Abstract The study evaluated the use of nano copper in semi-purified diets for laying quails and its effect on performance, metabolic state, and bioavailability. A total of 160 (180-days-old) quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 3x3+1 factorial. The copper sources used were copper sulfate, copper oxide, and nano copper oxide, at levels of 200, 400, and 800 ppm each, totaling nine treatments plus a negative control (with no copper inclusion). The following variables were determined: weight gain, feed intake, egg production, egg weight, hemoglobin, hematocrit, Cu in the tissues and Cu bioavailability. Data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% probability. The effect of sources and levels, as well as the interaction between the factors were evaluated. When interaction was observed, the effect of sources was evaluated separately by the Tukey’s test and the effect of levels by regression, both at 5% probability. Copper nano oxide can be used at up to 800 ppm in the diet of laying quails without altering the productive performance, and with higher bioavailability than conventional copper oxide. Hemoglobin increases with the inclusion of 200 and 400 ppm of nano copper oxide and the hematocrit with 400 ppm. semipurified semi purified performance state 16 180daysold daysold 180 days old (180-days-old design 3x31 x 3x3 1 3x3+ factorial sulfate 80 each inclusion. . inclusion) determined gain intake production hemoglobin 5 probability observed Tukeys Tukey s regression 20 40 18 3x 8 2 4

Resumen Las abejas sin aguijón son importantes polinizadores en regiones tropicales y subtropicales; están asociadas a la flora que les proporciona alimento, sitios para anidamiento, resinas, savia y exudados. Se buscó determinar la asociación entre abejas y flora en el sector cerro El Hacha (bosque primario intervenido) y sector Pocosol (bosque secundario) del Parque Nacional Guanacaste, donde se inventariaron los nidos en 33 parcelas de 20 x 20 m². Se colectó polen de plantas dentro de las parcelas y alrededor de los nidos (radio de 500 m) y se recolectaron y analizaron cargas corbiculares de polen de abejas atrapadas con redes entomológicas en la entrada de los nidos. En el cerro El Hacha se colectó polen de tres nidos de Scaptotrigona pectoralis y en Pocosol se colectó polen de dos nidos de Trigona fulviventris. Se obtuvo una densidad de 4.43 nidos/ha-1, de las especies: Tetragonisca angustula, Tetragona ziegleri, Plebeia frontalis y Trigona fulviventris. Los nidos se encuentran en los troncos de árboles, con preferencia por el Quercus oleoides, donde se halló el 50 % de estos. Las plantas alimenticias utilizadas por S. pectoralis en el cerro El Hacha, fueron: Cupania guatemalensis (30 %), Byrsonima crassifolia (21 %) y Cedrela odorata (15 %). Mientras para T. fulviventris en el sector Pocosol las plantas más importantes fueron Baltimora recta (26 %), Dorstenia contrajerva (9 %) y Desmodium sp. (9 %). Es evidente el importante papel que cumple la especie arbórea Quercus oleoides para la conservación de las poblaciones de estos insectos.

Abstract Stingless bees are important pollinators in tropical and subtropical regions; they are associated with the flora that provides them with food, sites for nesting, resins, sap and exudates. We sought to determine the association between bees and flora in the cerro El Hacha sector (intervened primary forest) and the Pocosol sector (secondary forest) of the Guanacaste National Park, where the nests were inventoried in 33 plots of 20 x 20 m². Pollen from plants was collected within the plots and around the nests (radius 500 m); also, we collected and analyzed corbicular charges of pollen from bees trapped with entomological nets at the entrance of the nests. In the cerro El Hacha sector, pollen was collected from three nests of Scaptotrigona pectoralis and in the Pocosol sector we collected pollen from two nests of Trigona fulviventris. A density of 4.43 nests / ha-1 was obtained from the species: Tetragonisca angustula, Tetragona ziegleri, Plebeia frontalis and Trigona fulviventris. The nests were found in the trunks of trees, with preference for Quercus oleoides, where 50 % of them were found. The food plants used by S. pectoralis in cerro El Hacha were: Cupania guatemalensis (30 %), Byrsonima crassifolia (21 %) and Cedrela odorata (15 %). While for T. fulviventris in the Pocosol sector the most important plants were Baltimora recta (26 %), Dorstenia contrajerva (9 %) and Desmodium sp. (9 %). The important role played by the tree species Quercus oleoides for the conservation of the populations of these insects is evident.

O presente estudo procurou conhecer a validade de construto do QSG-12 na população geral, não clínica. Compuseram a amostra 306 voluntários de diferentes bairros de João Pessoa, com idade média de 34 anos (DP = 13,8; amplitude de 18 a 84 anos), igualmente distribuídos quanto ao sexo (homens = 152; mulheres = 154), com escolaridade predominante equivalente ao ensino médio (42,5%). Estes responderam três medidas: Escala de Satisfação com a Vida, Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos e Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG-12). Os resultados indicaram ser mais adequado considerar esta última medida como bifatorial, representada pelos fatores ansiedade (a = 0,66) e depressão (a = 0,81). Conforme esperado, tais fatores se correlacionaram com a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida e a Escala de Afetos Positivos e Afetos Negativos, demonstrando a validade convergente do QSG-12. Estes resultados são discutidos à luz dos estudos previamente realizados, sugerindo-se a possibilidade de considerar uma estrutura multidimensional para entender a saúde mental na população geral.

This study aimed to know the GHQ-12's construct validity in a general, non clinical population. 306 volunteers from different districts in Joao Pessoa, with a mean age of 34 years (SD = 13.8; ranging from 18 to 84), equally distributed with regards to gender (152 men; 154 woman), predominantly high school students (42.5%) participated in the study. They answered a questionnaire in which three measures were incorporated: Satisfaction with Life Scale, Positive and Negative Affects Scale, and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results indicated that this measure can be considered as bifactorial, with anxiety (a = .66) and depression (a = .81) as the two factors. As expected, both factors correlated with the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Positive and Negative Affects Scale, indicating the construct validity of the GHQ-12. These results are discussed and compared with results of previous studies suggesting a multidimensional structure for understanding mental health in the general population.