Resumen El estudio de los usos de los productos volcánicos y el análisis de las relaciones de mutualismo comunidades-volcanes es importante puesto que, por generaciones, productos del volcanismo, como el azufre, la lava y los piroclastos han sido fuente de materiales que se usan en las áreas de la salud, la construcción y la decoración. La extracción y utilización de estos recursos ha impulsado la economía principalmente del sector privado del Departamento de Nariño (Colombia). Asimismo, los volcanes han sido vistos como símbolos, lejos de ser considerados como amenazas, han sido venerados como entes protectores y benefactores a los cuales se les debe respeto. Se reportan 267 observaciones de diferentes formas de representaciones volcánicas, recopiladas durante recorridos de campo en el periodo 2017-2020, de las cuales se conservó evidencia audiovisual. Dichas representaciones se asocian con diferentes contextos, dentro de los cuales los más relevantes son: arte, cultura y música, áreas que en conjunto incluyen el 53.94% de las representaciones. Estas representaciones reflejan el sentido de pertenencia de los nariñenses y resaltan la relación volcán-individuo como una mutualidad que incluye afecto y respeto.

Abstract The study of the uses of volcanic products and the analysis of community-volcano mutualism relationships is important because, for generations, volcanic products such as sulphur, lava and pyroclasts have been a source of materials used in the areas of health, construction and decoration. The extraction and utilization of these resources has boosted the economy, mainly in the private sector in the State of Nariño (Colombia). Likewise, volcanoes have been seen as symbols; far from being considered threats, they have been venerated as protectors and benefactors to whom respect is owed. We report 267 observations of different forms of volcanic representations, collected during field trips in the period 2017-2020, of which audiovisual evidence was preserved. These representations are associated with different contexts, among which the most relevant are: art, culture and music, areas that together include 53.94% of the representations. These representations reflect the sense of belonging of the people of Nariño and highlight the volcano-individual relationship as a mutuality that includes affection and respect.

Abstract Background: GlobalSurg is an international group of researchers whose purpose is to conduct and disseminate robust collaborative, international and multicenter studies. Objective: To expose the necessary strategies and the barriers crossed in conducting massive multicenter studies in surgery. Method: During the second semester of 2020, the study Surg-Week Prospective International Cohort Study was carried out. Surg-Week has been the largest international study in the field of surgery to date, with 141,582 patients included. A total of 4975 mini-teams, of between 1 and 5 members, collected data from 116 countries on all continents. Results: The creation of an official website for the study, reports with relevant information via email or groups via WhatsApp, formation of a Dissemination Committee of the protocol, delivery of webinars on recent team publications, appointment of leaders at the national and international level, and outreach through partnerships, were the strategies used for the development of the research. However, the barriers turned out to involve different aspects. Conclusions: Collaborative work allows establishing networks between different professionals with the goal of improving the quality of management, health policies and care of our patients in a timely manner of constant change.

Resumen Antecedentes: GlobalSurg es un grupo internacional de investigadores que tiene como propósito la conducción y la diseminación de robustos estudios colaborativos, internacionales y multicéntricos. Objetivo: Exponer las estrategias necesarias y las barreras encontradas en la conducción de estudios multicéntricos masivos en cirugía. Método: Durante el segundo semestre del año 2020 se llevó a cabo el estudio Surg-Week Prospective International Cohort Study, hasta la fecha el estudio internacional más grande en el campo de la cirugía, con 141,582 pacientes incluidos. Un total de 4975 miniequipos, de uno a cinco integrantes, recopilaron datos de 116 países de todos los continentes. Resultados: La creación de un sitio web oficial del estudio, reportes con información relevante vía e-mail o grupos vía WhatsApp, conformación de un comité de diseminación del protocolo, dictado de webinars sobre publicaciones recientes del equipo, designación de líderes nacionales e internacionales, y la divulgación por medio de sociedades, fueron las estrategias utilizadas para el desarrollo de la investigación. Sin embargo, las barreras detectadas para llevar a cabo el estudio multicéntrico fueron variadas. Conclusiones: Los trabajos colaborativos permiten establecer redes entre diferentes profesionales con el fin de mejorar la calidad de la gestión, las políticas sanitarias y la atención a los pacientes en tiempos de constante cambio.

Resumen El éxito del desarrollo global de software (DGS) depende, en gran parte, de la forma como se comunican, cooperan y coordinan (3Cs) los esfuerzos en la gestión de los proyectos y los equipos de trabajo geográficamente dispersos. En la literatura, se identifican varios trabajos que proponen riesgos y métricas para proyectos de DGS, pero algunos de ellos no se describen con detalle, son ambiguos o complicados de entender, lo que dificulta ubicarlos en alguna categoría precisa. Además, es necesario clasificar los riesgos de una manera menos subjetiva, que mejore su comprensión; facilite la definición y aplicación de herramientas para medir su impacto, y genere algunos indicadores que apoyen la toma de decisiones en los equipos de DGS. En este artículo, se proponen 37 riesgos para la comunicación, cooperación y coordinación en el DGS, como resultado de la comparación e integración de riesgos identificados en la literatura. También se presenta un conjunto de métricas definidas con la aplicación del paradigma Goal Question Metric (GQM), organizadas con estas interrogantes: ¿qué mide?, donde se establece el atributo por calibrar, y ¿cómo lo mide?, donde se indica la métrica a través de los siguientes elementos: descripción, tipo, escala y función de cálculo. Mediante la técnica de grupo focal, se evaluó la completitud, pertinencia, claridad, precisión y facilidad de uso de las métricas, que podrían resultar útiles para las organizaciones, equipos, proyectos y consultores que operan en contextos de DGS.

Abstract The success of Global Software Development (GSD) depends largely on how geographically dispersed project management and teamwork efforts are communicated, cooperated and coordinated (3Cs). From a literature analysis, some works were found where risks and metrics for DGS projects are proposed, but it was evidenced that some risks are not described in detail, they are ambiguous and hard to understand, which makes it difficult to know which category they belong to. In addition, it is necessary to classify risks in a less-subjective way, which allows to improve their understanding and thus define and apply measurement tools to obtain the impact magnitude of mentioned risks, and generate some indicators for support decision-making in DGS teams. In this article, 37 risks for the communication, cooperation and coordination in the DGS are proposed, as a result of the comparison and integration of identified risks in the literature. A set of metrics defined with the application of the Goal Question Metric (GQM) paradigm is also presented, organized according to these questions: What does it measure? Where the attribute to be measured is established; How to measure it? Where the metric is formulated through the following elements: description, type, scale and calculation function. Through the focus group technique, its completeness, relevance, clarity, precision, and ease of use were evaluated. The proposed metrics could be useful for organizations, teams, projects, and consultants operating in DGS contexts.

Resumo O êxito do desenvolvimento global de software (DGS) depende, em grande parte, da forma como se comunicam, cooperam e coordenam (3Cs) os esforços na gestão dos projetos e das equipes de trabalho geograficamente dispersas. Na literatura, identificam-se vários trabalhos que propõem riscos e métricas para projetos de DGS, mas alguns deles não se descrevem com detalhe, são ambíguos ou complicados de entender, o que dificulta localizá-los em alguma categoria precisa. Além disso, é necessário classificar os riscos de uma maneira menos subjetiva, que melhore sua compreensão, facilite a definição e aplicação de ferramentas para medir seu impacto, e gere alguns indicadores que apoiem a tomada de decisões nas equipes de DGS. Neste artigo, propõem-se 37 riscos para a comunicação, cooperação e coordenação no DGS, como resultado da comparação e integração de riscos identificados na literatura. Também se apresenta um conjunto de métricas definidas com a aplicação do paradigma Goal Question Metric (GQM), organizadas com estas interrogantes: o que mede?, onde estabelece-se o atributo por calibrar, e como é medido?, onde indica-se a métrica através dos seguintes elementos: descrição, tipo, escala e função de cálculo. Mediante a técnica de grupo focal, avaliou-se a completitude, pertinência, claridade, precisão e facilidade de uso das métricas, que poderiam resultar úteis para as organizações, equipes, projetos e consultores que operam em contextos de DGS.

RESUMEN Los humedales construidos en los últimos años han sido ampliamente usados en la depuración de una gran variedad de aguas residuales, por ser una alternativa que ofrece múltiples ventajas, en comparación con otros sistemas de tratamiento. Este estudio evaluó la eficiencia de seis sistemas de humedales, construidos de flujo subsuperficial horizontal (HCFSSH), a escala piloto, para la remoción de materia orgánica (DQO), nutrientes (N-NO3-, P-PO43-) y plomo (Pb+2), además de la incidencia del tiempo de operación sobre la conductividad hidráulica (Ks) para tratar lixiviados del Relleno Sanitario “El Ojito”, del municipio de Popayán, Cauca. Tres humedales fueron plantados con Heliconia psittacorum (HCFSSH-H. p) y tres con Cyperus haspan (HCFSSH-C. h); el medio de soporte utilizado fue grava, operados con un caudal de 0.012m3/día y un tiempo de retención hidráulico de 4 días; las unidades recibieron efluente de una laguna de oxidación. Los resultados mostraron remociones medias de: DQO (51,67 y 64,00%), N-NO3- (45,33 y 48,17%), P-PO43- (53,67 y 62,67%) y Pb+2 (5,74 y 14,75%) para los HCFSSH-H. p y HCFSSH-C. h, respectivamente y valores de conductividad hidráulica, entre 700 y 1000m/día. El sistema de humedales mostró ser eficiente para el tratamiento secundario de lixiviado de rellenos sanitarios maduros, obteniendo eficiencias de remoción, significativamente mayores, en los HCFSSH-C.h.

ABSTRACT In recent years, constructed wetlands have been widely used for the purification of wastewater, representing an alternative method that offers multiple advantages when compared to other treatment systems. The present study assessed the efficiency of six horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCW) at pilot scale for the removal of organic matter (COD), nutrients (N-NO3-, P-PO43-) and lead (Pb2+). The study also looked at the operating time on hydraulic conductivity (Ks) to treat leachate from the “El Ojito” Sanitary Landfill in the municipality of Popayán, Cauca. Three wetlands were planted with Heliconia psittacorum (HSSFCW-H. p), and three with Cyperus haspan (HSSFCW-C. h). The support medium used was gravel. They were operated at a flow of 0.012m3/day, and a hydraulic retention time of 4 days. The units received effluent from the oxidation pond. The results showed mean removals of COD (51.67 and 64.00%), N-NO3- (45.33 and 48.17%), P-PO43- (53.67 and 62.67%) and Pb+2 (5.74 and 14.75%) for HSSFCW-H. p and HSSFCW-C. h respectively. Hydraulic conductivity values were between 700 and 1000m/day. The wetland system proved to be efficient for the secondary treatment of leachate from mature landfills, obtaining removal efficiencies significantly higher in HSSFCW-C. h.

Objectives Exploring caregivers (CG) and health workers' (HW) perceptions of danger signals in the newborn and establishing the type of medical attention they require in rural and urban areas of Guapi on Colombia's Pacific coast. Methods A descriptive design was used combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Three focus groups, three semi-structured interviews and two case-studies were employed. Some signals obtained from these data were used for constructing a structured interview. A survey was carried out with 200 CGs (mothers with newborn, grandmothers, community mothers, housewives) and 40 HWs (general practitioners, health promoters, nursing auxiliaries, traditional medicine healers, midwifes and FAMI-mothers). The data was analysed using MaxQDA 2.0 qualitative data software and ethnographic analysis. Results The first 5 signs of illness (in order of importance) perceived by CGs and HWs were: diarrhoea, dehydration, fever, vomiting and breathing problems. They coincided in their perceptions of the need for emergency consultation for convulsions, tetanus and dehydration. Significant differences were found between HW and CG perceptions regarding "type of consultation" for dehydration, fever, convulsions, breathing problems and tetanus (p<0.05). Cultural illnesses (i.e. the evil eye and ghosts) also emerged. Conclusions CGs and HWs in Guapi were good at recognising danger signals for neonatal illness; however, there were differences regarding the search for attention. The finding of cultural illnesses must be taken into account in newborn attention strategies. This acceptable level of recognition was hindered by the lack of quality medical care services for the newborn encountering health problems.

Objetivos Explorar la percepción de signos de peligro de los neonatos entre cuidadores y trabajadores de la salud y establecer el tipo de atención médica que requieren. Métodos Lugar: Áreas rurales y urbanas de Guapi, Región Pacífica Caucana, Colombia. Diseño: Descriptivo. Combinación de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos; Medición: Se realizaron tres grupos focales, tres entrevistas semiestructuradas y dos estudios de caso. Con estos datos se obtuvieron signos para construir una entrevista estructurada. La encuesta se aplico a 200 cuidadores (madres con recién nacidos, abuelas, madres comunitarias y amas de casa) (CP) y 40 trabajadores de salud (médicos generales, auxiliares de enfermería, promotores de la salud, médicos tradicionales, parteras y madres FAMI) (TS) El análisis por medio de software cualitativo MaxQDA 2.0 y análisis etnográfico. Resultados Los 5 primeros signos percibidos por CP y TS fueron: Diarrea, Deshidratación, Fiebre, Vómito y Problemas respiratorios. Hubo coincidencia en la percepción para consulta de emergencia en Convulsiones, Tétanos, y Deshidratación. Para tipo de consulta, diferencias significativas en la percepción de TS y CP en Deshidratación, Fiebre, Convulsiones, Problemas respiratorios y Tétanos (p<0.05). Emergieron enfermedades culturales como el Ojo y Espanto. Conclusiones Existe un buen reconocimiento de signos de peligro de enfermedad neonatal por CP y TS. Sin embargo existen diferencias en cuanto al tipo de búsqueda de atención. El hallazgo de enfermedades culturales es importante en la implementación de estrategias de atención neonatal. Este reconocimiento aceptable se obstaculiza por la ausencia de servicios para atender con calidad al neonato enfermo.

Objetivos Explorar la percepción de signos de peligro de los neonatos entre cuidadores y trabajadores de la salud y establecer el tipo de atención médica que requieren. Métodos Lugar: Áreas rurales y urbanas de Guapi, Región Pacífica Caucana, Colombia. Diseño: Descriptivo. Combinación de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos; Medición: Se realizaron tres grupos focales, tres entrevistas semiestructuradas y dos estudios de caso. Con estos datos se obtuvieron signos para construir una entrevista estructurada. La encuesta se aplico a 200 cuidadores (madres con recién nacidos, abuelas, madres comunitarias y amas de casa) (CP) y 40 trabajadores de salud (médicos generales, auxiliares de enfermería, promotores de la salud, médicos tradicionales, parteras y madres FAMI) (TS) El análisis por medio de software cualitativo MaxQDA 2.0 y análisis etnográfico. Resultados Los 5 primeros signos percibidos por CP y TS fueron: Diarrea, Deshidratación, Fiebre, Vómito y Problemas respiratorios. Hubo coincidencia en la percepción para consulta de emergencia en Convulsiones, Tétanos, y Deshidratación. Para tipo de consulta, diferencias significativas en la percepción de TS y CP en Deshidratación, Fiebre, Convulsiones, Problemas respiratorios y Tétanos (p<0.05). Emergieron enfermedades culturales como el Ojo y Espanto. Conclusiones Existe un buen reconocimiento de signos de peligro de enfermedad neonatal por CP y TS. Sin embargo existen diferencias en cuanto al tipo de búsqueda de atención. El hallazgo de enfermedades culturales es importante en la implementación de estrategias de atención neonatal. Este reconocimiento aceptable se obstaculiza por la ausencia de servicios para atender con calidad al neonato enfermo.

Objectives Exploring caregivers (CG) and health workers' (HW) perceptions of danger signals in the newborn and establishing the type of medical attention they require in rural and urban areas of Guapi on Colombia's Pacific coast. Methods A descriptive design was used combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Three focus groups, three semi-structured interviews and two case-studies were employed. Some signals obtained from these data were used for constructing a structured interview. A survey was carried out with 200 CGs (mothers with newborn, grandmothers, community mothers, housewives) and 40 HWs (general practitioners, health promoters, nursing auxiliaries, traditional medicine healers, midwifes and FAMI-mothers). The data was analysed using MaxQDA 2.0 qualitative data software and ethnographic analysis. Results The first 5 signs of illness (in order of importance) perceived by CGs and HWs were: diarrhoea, dehydration, fever, vomiting and breathing problems. They coincided in their perceptions of the need for emergency consultation for convulsions, tetanus and dehydration. Significant differences were found between HW and CG perceptions regarding "type of consultation" for dehydration, fever, convulsions, breathing problems and tetanus (p<0.05). Cultural illnesses (i.e. the evil eye and ghosts) also emerged. Conclusions CGs and HWs in Guapi were good at recognising danger signals for neonatal illness; however, there were differences regarding the search for attention. The finding of cultural illnesses must be taken into account in newborn attention strategies. This acceptable level of recognition was hindered by the lack of quality medical care services for the newborn encountering health problems.

El catálogo de Sismosº Vulcanotectonicos en el Volcan Galeras, Colombia, fué analizado para determinar la magnitud de completitud, de la red sismografi ca y explorar las estructuras del sub-suelo mapeando los valores b, asociados a la distribución frecuencia - magnitud. Utilizando 8.435 eventos bien localizados, para el periodo 1989 -2002 se encontró que el catalogo estaba completo por encima de Md=0.26. El valor promedio b=0.71 fué encontrado mediante un no- intencionado estiramineto de escala de magnitudes. El mapeo bidimensional y tridimensional del parametro b discrimina una estructura verticalmente elongada debajo del crater activo del Galeras a una profundidad de 6 Km, que estaria asociada con un conducto ó con un almacenamiento temporal de de magma en una zona somera. Una estructura con esa simetría y localización no ha sido reportada antes en estudios previos del valor b en Volcanes alrededor del mundo.

The catalog of volcano-tectonic earthquakes at Galeras volcano, Colombia , was analyzed to determine the magnitude of completeness of the seismograph network and to explore the subsurface structure by mapping the b-value of the frequency-magnitude distribution. By using 8,435 well-located earthquakes between 1989-2002 we found the catalog to be complete above MD=0.26. The average b-value of 0.71 was found to be the result of an unintentionally stretched magnitude scale. The two- and three-dimensional mapping of b-value illuminates a vertically elongated structure beneath the active crater of Galeras down to a depth of 6 km, which may be associated with a conduit, or alternatively, with a shallow region of temporary magma storage. A structure with this geometry and location has not been found before in previous studies of b-value on volcanoes around the world.

É proposta uma correção para a calibração de sondas de nêutrons para reduzir a variabilidade de dados do conteúdo de água no solo, suposta como conseqüência de relações de calibração impróprias. A estabilidade temporal de dados espaciais de conteúdo de água no solo é usada para corrigir os coeficientes lineares de curvas de calibração. Esse procedimento reduziu coeficientes de variação de medidas de umidade do solo de 4 para valores menores que 2% em uma Terra Roxa Estruturada.

A neutron probe calibration correction is proposed in order to reduce soil water content variability, assumed to be a consequence of improper calibrations relations. The time stability of spatially measured soil water content data is used to correct the intercepts of linear calibration relations. This procedure reduced the coefficients of variation of soil water content data from 4 to less than 2% in a Rhodic Kanhapludalf.

Com o objetivo de identificar estádios específicos de desenvolvimento do feijoeiro, nos quais a planta é menos sensível à deficiência de água e a irrigação poderia ser suprimida sem decréscimo significativo em produtividade, dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental "La Tola", pertencente à Universidade Central de Equador, em Tumbaco, Pichincha, Equador. Os tratamentos consistiram de combinações de sete regimes de irrigação, incluindo a irrigação normal, deficiência completa, prática de manejo tradicional, deficiência no período vegetativo, deficiência na floração, deficiência na formação de vagens e deficiência no enchimento de grãos, e de dois níveis de fertilizante nitrogenado, 20 e 80 kg/ha. Essas quatorze combinações de tratamentos foram organizadas e analisadas segundo um delineamento estatístico de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram de 33,6 m² (8 linhas de 7 m de comprimento, com uma população de 120.000 pl/ha. Os tratamentos de irrigação iniciaram-se após a germinação uniforme e estabelecimento da cultura. O conteúdo de água do solo foi monitorada com sonda de neutrons até a profundidade de 0,5 m, antes e 24 h após cada irrigação. A evapotranspiracão atual da cultura foi estimada pelo balanço hídrico. Calculou-se as eficiências de uso de água no campo e pela cultura. Dados de produtividade mostram que os tratamentos que tiveram deficiências apresentaram menor produtividade em relação a tratamentos com irrigação complementar. O estádio do florescimento foi o mais sensível à deficiência de água. A fertilização com N aumentou significativamente o número de vagens por planta e a produção de sementes. A eficiência de uso de água pela cultura (kg/m³) foi menor com deficiência na floração, e o fator de resposta à produtividade (kg) foi maior nos tratamentos de deficiência total e deficiência no florescimento. Considerando as práticas tradicionais de manejo utilizadas pelos agricultores, apenas os tratamentos de irrigação normal e de deficiência na maturação, tiveram uma eficiência de uso de água de 13 e 10% maior, respectivamente.

To identify specific growth stages of the common bean crop at which the plant is less sensitive to water stress, in which irrigation could be omitted without significant decrease hi final yield, two field experiments were conducted at "La Tola" University Experimental Station, Tumbaco, Pichincha, Ecuador, on a sandy loam soil (Typic Haplustoll). The climate is tempered and dry (mean air temperature 16°C and mean relative humidity 74%, during the cropping season) 123 and 109 mm of rainfall were recorded during the experimental cropping periods (July to October), of 1992 and 1994, respectively. The treatments consisted of combinations of 7 irrigation regimes including normal watering; full stress; (traditional management practice); single stress at vegetative stage; flowering; seed formation and ripening, and of 2 levels of applied N (20 and 80 kg/ha). These 14 treatment combinations were arranged and analysed in a split-plot design with 4 replications. The plot size was 33.6 m² (8 rows, 7 m long) with a plant population of 120,000 pl/ha. Irrigation treatments were started after uniform germination and crop establishment Soil water content was monitored with a neutron probe down to 0.50 m depth, before and 24 h after each irrigation. The actual evapotranspiration of the crop was estimated by the water-balance technique. Field water efficiency and crop water use efficiency were calculated. Yield data showed that the treatments which had irrigation deficit had lower yield than those that had supplementary irrigation. The flowering stage was the most sensitive to water stress. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased the number of pods and gram yield. Crop water use efficiency (kg/m³) was the lowest with stress at the flowering period, and the yield response factor (Ky) was higher hi treatments of full stress and stress at flowering. In relation to the traditional management practice adopted by farmers, only treatments of normal watering and stress at maturation had 13 and 10% higher crop water use efficiency, respectively.