Abstract Pomegranate (Punica granatum) contains secondary metabolites with antioxidant and bactericide activity; however, the study of the peel in the endemic varieties of Mexico has not been deepened. The polyphenols extraction of peel pomegranate endemic to the state of Michoacan, Mexico could be used in the formlulation of healthy food due contains antioxidant compounds or could be used like drugs due contains antibactericide compunds.In this work 3 varieties of pomegranate were analyzed; Wonderful, Apaseo and Tecozautla harvested in 2017 and 2018, carrying out a physicochemical characterization to establish the ripening, application of an experimental design of response surface for drying the peel and extracting polyphenols using two solvents (acetone and ethanol) by the Soxhlet method. As a result, the pomegranates were in the correct ripening, in the drying an optimal point of operation was found without affecting the metabolites (36 h at 55 °C) and in the extraction, the bactericide and antioxidant activity was evaluated observing that in the ketone extracts the best results were obtained in the Apaseo variety being; ABTS•+ technique of 150.78 ET mM/g, DPPH• 109.8 ET mM/g and 11.82 EAG mg/g in dry extract. For the bactericide activity measured by inhibition halos in S. aureus and E. coli it was had; 20.03 mm and 14.05 mm respectively for the Apaseo variety, which is why it is convenient to extract polyphenols under this method in peel of Mexican pomegranate varieties. Punica granatum however deepened Michoacan compundsIn compunds In analyzed Wonderful 201 2018 ripening acetone ethanol result 36 (3 5 °C C being ABTS ABTS• 15078 150 78 150.7 mMg mM g DPPH 1098 109 8 109. 1182 11 82 11.8 mgg mg S E had 2003 20 03 20.0 1405 14 05 14.0 ( 1507 15 7 150. 10 118 1 11. 200 2 0 20. 140 14.

Abstract The pomegranate (Punica granatum) belong the Punicaceas family and is a plant of Iran that is characterized by the fruit that it give because is a big globular berry that inside have a lot of seeds wrapped in a juicy edible pulp covered for a gross peel with green, yellow and red tonalities depending of the ripening state and the varieties. The harvest and consumption of the fruit has gone increasing in Mexico due of the actual findings of phytochemical compounds whit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity with application in products of food industry and pharmaceutical and it has even been observed microbicide activity versus fungus responsible of crop rot and pathogenic bacteria, nevertheless, in the treatment of the fruit the peel isn´t used and is discarded, so, in this project we want to describe on general way the fruit and the alternatives that has been worked actually in the exploration and application of phytochemical compounds like the polyphenols in whole the plant.

Abstract The pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a bush with abundant foliage originating from Iran, it was brought to Mexico during the time of the conquest and whose main characteristic is the fruit it generates, which is a big, globose berry with thick, shiny skin of red, green or yellow colour depending on the specie of pomegranate and the ripening stage in which itis founding. Recent research has shown that pomegranate contains chemical compounds with antioxidant and bactericidal activities resulting from its secondary metabolism as what are mainly polyphenols, terpenes and alkaloids, which affect the specific concentration of the state of maturity of the product and where most of them, polyphenolic compounds, are found in large quantities at this stage, presenting antioxidant activity and bactericide. The present article has the objective to analyse the ripening stage of three varieties of mexican pomegranate (Wonderful, Apaseo and Tecozautla) through a physicochemical characterization for which the morphology (sizes, colours and hardness) was analyzed as the amount of total suspended solids, pH and titratable acidity in the juice of the product to finish with the determination of the concentration of polyphenolic compounds with possible antioxidant and bactericide activity.

Abstract Avocado represents one of the most nutritious and consumed foods in Mexico, and its export generates significant profits; because of its fatty acids content, the avocado oil was used as an inducer for the synthesis of extracellular lipases from the non-conventional yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus L-2029. Lipases are able to catalyze acyl glycerides, hydrolyzing them into fatty acids and glycerol; they have several applications in various industries. In order to determine the ideal initial avocado oil concentration in the culture medium for the yeast, the induction was carried out at different concentrations in incubation for 24 h. The yeast presented the greater extracellular lipase productivity at a 3.5% v/v avocado oil concentration, with a 3.47 μmol PNF/mg prot * min (U/mL) maximum activity. The enzymatic extract obtained at this condition had an optimum lipase activity temperature of 36 °C and pH 6. The pYJR10W lipase was detected in the enzymatic extract from avocado oil induction, and is therefore responsible for the extracellular lipase activity of K. marxianus.

Abstract This research carried out in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas between July and November 2016, the objective was to perform a dasometric diagnosis as well as the physical and sanitary conditions of tree alignment in the city. Using a random sampling method on the urban divisions of the city, the species and number of tree, height, diameter, crown coverage, damages and affectations to the urban infrastructure were determined. A total of 7539 trees, distributed in 38 families, 88 genders and 114 species were recorded; 74% of the individuals are introduced, most of the trees have physical and sanitary conditions from regular to good, the most frequent damages are the lifting of sidewalks, exposed roots and interference with aerial wiring. Through this study, the importance of the role that trees play in the cities is confirmed. To ensure the ability to provide environmental services and ensure their sustainability, it is necessary to incorporate integrated management programs for urban trees at the municipal level. Finally, it is important to highlight that in the cities the damage caused to nature due to poorly planned urbanization and accelerated demographic growth are more evident. Undoubtedly, the citizens are the main modelers of change in the urban environment, influencing directly its development.

Resumen El presente estudio se realizó en Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas de julio a noviembre de 2016. El objetivo fue realizar un diagnóstico dasométrico así como de las condiciones físicas y sanitarias del arbolado de alineación en la ciudad. Mediante un muestreo aleatorio en las colonias, se determinaron las especies y número de árboles, así como altura, diámetro, cobertura arbórea, daños y afectaciones a la infraestructura urbana. Se contabilizó un total de 7539 árboles, distribuidos en 38 familias, 88 géneros y 114 especies; 74% de los individuos son introducidos; la mayor parte de los árboles cuentan con condiciones físicas y sanitarias de regulares a buenas, los daños más frecuentes son el levantamiento de banquetas, raíces expuestas y la interferencia con el cableado aéreo. A través de este estudio se confirma la importancia del papel que desempeña el arbolado en las ciudades. Para asegurar la capacidad de proveer servicios ambientales así como garantizar su sustentabilidad, es necesario incorporar programas de manejo integral de arbolado urbano a nivel municipal. Finalmente, es importante resaltar que en las ciudades son más evidentes los daños provocados a la naturaleza debido a la urbanización mal planeada y el acelerado crecimiento demográfico. Es indudable que los ciudadanos son los principales modeladores de cambio en el ambiente urbano, influenciando de manera directa su desarrollo.

Molecular events associated with photoconidiation of Trichoderma are regulated by the BLR-1 and BLR-2 protein complex, where the first plays an essential role as sensor, and both function as a transcriptional factor. Null mutant strains of blr genes in T. atroviride are unable to respond to light stimulation and are then considered blind mutants. Limited concentration of essential nutrients in the media is a condition that triggers conidiation in T. atroviride. In the present study we show the influence of limited concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the media on photoconidiation in T. atroviride and two blr null mutants. All strains tested showed the development of conidial structures when low levels of Pi (0.1 mM) were present in the absence of light. The data showed that sensing environmental cues such as phosphate limitation is independent of BLR proteins pathway.

Los eventos moleculares asociados a la conidiación inducida por luz en Trichoderma están regulados por el complejo formado por las proteínas BLR-1 y BLR-2, donde la primera actúa como fotorreceptor y ambas tienen actividad como factor de transcripción. Las cepas mutantes nulas en los genes blr de T. atroviride pierden la capacidad de responder al estímulo luminoso y son consideradas "mutantes ciegas". La limitación de algunos nutrientes esenciales también desencadenan la conidiación en T. atroviride. La influencia de bajas concentraciones de fosfato inorgánico (Pi) en el medio de cultivo sobre la fotoconidiación de la cepa silvestre y las mutantes blr de T. atroviride fue probada. Todas las cepas utilizadas mostraron el desarrollo de conidias bajo concentraciones limitantes de Pi (hasta 0.1 mM) en ausencia de la luz. Los resultados indican que la limitación de Pi es un factor desencadenante del proceso de conidiación a través de una vía independiente a la mediada por las proteínas BLR.