follow-up shows they remain in a good functional class and their evolution is free of cardiovascular complications.

Objetivo: Reportar los resultados agudos y a largo plazo de la ablación miocárdica septal transluminal percutánea (AMSTP) como tratamiento de la miocardiopatía hipertrófica septal obstructiva (MHSO). La AMSTP se considera una alternativa del tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes con MHSO y sintomatología refractaria a otras opciones de tratamiento. La respuesta aguda suele ser satisfactoria, pero los resultados a largo plazo no se han descrito de forma suficiente. Métodos: Realizamos AMSTP en 8 pacientes, con clase funcional III-IV NYHA, con gradiente trans-aórtico en reposo > 40 mmHg. En 7 sujetos se administró alcohol y en 1, partículas pequeñas de gelatina absorbente, con seguimiento clínico y ecocardiográfico agudo y a largo plazo. Resultados: Durante el procedimiento, el gradiente en reposo del tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo (TSVI) se redujo, con disminución significativa del movimiento anterior sistólico (MAS) de la válvula mitral. Cinco pacientes permanecieron en clase funcional I y 2 sujetos en clase II. Uno falleció un año después por sepsis no relacionada con la cardiopatía. Conclusiones: La AMSTP es una excelente opción para reducir el gradiente del TSVI y los síntomas consecuentes en estos pacientes. El seguimiento a largo plazo muestra que permanecen en buena clase funcional y sin complicaciones cardiovasculares.

Descrita por Sneddon (196S) a síndrome consiste na ocorrência de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) isquêmico em pacientes com livedo reticular. Trata-se de doença vascular sistêmica de causa desconhecida, em que há comprometimento de artérias de médio e pequeno calibres. Pode haver positividade dos anticorpos antifosfolípides. São apresentados três casos desta entidade, todos do sexo masculino com 7, 16 e 54 anos de idade. Em todos a instalação do quadro deu-se por convulsões focais seguidas de hemiparesia ou paralisia labio-glossofaríngea. Os pacientes não tiveram outras manifestações neurológicas em 2 anos de acompanhamento. A investigação laboratorial demonstrou presença de anticorpos antifosfolípides e anticardiolipina em 1 caso. A investigação neuro-radiológica forneceu os seguintes resultados: TCC e RM com infarto nos 3 casos, e angiografia com obstrução de vasos de médio e pequeno calibre. A síndrome de Sneddon não parece ser tão rara e deve fazer parte de protocolos de investigação de AVE, especialmente em grupos mais jovens.

The Sneddon's syndrome consists of neurologic manifestations associated to the presence of livedo reticularis and cyanosis of the extremities. The pathological process is an endothelial obliteration of arterioles, leading to a reticular appearance of the skin, despite the environment temperature. The authors present three new cases, causasian males with 7, 16 and 54 years of age. The youngest started with hemilateralized motor seizures and showed a porencefalic area in the CT scan. The oldest had livedo reticularis, acrocyanosis and started with hemilateralized motor seizures, and a hemiparesis as sequela; CT scan with parasagittal infarct and occlusion presented of one anterior cerebral artery on angiography. The third patient started with hemifacial seizures, developed a labioglossolaringeal paresis and dysarthria as sequela; CT scan and MRI showed multiple infarcts, with multiple occlusions of cortical branchs on angiography. The skin biopsies showed endothelial vascular hyperplasia in all cases. Only one (54 years old) patient had a positive IgG antiphospholipid antibodies. The Sneddon's syndrome seems not to be so rare and have to be considered in the etiological investigation of cerebral infarcts, mainly in young people.