Abstract: Background: Farmers often use glyphosate for cost-effective land clearance to streamline coffee harvest processes despite recommendations against its application near the harvest period. However, as set by national and international regulatory authorities, this practice poses a high risk of exceeding the maximum residue limit (MRL) for glyphosate in coffee beans. Objective: In this study, glyphosate residues in green coffee beans were assessed, considering different herbicide application methods (mechanical or manual), nozzles (hooded or unhooded), application volumes, and ripening stages. Methods: Coffee beans were collected between 15 to 60 days before harvest, and glyphosate residues were determined by high-efficiency liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: Mechanical and manual applications using a protective spray bar device, avoiding the lower third of the coffee trees, maintained glyphosate residue levels within the MRLs established by Brazilian (1.0 mg kg−1) and European (0.1 mg kg−1) regulatory authorities. In contrast, applying glyphosate with the TK-VS-02 nozzle (high-flow impact) without a protective device resulted in levels below the Brazilian MRL but exceeded importing countries’ requirements. These residue levels persisted even when applications occurred outside the recommended rainy season but within the 15-day minimum safe re-entry interval. Applications using TK-VS-02 or AI11002 (low-flow air-induced) nozzles targeting the lower third of trees resulted in high glyphosate residue levels, surpassing national and international MRLs, even when applications were conducted 60 days before coffee harvest. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of employing the right application technology to produce coffee that complies with the MRLs of any regulatory authority. Abstract Background costeffective cost effective period However authorities (MRL Objective study assessed mechanical manual, , manual) hooded unhooded, unhooded unhooded) volumes stages Methods 1 6 highefficiency efficiency LCMS/MS. LCMSMS LC MS/MS . MS (LC-MS/MS) Results 1.0 10 0 (1. kg−1 kg1 kg 0.1 01 (0. contrast TKVS02 TKVS TK VS 02 TK-VS-0 highflow flow impact countries requirements 15day day reentry re entry interval AI AI1100 lowflow low airinduced air induced air-induced Conclusions authority LCMS LCMS/MS MSMS (LC-MS/MS 1. (1 kg− 0. (0 TKVS0 TK-VS- AI110 ( TK-VS AI11 AI1

Abstract Background The use of the herbicide dicamba has significantly increased in Brazilian agriculture, has potential for volatilization and risk of injury to sensitive agricultural crops and environmental contamination. Objective The objective of this research was to evaluate the behavior of dicamba volatility under application conditions in commercial crops in tropical climate conditions in Brazil. Methods Six field experiments were conducted from 2018 to 2020 in 3 different states of Brazil to provide a quantitative assessment of dicamba volatility. Aerodynamic and integrated horizontal flux methods were used to estimate the volatile flux and mass loss of dicamba within 72 hours after application. Results The results showed that the flux of volatilized dicamba peaked in the first few hours after application, decreasing drastically approximately 20 hours after application. The cumulative mass loss of dicamba was 0.15±0.08% of the applied dose. The average in-field air concentration (38.66±9.52 ng m3) represented only 28% of the regulatory no observable adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) established by the USEPA. Conclusions Based on these results, vapor drift related to dicamba volatility under application conditions in tropical regions in Brazil was similar to or lower than the results reported in the literature for temperate climate regions. agriculture contamination 201 202 7 2 015008 0 15 08 0.15±0.08 dose infield 38.66±9.52 3866952 38 66 9 52 (38.66±9.5 m3 m 28 NOAEC (NOAEC USEPA 01500 1 0.15±0.0 38.66±9.5 386695 6 5 (38.66±9. 0150 0.15±0. 38.66±9. 38669 (38.66±9 015 0.15±0 38.66±9 3866 (38.66± 01 0.15± 38.66± 386 (38.66 0.15 38.66 (38.6 0.1 38.6 (38. 0. 38. (38 (3 (

Abstract Sourgrass [ Digitaria insularis (L.) Mez ex Ekman] is one of the most challenging herbicide-resistant weeds in the grain-producing areas of Southeast, Central-west, and Northeast of Brazil. This species is a perennial grass that is highly competitive with the C4 photosynthetic pathway. It easily adapts to different environments and reproduces through both seed and rhizomes. The objective of this review was to compile what is known about sourgrass biology, the state of herbicide resistance and its associated mechanisms, and main weed management strategies. The high seed viability, ease of dispersal and the strong propensity to develop resistance to herbicides like glyphosate and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors in the prevalent no-tillage system in Brazil make the sourgrass one of the most difficult weeds to control. Due to the great genetic variability, the resistance mechanisms conferring glyphosate-resistance among sourgrass populations range from reduced absorption, altered translocation, enhanced metabolism, target-site mutations, and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) overexpression. In addition, Trp2027Cys mutation was found to confer cross-resistance to ACCase inhibitors. Sourgrass management strategies include herbicide rotation, herbicide tank mix or sequential applications, as well as the use of mulch to reduce infestations. These measures must be implemented before crop sowing because the range of management options is greater than in after crop sowing. Additionally, the best control of sourgrass is achieved when management is carried out during the early growth stages, before the plants develop rhizomes and form clumps. L. L (L. Ekman herbicideresistant resistant grainproducing grain producing Southeast Centralwest, Centralwest Central west, west Central-west C pathway biology viability (ACCase notillage no tillage variability glyphosateresistance absorption translocation metabolism targetsite target site mutations 5enolpyruvylshikimate3phosphate enolpyruvylshikimatephosphate 5 enolpyruvylshikimate 3 phosphate EPSPS (EPSPS overexpression addition TrpCys Trp Cys crossresistance cross rotation applications infestations Additionally stages clumps (L

Abstract Background The presence of straw on the soil contributes to the management of weeds in several production systems and this understanding needs to be extended to annual crops under no-tillage systems. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of covering the soil with 5 Mg ha-1 of maize straw on the germination and growth of Digitaria insularis, Conyza spp., Bidens pilosa, Amaranthus hybridus, Euphorbia heterophylla, and Eleusine indica. Methods For this purpose, completely randomized design was used with sixteen and third two replicates. Four assays were conducted between the years 2019 and 2020 in a greenhouse. The number of emerged seedlings was evaluated at 7, 14, and 21 days after sowing (DAS) and the shoot dry weight of the seedlings and the correlation between these variables were evaluated at 21 DAS. Results The covering of the soil with straw decreased the weed infestation of all species, except E. heterophylla, which presented positive correlation for the variables evaluated, denoting that the straw had no effect on the germination and growth of this species. The variables evaluated showed no correlation for the other species, denoting that the soil cover with straw suppress the germination and growth of plants. Conclusions We conclude that soil cover with 5 Mg ha-1 of maize straw is a tool for the control of weeds of the species evaluated, except E. heterophylla, and an option for integrated weed managements that can complement the residual effect of herbicides.

Abstract Background Dicamba is a herbicide with a moderate volatility profile and low dose effects on broadleaf weeds. Dicamba volatility can be strongly reduced with formulation technology and volatilization reducers. Objective This literature review on the dicamba herbicide aims to present new perspectives for its use, characteristics, volatilization risks, technologies to mitigate these risks and the main methods used to assess volatility in Brazil and worldwide. Conclusions Dicamba volatility can be mitigated with appropriate formulations and/or the use of adjuvants to reduce volatility. There has been an evolution in adapting new salts and technologies to reduce dicamba volatility. There are different methods of evaluating herbicide volatility, in particular, for the quantification of volatilized dicamba either in laboratory or field studies. Available methods can be fast and consistent and can assess volatilization from different surfaces, weather conditions and technologies to reduce volatilization. Under some conditions it is desirable to combine this method with bioassays.

Abstract The use of herbicides is essential to preserve the productivity and efficiency of crops in land use and growth factors. The general public has questioned the use of herbicides and pesticides, even when used rationally and following the procedures approved by regulatory agencies. It is essential to present accurate information about these products’ use and the risk associated with this use in this context. The mean dose and the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) continuously decreased as a function of the year of release of new active ingredients with herbicidal action in Brazil, which indicates that the new products are more efficient and present lower risks to the environment, farmworkers and consumers. The mean EIQ for each herbicide application in soybean, maize, sugarcane, and cotton has decreased in Brazil. The proportion of herbicides in the number of applications has decreased compared to other classes of pesticides, except for cotton. The risk of products decreased over time, with continuous reductions in EIQ values per unit of the treated area; the EIQ values determined per production remained stable despite the increased complexity of pest management, which caused an increase in the number of applications.

Abstract Background: The use of commercial mix and tank mix with two or more herbicides is a widespread practice. However, despite its several possible benefits, little is known about its effect on the behavior of the molecules in the soil, which can increase or reduce the leaching potential of these molecules. Objective: This study evaluated the leaching potential of the herbicides diuron and sulfentrazone applied, using commercial mix and tank mix, in soils with different textures. Methods: The herbicides diuron (1,750 g ha-1) and sulfentrazone (875 g ha-1) were applied in three soils with different textures (clayey, medium, and sandy), using a commercial mix (Stone®) and a tank mix (Herburon 500 BR + Boral®). Subsequently, the treated soils were reconstituted in soil columns subjected to rainfall simulations with accumulated rainfall volumes of 40, 80, and 120 mm; the leached solutions were collected and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Results: The results indicated a low descending movement of diuron in the three soils evaluated, when applied using commercial and tank mixes with sulfentrazone. Higher rainfall volumes (80 and 120 mm) were required to increase the diuron movement (≈20% of diuron applied). Sulfentrazone showed a high leaching potential in the soils, whereas the tank mix increased the leaching potential in sandy soil with the rainfall depths of 80 and 120 mm. Conclusions: The formulations did not affect the leaching potential of the herbicides in clayey and medium soil. However, the tank mix promoted greater leaching of the herbicides in the sandy soil when compared to the commercial mix.

Uma das limitações para sustentabilidade do sistema de cultivo em plantio direto é a rápida decomposição da matéria seca. Um dos mecanismos conhecidos para minimizar este processo e potencializar a permanência da palhada no solo é alterar as vias metabólicas dos polímeros de lignina com aplicação de subdoses de herbicida, interferindo diretamente na resistência à degradação dos restos vegetais pelos microrganismos. Com este objetivo, o herbicida Verdict*R (haloxyfop-methyl) foi aplicado em subdoses nas plantas de aveia-preta e o efeito correlacionado com a altura das plantas, produtividade da matéria seca e metabolismo de lignina. Ensaios preliminares em casa de vegetação foram realizados para determinar as faixas de subdoses a serem aplicadas no experimento definitivo em campo. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram aumento de 24% na produtividade de matéria seca dos experimentos conduzidos em casa de vegetação com a aplicação de 3,125g do ingrediente ativo de haloxyfop-methyl por hectare (i.a. ha-1) nesta subdose, não foram observadas alterações na altura e no metabolismo de lignina nas plantas de aveia-preta. No campo, a concentração de 2,5g i. a. ha-1 do haloxyfop-methyl já foi suficiente para reduzir em 9% a taxa de lignificação sem interferir na altura e produtividade das plantas, sendo este resultado favorável à velocidade de degradação da palhada no plantio direto

One of the major constraints to sustainable of the tillage is the rapid decomposition of dry the matter. One of the mechanisms known to facilitate this process is the interference in pathways of polymers of lignin from tests of application of low doses of herbicide based on the relation that higher the content of the lignin greater the resistance to degradation. With this purpose, the herbicide Verdict * R (haloxyfop-methyl) was used to verify the effect of low doses at the height of the plants, productivity of dry matter and in the metabolism of the lignin in plants of black oat. Preliminary tests in the greenhouse were realized for adjustments to the best low doses to be applied in the definitive experiment in the production area. The results obtained were 24% of increase in productivity in the experiments conducted in greenhouse, from the application of 3.125g of the active ingredient of the haloxyfop-methyl per hectare, in this subdose no changes was observed in growth and content of lignin in plants of black oat. In the field, the concentration of 2.5g i. a. ha-1 of haloxyfop-methyl decreased in 9% the lignification rate without interfering with the height and productivity of the plants, this being favorable to the degradation rate of stubble tillage on outcome