Abstract This study evaluated the oil content obtained from andiroba seeds by pressurized n-propane at different conditions of temperature (25, 35, and 45 °C) and pressure (40, 60, and 80 bar), and conventional extraction technique using n-hexane as the solvent. Kinetic extraction curves were fitted using Sovová’s mathematical model. The chemical characterization of the oil was reported as well as the protein content in the extraction by-product. Pressurized extractions conducted at 25 °C provided the highest oil recovery (~45 wt%) from the seeds. The increase in pressure at 25 ºC favored obtaining oil with higher Stigmasterol contents, however, the Squalene content was higher in the oil obtained at 40 bar. The oils with the highest concentration phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were obtained at 80 bar. Extraction with n-propane provided oils with higher levels of phenolic compounds, however, with antioxidant activity similar to conventional extraction. For all evaluated extractions, the product showed a predominance of oleic and palmitic acids, with similar values of oxidative stability. The extraction of the by-product with the highest soluble protein content was obtained under mild processing conditions (25 °C and 40 bar) with n-propane. npropane n propane 25, 35 4 C 40, (40 60 8 bar, bar , nhexane hexane solvent Sovovás Sovová s model byproduct. byproduct product. 2 ~45 (~4 wt% wt contents however acids stability (2 npropane. propane. 3 (4 6 ~4 (~ ( ~

Fusel oil (FO) is one of the by-products of the sugar-alcohol industry, which has application as an additional source of higher alcohols for the production of esters with flavoring, fuels and lubricants properties, as well as additives in petroleum-based fuels and in pesticide formulations. Thus, this review is focused on the characteristics of FO and its applications as an acyl acceptor in transesterification and esterification reactions for esters production, its addition to fossil fuels, and the herbicidal and fungicidal potential of the compounds presented in its chemical composition. The operating conditions of the process, results obtained, and patented applications in the food, cosmetic, transportation and agricultural sectors are also reported and discussed. Furthermore, main trends, challenges and recommendations are proposed in order to overcome the disadvantages of applying FO in the reported sectors, as well as alternatives for the development of new lines of research are suggested. (FO byproducts by products sugaralcohol sugar alcohol industry flavoring properties petroleumbased petroleum based formulations Thus composition process obtained food cosmetic discussed Furthermore trends suggested

Abstract Essential oils (EOs) or vegetable oils have become the focus of several studies because of their interesting bioactive properties. Their application has been successfully explored in active packaging, edible coatings, and as natural flavoring to extend the shelf life of various types of food products. In addition, alternative methods of extraction of EOs (ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction) have been shown to be more attractive than traditional methods since they present better efficiency, shorter extraction times and do not use toxic solvents. This review paper provides a concise and critical view of extraction methods of EOs and their application in food products. The researchers involved in the studies approached in this review were motivated mainly by concern about food quality. Here, we recognize and discuss the major advances and technologies recently used to enable shelf life extension of food products.

In order to provide an effective and environmentally correct alternative for oil extraction, subcritical n-propane was used under different temperature and pressure conditions to obtain Brazil nut oil. The composition of the oil was determined and compared to the oils obtained by conventional methods. The result of the extraction yield obtained using subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) at 60 ºC, 6 MPa and granulometry < 1.40 mm (63.13%) presented minor differences to the yield obtained by Soxhlet extraction (SE) (68.44%) and Bligh and Dyer extraction (BD) (59.54%). The composition in fatty acids was similar regardless of the method of extraction used. Oxidized triacylglycerols (TAGs) were found in the oils extracted by SE and BD while they were not detected in the oils extracted by SFE. The quantity of bioactive compounds was higher in the oils obtained by SFE. Thus, the SFE using n-propane preserves the nutritional characteristics and lipophilic components of the oil, besides improving the availability of bioactive compounds from an effective “green extraction” without the use of toxic solvents.

Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and the natural products could be a source of bioactive compounds. Passiflora mucronata (PM) belongs to a very known vegetal genus, although, there are no studies about cytotoxic activity or isolated compounds. Different extracts from PM were obtained by liquid-liquid partition (P), Soxhlet (Sox) and supercritical fluid (SFE1-5) extraction techniques, being compared concerning their yields, chemical profile and cytotoxicity. The Sox extracts showed the highest yields (6.03%: hexane; 2.51%: dichloromethane) followed by SFE (from 4.34 to 1.63%) and partitions (1.06 and 2.26%). The hexane partition (HP) showed the best cytotoxic activity against K562 cell line (IC50 = 18.72 µg.mL-1). From HP, the following compounds were identified and analysed its cytotoxic activities: β-amyrin (IC50 = 3.92 µg.mL-1), β-sitosterol (IC50 = 3.37 µg.mL-1), stigmasterol (IC50 = 3.31 µg.mL-1) and oleanolic acid. Stigmasterol induced about 75% of K562 total apoptosis. The compounds were tested against MA-104 cell line and the selective index (SI) attributed (SI >10 for all compounds). This indicates good selectivity to K562 cell line at the expense of MA-104. This is the first time, identifying those compounds to PM .

Abstract In this work, vapor - liquid (VLE) equilibrium for the binary system carbon dioxide (1) + coumarin (2) at high pressures was measured by a static synthetic method using a variable-volume view cell. Experimental data were obtained in the temperature range of 318 - 338 K and pressures up to 20 MPa. Coumarin molar fraction ranged from 3.0x10-3 to 6.0x10-3. Coumarin melting point reduction at high pressures was observed. The experimental results were modeled using the Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state with van der Waals quadratic mixing rules (vdW - QMRs), providing a good representation of the experimental phase equilibrium data. Critical properties and the acentric factor were estimated using the Constantinou and Gani method, which showed to be satisfactory on the quality of data correlation. Results indicate coumarin solubility increases with increasing phase transition pressure at a given temperature.

Abstract Encapsulation of bioactive compounds has been carried out to improve bioavailability and to protect them against harm conditions. However, encapsulation processes are often aggressive and it is important that encapsulated substances keep their biological activity. In this work curcumin was nanoencapsulated using dichloromethane as solvent and ultrasound as dispersion device. Nanoparticles were obtained using different curcumin concentrations and encapsulants (PLLA and Eudragit S100) and the encapsulation efficiency was inferred using spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques as well as optical microscopy. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity tests were applied to the curcumin before and after encapsulation and also to blank polymer nanoparticles. Results demonstrated that the encapsulation process had no deleterious influence on its antioxidant activity.

RESUMO: A encapsulação de progesterona em nanopartículas de poli(hidroxibutirato-co-hidroxivalerato) (PHBV), poli (ε-caprolactona) (PCL), poli (L-ácido lático) (PLLA) e em nanopartículas blenda de PHBV/PCL e PHBV/PLLA foi investigada neste trabalho. As nanopartículas foram produzidas pela técnica de miniemulsificação/evaporação do solvente com lecitina como surfactante e foram caracterizadas em relação ao diâmetro médio em intensidade (Dz) e o índice de polidispersão (PDI), rendimento de recuperação e eficiência de encapsulação de progesterona. Possíveis interações entre progesterona e as matrizes poliméricas foram investigadas por Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Valores elevados de rendimento de recuperação (de até 102,43±1,80% para a blenda PHBV/PLLA) e eficiência de encapsulação (de até 99,53±0,04% para PCL) foram obtidos e as nanopartículas apresentaram distribuição de tamanho estreita (0,12±0,03 para PLLA). As nanopartículas de PCL (217,5±2,12nm) apresentaram diferença significativa com todas as outras formulações (P<0,05) quanto ao Dz. A interação mais evidente entre progesterona e a matriz polimérica das nanopartículas foi para a blenda PHBV / PCL, devido ao aumento na intensidade da banda localizada em 1631 cm-1.

ABSTRACT: The encapsulation of progesterone in poly (hydroxybutirate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanoparticles and PHBV/PCL and PHBV/PLLA blend nanoparticles was investigated in this research. Nanoparticles were produced by miniemulsion/solvent evaporation technique with lecithin as surfactant and were characterized regarding to z-average diameter (Dz) and polydispersity (PDI), progesterone recovery yield and encapsulation efficiency. Possible interactions between progesterone and the polymer matrices were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). High recoveries (up to 102.43±1.80% for the PHBV/PLLA blend) and encapsulation efficiencies (up to 99.53±0.04% for PCL) were achieved and the nanoparticles presented narrow size distribution (0.12±0.03 for PLLA). PCL nanoparticles (217.5±2.12nm) presented significant difference with the Dz from all the other formulations (P<0.05). The most evident interaction between progesterone and the nanoparticles polymeric matrix was found to PHBV/PCL due to the increase in the intensity of the band located in 1631 cm-1.

This study evaluated the Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oil composition in terms of fatty acids (FA), sterols, acylglycerols and oxidative stability obtained via subcritical n-propane fluid extraction (SubFE-propane), in different temperatures and pressure conditions, as compared to Bligh & Dyer (BD), Soxhlet (SE) and Folch (FLS) extractions. Total lipid varied from 23.25 to 30.21% and the best yield was obtained by both SubFE-propane extraction at 45 ºC and 12 MPa (A). α-Linolenic acid (18:3n-3) was the most abundant FA and SubFE-propane extraction provided the best results for the sum of n-3 and PUFA. All oil samples were similar in regard to triacylglycerols (TAG) profiles as measured via direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis. The total amounts of stigmasterol, β-tocopherol and tocopherol total were highest in the Chia oil obtained by BD, campesterol and sitosterol by SE and γ-tocopherol by SubFE-propane extraction. The SubFE-propane oil also presented the best (2 to 5 times) oxidation stability. SubFE-propane was the most efficient extraction method for Chia oil, providing the highest extraction yields, purity, oxidation stability and diverse profile of sterols.

O óleo de perilla (Perilla frutescens) foi extraído utilizando n-propano subcrítico e também pela metodologia oficial de Soxhlet, para efeito de comparação. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência dos fatores temperatura e pressão sobre a composição dos ácidos graxos (FA), através de um fatorial 22 completo em triplicata com ponto central. Ambos os fatores analisados contribuíram significativamente para o rendimento dos FA extraídos. As superfícies de resposta indicaram que o aumento da pressão e temperatura permitiu maior extração de ácidos graxos omega-3 e poli‑insaturados (PUFA), e uma melhor razão entre PUFA e ácido graxos saturados (SFA). Através da função de desejabilidade, a melhor condição de extração com n-propano foi temperatura de 80 °C e pressão de 8 MPa. A análise multivariada distinguiu a condição ótima no grupo de maior conteúdo de PUFA, com destaque para o ácido alfa-linolênico, enquanto a metodologia de Soxhlet caracterizou-se com elevado teor de SFA.

Oil from perilla (Perilla frutescens) was extracted using subcritical n-propane and also the Soxhlet official methodology, for comparison. This work aimed at assessing the influence of the temperature and pressure factors on the composition of fatty acids (FA), using a full 22 completo em triplicata com ponto central. Ambos os fatores analisados contribuíram significativamente para o rendimento dos FA extraídos. As superfícies de resposta indicaram que o aumento da pressão e temperatura permitiu maior extração de ácidos graxos omega-3 e poli‑insaturados (PUFA), e uma melhor razão entre PUFA e ácido graxos saturados (SFA). Através da função de desejabilidade, a melhor condição de extração com n-propano foi temperatura de 80 °C e pressão de 8 MPa. A análise multivariada distinguiu a condição ótima no grupo de maior conteúdo de PUFA, com destaque para o ácido alfa-linolênico, enquanto a metodologia de Soxhlet caracterizou-se com elevado teor de SFA.

The aim of this work was to study the application of a stochastic algorithm to correlate the experimental data of island-type systems in ternary systems. Thermodynamic NRTL and UNIQUAC models were used to evaluate the activity coefficients. Results regarding the application of the stochastic algorithm were in good agreement with those presented in the current literature. However, generalization of the method proposed in the present work remained an intriguing and complex task so as to reach broad conclusions.

Zeolite-encapsulated complexes have been widely applied in hydrocarbon oxidation catalysis. The "ship-in-a-bottle" encapsulation of iron(III) complexes containing piperazine and piperazine-derivative ligands in zeolite-Y is described. The flexible ligand methodology was employed and the efficiency and reproducibility of the procedure was investigated. The catalysts were characterized employing several techniques and the results indicate the presence of coordinated and uncoordinated iron(III) ions inside and outside the zeolitic cage.

Neste trabalho, foi realizada a modelagem da absorção de água que ocorre no processo de resfriamento de carcaças de frango por imersão utilizando Redes Neurais Artificiais. Dados de vinte e cinco variáveis independentes e da massa final da carcaça foram coletados em uma planta industrial para ajustar o modelo. Foram testadas diferentes estruturas de redes com uma camada oculta e o método Downhill Simplex foi empregado para otimizar os pesos sinápticos. No intuito de acelerar os cálculos de otimização, a Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) foi utilizada para pré-processar os dados de entrada. Os resultados obtidos foram: i) com a ACP reduziu-se o número de varáveis de entrada das redes para dez; ii) a modelagem com a rede neural de estrutura 4-6-1 foi a que apresentou os melhores resultados; iii) a ACP indicou a seguinte ordem de relevância: parâmetros de transferência de massa, transferência de calor e características iniciais da carcaça. As principais contribuições deste trabalho foram fornecer um modelo preciso para predizer o teor final de água nas carcaças, bem como uma melhor compreensão acerca das variáveis envolvidas.

In this study, water uptake by poultry carcasses during cooling by water immersion was modeled using artificial neural networks. Data from twenty-five independent variables and the final mass of the carcass were collected in an industrial plant to train and validate the model. Different network structures with one hidden layer were tested, and the Downhill Simplex method was used to optimize the synaptic weights. In order to accelerate the optimization calculus, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to preprocess the input data. The obtained results were: i) PCA reduced the number of input variables from twenty-five to ten; ii) the neural network structure 4-6-1 was the one with the best result; iii) PCA gave the following order of importance: parameters of mass transfer, heat transfer, and initial characteristics of the carcass. The main contributions of this work were to provide an accurate model for predicting the final content of water in the carcasses and a better understanding of the variables involved.

A desterpenação do óleo essencial de laranja é uma preocupação da indústria cítrica. Esta consiste em concentrar os componentes oxigenados do óleo, que são os maiores responsáveis pelo sabor e aroma deste, reduzindo a fração terpênica que se degrada facilmente promovendo a formação de compostos com sabores e aroma indesejáveis. Esta fração oleosa rica em compostos oxigenados pode ser empregada em bebidas e outros alimentos como aromatizante mais agradável. Um dos métodos em estudo para a concentração dos compostos oxigenados do óleo essencial de laranja é a adsorção na sílica gel, seguida da dessorção fracionada com dióxido de carbono pressurizado. Este processo permite a obtenção de frações oleosas mais concentradas em compostos oxigenados que outros métodos convencionais. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o modelo de difusão em sólido aplicado em leito fixo, empregando a solução analítica proposta por Rosen em 1952, para o estudo do modelamento do processo de dessorção do óleo essencial de laranja com dióxido de carbono supercrítico.

The desterpenation of the orange essential oil is a concern of the citric industry. The process consists of concentrating the oxygenated components of the oil which are the substances responsible for the oil flavor and aroma, by reducing the terpenic fraction that easily degrades promoting the formation of compounds with undesirable flavors and aroma. This fraction rich in oxygenated substances can be used as an additive in the food industry. One of the methods for concentration of oxygenated compounds is the adsorption of the oil in silica gel, followed by desorption with pressurized carbon dioxide. This process allows to obtain a product more concentrated on oxygenated compounds than conventional methods. In this work the diffusion model in solid applied to a fixed-bed was used, with the analytic solution proposed by Rosen in 1952, to model the process of desorption of orange essential oil from a silica gel bed with supercritical carbon dioxide.

Este trabalho descreve uma metodologia para o cálculo da solubilidade de óleos essenciais em dióxido de carbono a altas pressões baseada na formulação proposta em 1979 por Asselineau, Bogdanic e Vidal. Foram utilizadas as equações cúbicas de estado de Peng-Robinson e Soave-Redlich-Kwong com regras de mistura de van der Waals com dois parâmetros de interação. O cálculo da solubilidade do óleo essencial de laranja em dióxido de carbono pressurizado foi usado para validação do método. A solubilidade calculada a 308,15 K para pressões entre 50 e 70 bar variou entre 1,5 e 4,1 mg/g. Valores experimentais para as mesmas condições variam entre 1,7<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 a 3,6<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 mg/g. Os valores preditos não são muito sensíveis à composição inicial do óleo essencial.

This work describes a method to predict the solubility of essential oils in supercritical carbon dioxide. The method is based on the formulation proposed in 1979 by Asselineau, Bogdanic and Vidal. The Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong cubic equations of state were used with the van der Waals mixing rules with two interaction parameters. Method validation was accomplished calculating orange essential oil solubility in pressurized carbon dioxide. The solubility of orange essential oil in carbon dioxide calculated at 308.15 K for pressures of 50 to 70 bar varied from 1.7<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 to 3.6<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 mg/g. For same the range of conditions, experimental solubility varied from 1.7<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 to 3.6<FONT FACE="Symbol">±</font> 0.1 mg/g. Predicted values were not very sensitive to initial oil composition.