Este artículo presenta un estudio con base en fuentes documentales del Archivo Nacional de Costa Rica, que permitió conocer distintos factores que intervinieron en el surgimiento de la Enseñanza Especial en Costa Rica en el lapso 1880-1940, así como los diferentes actores que participaron en ese proceso. Además, a partir de expedientes disponibles de los estudiantes de la Escuela de Enseñanza Especial, se caracterizó a un segmento de esa población mediante algunas variables: edad, fecha y motivo de ingreso, lugar de nacimiento y residencia, número de hijos en el hogar, antecedentes familiares y situación laboral de los padres. Entre los hallazgos más destacables en este trabajo se constató un interés temprano en Costa Rica por observar y registrar las condiciones físicas, fisiológicas y mentales de la niñez en la escuela, así como, el propósito expreso en la legislación y desde iniciativas individuales, por fundar una Escuela de Enseñanza Especial en el país desde la década de 1930. Se concluye que desde la década de 1910 se dieron los primeros pasos que culminaron con la creación de la Escuela de Enseñanza Especial en Costa Rica en 1940.

This research was approached from the historical discipline, a study based on documentary sources of the National Archives of Costa Rica which allowed to know different factors involved in the emergence of special education in Costa Rica in the period 1880-1940, as well as stakeholders who participated in this process. In addition, from records of students of the School of Special Education, a segment of the school population has been characterized by age, date and reason of admission, place of birth and residence, number of children in the home, family background and employment status of the parents. Among the most noteworthy finds found an interest early to observe and record the physical, physiological and mental conditions of children in school, as well as, since the Decade of 1930, expressly in the legislation and from individual initiatives, interest in founding a school of special education. It is concluded that the first steps that led to the creation of the School of Special Education in Costa Rica in 1940 occurred since the 1910s.

BACKGROUND In childhood cancer, consolidation treatment with chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic progenitor stem cell transplantation is currently an accepted treatment modality in patients with high-risk solid tumors or in patients who have relapsed after conventional treatment. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to describe the results of transplantation of a group of children who had high-risk solid tumors or relapsed after conventional chemotherapy regimens. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted from January 1998 to October 2004 of all children with pathologic diagnoses of high-risk solid tumors or children that had previously relapsed after conventional chemotherapy and that were subsequently submitted to autologous hematopoietic progenitor stem cell transplantation. The analysis included overall survival rates, event-free survival rates, mortality rates and chemotherapy complications. RESULTS Nineteen patients were submitted to this approach. The age range was from 27 to 196 months with a median age of 52 months. The overall survival rate at 100 days was observed in 79%, the three-year event-free survival rate was 63%. The mortality rate secondary to the myeloablative chemotherapy regimen was 21% (n = 4). Only three patients (15.8%) relapsed with tumor progression after transplant. CONCLUSION Autologous hematopoietic progenitor stem cell transplantation is still a successful procedure in patients with solid tumors refractory to conventional chemotherapy.

The aim of this paper was to determine the prevalence of the polymorphism pro12ala in non-related individuals with metabolic syndrome from Maracaibo-Venezuela. Fifty subjects (22 with metabolic syndrome and 28 without metabolic syndrome) between 22 to 58 years of age were selected. For each individual, biochemical, nutritious, and clinical evaluations were carried out. PCR and restriction-fragment length polymorphism enzyme digestion were used to analyze the Pro12Ala sequence variant of the PPAR gene. The distribution of the Ala allele was 13.6% in the individuals with metabolic syndro- and 32.14% in the group without metabolic syndrome. The frequency distributions of the PPAR gamma sequence variants were 0.12 for Ala variant and 0.88 for Pro. The subjects with the metabolic syndrome and carriers of the Ala 12 allele had lower concentration of triglycerides and higher HDL-C. It can be concluded that the Ala12 allele in individuals with metabolic syndrome had a protective effect on the lipid profile.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del polimorfismo Pro12Ala del gen PPARgamma2 en individuos no emparentados con síndrome metabólico de la ciudad de Maracaibo. Se seleccionaron 50 individuos (22 con síndrome metabólico y 28 sin síndrome metabólico) entre 22 y 58 años. A cada individuo se le realizó una evaluación clínica, nutricional y bioquímica. Para analizar la secuencia de la variante Pro12Ala del gen PPAR se empleó PCR y digestión enzimática de los fragmentos de restricción del polimorfismo (PCR-RFLP). En los individuos con síndrome metabólico el porcentaje de portadores del alelo Ala fue de 13,6%, mientras que en el grupo sin síndrome metabólico fue de 32,14%. La frecuencia para el alelo Ala del polimorfismo Pro12Ala fue de 0,12 y para el alelo Pro fue de 0,88. Los individuos con síndrome metabólico y portadores del alelo Ala presentaron niveles más bajos de triglicéridos y col-HDL más alto. Se concluye que la presencia del alelo Ala en individuos con síndrome metabólico mostró un efecto protector sobre el perfil lipídico.